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Glaciers exist where the annual temperature remains cold enough to allow snowfall to accumulate for an extended period of time and where conditions allow subsequent metamorphosis to ice. Glacial ice forms expansive continental ice sheets in the polar regions, (e.g., in Antarctica and Greenland), and at lower latitudes, ice fields (valley or alpine glaciers) and ice caps (if a volcano or mountain range is completely glaciated) exist globally at high altitude. Temperate glaciers comprise <4% of the glacial ice on the planet, but are important freshwater reservoirs and are often the sources for major rivers vital for irrigation, industry, and providing millions of people with drinking water. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets currently cover ~10% of the terrestrial surface (>1.5×107 km2) and contain ~75% of the freshwater on Earth (Paterson 1994). The Antarctic ice sheet alone contains ~90% of the planet's ice and, if melted, would result in a sea level rise of ~65 m (The National Snow and Ice Data Center; http://nsidc.org/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 7 of Chapter 5 of the book "Treatise on Geochemistry" is presented. It focuses on geochemical weathering in glacial and proglacial environments. A summary of the types of glacial environments in which water flows, their typical debris content and relative residence time of water, and the typical reactions that happen within them is provided. It mentions two types of glaciers namely those that are unconstrained and blanket the topography and those that are constrained by topography.

Chapter 2.16 explains the uses and standards of Conditional Access (CA) and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Simulcrypt system. The four stages of implementing CA on a digital broadcast including Scrambling, Key Delivery/Management, Authorisation and Descrambling is also discussed. Also included are components of the DVB Simulcrypt architecture including the Host head-end components, Simulcrypt CA components, and Simulcrypt Integrated Management Framework (SIMF).

This article presents information on mobile radio communication. The development of cellular communications made mobile radio communications available to the general public at low cost. Cellular radio communications systems were developed in the United States by Bell Laboratories Inc., Motorola Inc., and other companies in the 1970s, and in Europe and Japan at about the same time. In the early 1990s, the demand for cellular telephones exceeded available capacity, resulting in the development and adoption of so-called second-generation personal communications systems, with the first of these systems being fielded in the mid-1990s.

Organizations that are involved primarily in research activities, such as academic departments, may often be largely unaware of the economics and regulations related to the production of a biopharmaceutical in a licensed facility using current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP). In a research environment, the goal is usually to produce the product of interest to a high level of purity, using whatever methods are available, for use in a particular study. Little consideration may be given to process reproducibility and optimization, since only small quantities of highly purified material are usually required, and at such a scale of operation, economic factors are of little importance. In contrast, GMP manufacture of material for human or veterinary use is subject to regulation by the competent authorities responsible for controlling the quality, safety, and licensure of medicinal products in countries in which the product is to be registered for use (e.g., Medicines Control Agency, UK; European Medicines Evaluation Agency; US Food and Drug Administration. GMP requires that "products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standards appropriate to their intended use" (1). The costs involved in testing product, raw materials, and monitoring the manufacturing environment to ensure that the product meets its specification, together with those of operating at large scale, may be substantial. Thus, it is essential to keep such costs to a minimum to ensure an economical manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]