Search

This chapter summarizes the clinical practice of acupuncture therapy for immune-mediated disorders and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of neuroimmune function by acupuncture. Numerous data indicate that acupuncture can regulate immune system, tune-up specific and nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity, and modulate leucocytosis, microbicidal activity, antibodies, globulin, complement, and interferon (IFN). The acupunctureinduced output signal has been observed to correct the dysfunction of immune system and induce a homeostatic effect on the body through the accommodation of nervous and immune systems. At the molecular level, the acupunctureinduced neuroimmune regulation is mediated through multiple pathways, and involves various bioactive molecules including steroids, neuropeptides, cytokines, and neurotransmitters, which form the basis for bidirectionalcoordinated neuroimmune regulation, in response to homeostasis disturbances. An integrated investigation including the approaches of molecular biology, integrative physiology, and clinical research is considered to further improve the understanding of the acupuncture-mediated regulation of neuroimmune function, and eventually lead to better applications of acupuncture for the treatment of immune-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many aspects of animal and human behavior are guided by, or dependent on, the sense of smell–olfaction. This chapter summarizes the major facts of the anatomy, neurochemistry, molecular biology and physiology of the olfactory system. We emphasize the mammalian olfactory system, particularly rodents, because of their widespread use as a laboratory model and the rich database related to this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]