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The article focuses on Gender transition through gender-affirming surgeries for transgender and gender-expansive individuals. Topics include the importance of access to surgical care, the variety of surgical options, the impact of insurance coverage, and the challenges individuals face when seeking these procedures.

Chapter 71 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of en bloc esophagectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. The technique removes the tumor-bearing esophagus within an envelop of surrounding tissues. It offers the most thorough staging information by incorporating 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy.

Chapter 74 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of transhiatally extended total gastrectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. The adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) and its surgical approach was dominated by confusion on its tumors. The technical details of transhiatally extended total gastrectomy for AEG tumors are also presented.

Chapter 73 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of esophageal cancer resection associated to cervicothoracic esophagus. Radiation or chemoradiation therapy is considered as the preferred therapy in patients with cervical esophageal cancer. It suggests that surgical resection should also include total laryngectomy and pharyngoesophagectomy.

Chapter 72 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of left transthoracic and thoracoabdominal (LTA) esophagectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. LTA is considered as the most common operative approach for the cancer. It also provides exposure of the upper abdomen and recognized as an ideal approach for resection.

Chapter 75 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of salvage esophagectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. This techniques is considered as a high-risk operation with increased mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it explains that definitive chemotherapy becomes more common in treating locoregionally advanced operable cancer.

Chapter 69 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) without thoracotomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. The technique serves as an alternative operative approach associated with less risk and morbidity. It can be done safely with low mortality and acceptable long-term function.

Chapter 68 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. The technique offers a complete resection of tumor, provide digestive comfort, and prevent complications with safe and simple technique. It is considered as an excellent operation for lesions of middle and lower third of the esophagus.

Chapter 67 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in treating patients with esophageal cancer. It notes that MIE is not performed in medical centers since it is technically challenging. It concludes that its successful outcomes will widen its applicability to higher-risk patients.

Chapter 70 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the significance of three-field esophagectomy in treating patients with esophageal cancer. It notes that en bloc resections and extended lymphadenectomies has no high prospective randomized trials to guide definitive recommendations.

Chapter 62 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses the surgical techniques for patient preparation and surgical approach in treating esophageal cancer. They include esophagectomy, transthoracic resection, and transhiatal resection. It notes that esophageal resection can be accomplished in patients with acceptable morbidity and low mortality, despite the magnitude of operation.

Chapter 64 of the book "Esophageal Cancer: Principles and Practice," edited by Blair A. Jobe, Charles R. Thomas, and John G. Hunter is presented. It discusses some of the problems associated to esophageal anastomosis. It notes that esophageal anatomosis can be developed with hand-sewn technique or through the use of stapler. It points out that the stapled method can be less operator dependent than the hand-sewn technique.

Chapter 41 of the book "Distraction Osteogenesis of the Facial Skeleton" is presented. It discusses the application of transport distraction osteogenesis (DO) in the reconstruction of the Ramus-Condyle unit of the temporomandibular joint. It describes transport DO as a classic Ilizarov technique for reconstruction of large segmental osseous defects. It explains the surgical technique of transport DO.

Chapter 12 of the book "Distraction Osteogenesis of the Facial Skeleton" is presented. It outlines the importance of the three-dimensional evaluation, the indications for distraction osteogenesis, combined orthognathic surgery, orthodontics-surgery sequence, the use of different appliances, and surgical techniques.

Chapter 27 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It highlighst sinus grafting procedure for vertical bone augmentation following a maxillary implant restoration. It discusses anatomy of the maxillary sinus. The chapter also discusses the indications, contraindications, patient evaluation and implant placement classifications.

Chapter 26 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It highlights the osteotome technique, a procedure used for sinus augmentation and implant placement in the posterior maxilla. The procedure is said to be less traumatic than lateral osteotomy, ridge onlay grafts, split ridge osteotomy and guided bone regeneration. The procedure's objective is to mantain all of the existing bone and to relocate it laterally or in a superior direction.

Chapter 25 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on the surgical techniques in the treatment for exposure of an impacted tooth. The three methods used for diagnosis for the position of the impacted cuspid are palpitation, radiographs and transgingival probing. It lists methods that have been described for exposure of the impacted teeth.

Chapter 22 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on the techniques developed to treat problems in vertical and horizontal bone ridge resorption following a tooth extraction. It discusses classification of ridge loss. Images of the different surgical procedures in treating ridges are also presented.

Chapter 21 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery," is presented. It discusses the procedures necessary for cosmetics and gingival enhancement. It focuses on the classification of gingival recession. A diagram of the etiology of gingival recession is presented, as well as images related to the procedures.

Chapter 18 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on the importance of tooth or crown lengthening. It details the surgical diagnosis and treatment, presurgical analysis and procedure for crown lengthening. Images featuring the basic techniques and osseous surgery for crown lengthening prior to prosthodontics are also presented.

Chapter 12 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on the treatment of the furcation areas of the teeth. It discusses furcation anatomy terminologies including furcation, furcation fornix, root complex and divergence. The different classifications of furcations and surgical procedures are also presented.

Chapter 11 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It presents the concepts of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) following a periodontal surgery. It notes that a number of studies have shown that intrabony defects can occur without similar increases in alveolar bone. It is concluded that periodontal regeneration in humans is possible and that GTR provides significant positive clinical outcomes in Class II furcations and intrabony defects.

Chapter 10 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on inductive osseous surgery in treating intrabony defects. Factors which may affect the success or failure of regeneration procedures include plaque control, underlying system disease and root preparation. The rationale, objectives and selection of grafting for new attachment are also discussed.

Chapter 9 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on osseous resective surgery in treating periodontal diseases. It features the use of osteoplasty and ostectomy techniques in osseous surgery. It discusses craters and hemiseptae as the most common types of intrabony defects which employ osseous resective surgery.

Chapter 8 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on the surgical technique in the maxillary anterior esthetics. It is said that this technique attempts to preserve all labial attached gingiva even the labial third of the interproximal papillae. Advantages, disadvantages and the criteria for treatment are presented.

Chapter 7 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It discusses several surgical techniques which target the palatal tissue. The three types of palatal flap designs are full thickness flap, modified partial-thickness flap and partial-thickness flap. Advantages, disadvantages and indications of the palatal and buccal approaches are presented.

Chapter 6 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It discusses several mucogingival surgical techniques which include the positioned and repositioned periodontal flaps, free soft tissue autograft and frenulectomy and frenulotomy procedures. Some of the objectives of mucogingival surgery are to create an adequate zone of attached keratinized gingiva, to eliminate pockets that extend beyond the mucogingival line and to eliminate muscle and frenulum pull.

Chapter 5 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on gingivectomy and gingivoplasty. It discusses the rationale, indications, advantages and disadvantages of the two procedures. Several reasons why gingivectomies fail include incorrect pocket marking, insufficient beveling and loose and lost dressings. Diagrams featuring the treatment of mandibular retromolar area and maxillary tuberosity are also presented.

Chapter 4 of the book "Atlas of Cosmetics & Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery" is presented. It focuses on scaling and root planing as the first steps in the overall treatment of adult periodontitis. It discusses curettage and its application to scaling and root planning. Images and diagrams featuring scaling and root planning and excisional new attachment procedures are also presented.

Information on the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum through surgical resection from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. It relates the symptoms and conditions associated with Zenker's diverticulum such as dysphagia and an associated sensation of gurgling or bubbling in the neck. It outlines the steps involved in the surgical procedure.

Information on the surgical procedure for the repair of paraesophageal hernia from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. It describes the Type I, Type II and Type III paraesophageal hernia. It relates that the procedure is necessary for patients who are at risk of incarceration, bleeding and/or perforation. It outlines the steps involved in the operative surgery.

Information on the Belsey Mark IV surgical procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. It relates the diagnostic tests that patients must undergo before considering surgical intervention. It discusses certain patients who are not ideal candidates for Belsey Mark IV antireflux procedure. It outlines the steps involved in the surgical procedure.

Information on the procedure of partial splenic resection from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. The surgical technique can be applied in a splenic injury wherein the laceration is substantial and extends deeply into splenic parenchyma. It emphasizes the need to examine the abdomen thoroughly to determine if there are other injuries. The steps involved in the operative surgery are outlined.

Information on the mesh splenorrhaphy surgical procedure for the management of splenic trauma from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. It explains why the technique should only be applied to young and healthy patients. It provides an overview of splenic salvage. The steps in executing mesh splenorrhaphy are outlined.

Information on mesoatrial shunt from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. Clinical information on Budd-Chiari syndrome, a form of portal hypertension, is provided, including its diagnosis and treatment approaches. The procedures for mesoatrial shunt in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, are described.

Information on longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy or puestow procedure is indicated for patients with chronic pancreatitis, abdominal pain and dilated pancreatic duct. The procedures for longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy are described.

Information on the surgical management of hydatid cyst in the liver from a chapter of the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery," Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. Clinical information on cystic echinococcosis, an infection that involves the liver and lungs, is provided. The procedures for pericystectomy, which is said to be the most common surgical approach for hydatid liver disease, are also described.

A section from the book "Atlas of Gastrointestinal Surgery" Volume One, Second Edition, is presented. It describes and illustrates how sphincteroplasty is performed. Sphincteroplasty is an operative procedure used as a treatment for recurrent acute or chronic pancreatitis and calculus disease of the biliary tree. It is also used for patients who have an impacted distal common duct stone not retrieved via a choledochotomy or endoscopic papillotomy. Details of the how the procedure is performed are discussed.

Chapter LXIII of the book "White Jacket or, The World on a Man-of-War" is presented. It explores the surgical operation made by Neversink surgeon Cadwallader Cuticle to his seaman patient. It highlights the assistance offered to him by his colleagues after they visited, studied and assessed the condition of the patient.

Chapter 33 of the book "Westways," by S. Weir Mitchell is presented. A week following Captain James Penhallow's operation, his wife Ann is allowed to see him. It highlights Captain John Penhallows relationship with his Leila Grey, which has been getting farther. Following a busness trip, John then wrote a note to Leila to express his feelings.

The Montgomery Thyroplasty Implant System and operative technique provides a reliable means of attaining excellent voice results in the majority of patients treated. The system requires no intraoperative carving and is standardized so as to reduce operative time while not sacrificing results. The ability to close the posterior glottis without an arytenoid adduction is also a significant advantage over other techniques. This places the technique into the hands of the community otolaryngologist as well as the fellowship-trained laryngologist. Ultimately this increases accessibility for patients with vocal cord paralysis to clinicians who can provide optimal care for their affliction, impacting positively upon their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assessment of certain simple aspects of each case of vocal fold paralysis, combined with a choice of surgical techniques, allows the development of a rational treatment strategy that approaches the ideal proposed in the introduction. There is no doubt that it could be further refined by additional information regarding the natural history of vocal fold paralysis, which, in many respects, remains poorly defined despite more than a century of clinical study. More sophisticated electrodiagnostic techniques, combined with a better understanding of laryngeal neurophysiology, is needed to understand the phenomenon of inappropriate reinnervation in the larynx and its clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 70 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. It details various aspects of esthetic facial augmentation, including patient evaluation, surgical technique, modification and placement of the implant. The use of antibiotics with surgery for alloplastic facial augmentation is also discussed.

Chapter 71 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. The embryology and development of the human auricle along with the resultant external anatomy of the ear are discussed in this chapter for the purpose of helping the surgeon develop a predictable and stable technique to deal with the common auricular deformities. It describes two techniques that address the two fundamental abnormalities in protruding ears. The refinement of other abnormalities such as the prominent earlobe is also discussed.

Chapter 66 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. This chapter focuses on face-lifting, technically known as rhytidectomy. Historically, rhytidectomy procedures may be divided into three main categories, namely skin excision, subcutaneous undermining and superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) manipulation. A broad overview of the superficial-plane rhytidectomy and deep multiplanar techniques is provided.

Chapter 62 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. It discusses the application of distraction osteogenesis, a useful technique to generate bone and soft tissue, in craniofacial reconstruction. This technique involves creating an osteotomy in an area adjacent to an area of bone deficiency. Most complications associated with the technique are iatrogenic and easily managed.

Chapter 59 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. The soft tissue response to orthognathic surgery is discussed in this chapter. In addition, the surgical procedures and techniques used to control the soft tissue changes are presented and evaluated in order to help the surgeon understand, control, and maximize the beneficial aspects of the facial soft tissue response to surgery.

Chapter 58 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. This chapter looks at the unique nature of asymmetric orthognathic deformities as an indication for bimaxillary surgery, which is a combination of two procedures. It discusses physical examination of the head and neck of the patient with a dental facial condition. An overview of surgical approach and techniques is also provided.

Chapter 56 of the book "Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" is presented. It is the purpose of this chapter not only to describe the most commonly used surgical procedures for the mandible but also to emphasize the refinements in technique that have been the result of the most recent clinical as well as basic research. An overview of mandibular osteotomy techniques for correction of dentofacial deformities is provided.