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A literary analysis of the novel "The Nuclear Age" by Tim O'Brien is presented. It examines the psychology of the character William Cowling, focusing on the protagonist and narrator's concerns over his own sanity. The author goes on to suggest that Cowling's mental state is O'Brien's commentary on life in the nuclear age and the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

The article offers information on the history of the U.S. from 1940 to 1950s, following the end of the World War II. It is mentioned that the difference in the ideologies of former U.S. president Harry S. Truman and prime minister of Soviet Union Joseph Stalin led to the Cold War between the two countries. Also, the North Atlantic treaty Organization was formed in 1949 by the initiatives of Truman. Additionally discussed is the involvement of the U.S. in Korean War of 1950.

The article offers information on the World War I (WWI), also known as The Great War, and impact of this war on the world. It mentions that the death toll of this war was estimated a total of 30 million casualties. It informs that aftermath of this war changed territory maps drastically. It highlights the important events in WWI including Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Also presents history of WWII and cold war.

The article offers information on the political, cultural and economic conditions in the U.S. during the 1980s. It is mentioned that former U.S. president Ronald Reagan along with head of Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev worked to end the Cold War. Also, during 1980s, the banks raised the interest rates, unemployment increased and the stock market crashed which increased the possibility of another economic depression. Additionally, during this time pop artist Michael Jackson became very popular.

Chapter 15 of the book "Themes in African-Guyanese History" edited by Winston F. McGowan, James G. Rose and David A. Granger is presented. It explores the national Independence movement of Guyana wherein it had forced the colonial authorities to hold elections under a system of adult suffrage. It highlights the country's historical events in politics such as the Cold War hysteria and the declaration of Guyana as a Co-operative Socialist Republic.

Chapter Four of the book "Countries in Crisis: Afghanistan" is presented. It explores the arrival of the communist Soviets in Afghanistan, the U.S.-Soviet Union Cold War, communism in Afghanistan, the changes in government by King Zahir in 1964 and the rule of Muhammad Daoud in 1973. It highlights the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the tribes fighting the Soviets called the mujahideen and the effects of the Soviet-Afghan War where 2 million Afghans were killed, 5 million became refugees while 50,000 Soviets were wounded or killed.

Chapter one of the book "Parceling the Globe: Philosophical Explorations in Globalization, Global Behavior, and Peace" is presented. It discusses the complex nature of the terms globalism and antiglobalism, tracing their origin to the 1960s when scientific and political arguments started using terms that refer to the two concepts. It explores four viewpoints which aimed to categorize the concepts' numerous perspectives. It also examines Global Studies in the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, and the issues related to its standardization.

Chapter 5 of the book "India in the Making of Singapore" focuses on India's domestic and foreign policy fronts at the end of the Cold War. Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao's Look East policy revitalized India's historical links with the signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) in 2005, restoring an old relationship as when the British East India Company established a trading post in Singapore. The chapter also looks into India's potential as an Asian power which looks back into the origins of its quest for power and influence.

Information about the U.S. role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is presented. It focuses on NATO and the Cold War from 1949-1989, and the post-Cold War from 1989-2007. It discusses the relations of the NATO with Russia and Iraq. Furthermore, it notes that it was only after the end of the Cold War that NATO forces were used in armed conflict against Serbia in the Balkan wars of the 1990s.

Information about U.S. imperialism is presented. It discusses the imperialism during the Spanish-American war as well as during the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson and World War I. It highlights the Good Neighbor policy instituted by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 with regard to Latin America. Imperialism after the World War II and Cold War era is also cited.

Information about the post Cold War era is presented. Cold War refers to the political and military conflict between the Union of Soviet Union Socialist Republics (USSR) and the U.S. which lasted from about the end of the second World War. The end of the Cold War marked the fall of the Berlin Wall and the flow of people and culture throughout the disunited Germany which indicates the emergence of the U.S. as the only sole power.

Information about the Cold War, a term which was coined by U.S. journalist Walter Lippman is presented. Cold War is used to describe the intense rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the political, military and economic aspect following the World War II. Many nations have been suffering the consequences of the conflict while these two nations jockeyed to gain influence and allies that will support their own interests.

The article reports that American involvement in Vietnam began during the French Indochina War, when the U.S. government supported the French in a bid to regain control over their Southeast Asian colonies following World War II. Topics include Cold War foreign policy all but mandated that U.S. officials oppose communist expansion in the region; and the U.S. stepped in with aid and military advisers for anticommunist Vietnamese forces and the U.S. military involvement.

The article reports that the U.S. has been involved in major military conflicts in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq, have been served by Gay and lesbian service personnel. Topics include Conflicts over religious and ethnic differences along with the impact of globalization eclipsed the ideological battle between capitalism and communism that had dominated the Cold War era; and Balkans ideology and Cold War statecraft splinter under the pressure of religious and nationalistic forces.

The article explores how Communism eclipsed fascism as the threat to democracy and capitalism in Korea and the cold war with gays and lesbians military. Topics include direct military conflict between the superpowers risked atomic war and later, nuclear holocaust, the Cold War was fought primarily through proxy wars; and experiences of William Winn, a navy doctor who had begun his service as a medic on the home front in World War II as he raised in homophobia and in the wartime navy.

Chapter 7 of the book "The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions" is presented. The chapter takes up the historical issues involved in dealing with international terrorism as well as the contemporary world situation specially in the U.S. It discusses in detail the effect of the September 11, 2001 attacks and the Cold War in the U.S. and in other countries.

An essay is presented on the relations between the U.S. and Western Europe. It indicates that the international relations experts believe that the change in the relations between the two countries starts in the end of the Cold war, in which the American security policies are no longer focused on Europe. It claims that the U.S. strategies for the Iraqi war is considered by the Europeans as alien, destabilizing, and potentially hurtful for their country.

Chapter 3 of the book "Oil, Islam and Conflict: Central Asia Since 1945" is presented. It presents a distinction between Islam and Islamism in the Central Asian region. During the Cold War, the Soviets created a closely regulated official Islam in order to prevent a radial version of Islam from emerging. It states the aim of the Hizb ut-Tahrir movement to establish a single, unified caliphate across Central Asia.

The lack of an Allied strategy for post-Liberation Korea and the failure of the United Nations to understand or handle its problems created a country divided along the lines of the Cold War world. In 1950 a bitter conflict broke out that shattered Korea and brought the world to the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with author Peter McLaren about pedagogy and capital is presented. He details the changes in Marxist educational theory since the mid-1990s. He mentions the connection between the founding of the comprehensive U.S. high school and the Cold War. He explores the reasons why urban education in the U.S. is in turmoil.

Information on the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is presented. The NATO of 1949 contains 14 Articles committing the participants to collective security. The key to NATO's credibility was the U.S., with its nuclear deterrent policy. NATO's defence capability was one of the determining factors in maintaining peace during the Cold War, placing the U.S. at the heart of European security.

Chapter 5 of the book "War Since 1945," by Jeremy Black, part of the Contemporary Worlds book series, is presented. It explores the serious confrontation of conventional forces involved in the Cold War between the Western and the Communist powers which were supported by intercontinental nuclear forces. It highlights the stages of the Cold War, the impacts of raising conventional capability of nuclear weaponry and its development, and the effort of reducing global tension that ended the Cold War.

Chapter 4 of the book "War Since 1945," by Jeremy Black, part of the Contemporary Worlds book series, is presented. It explores the classification issues in Vietnam War and its relevance in the U.S. intervention to support a national crusade against Western imperialism. It highlights the warfare and the importance of the interests, traditions, and issues in events related to the Cold War that must be considered by armed forces and global military developments.

Chapter 4 of the book "Mary McCarthy: Gender, Politics & the Postwar Intellectual" is presented. It discusses the role of McCarthy as a public intellectual in her political writings of the 1960s and the 1970s. According to the chapter, McCarthy expresses an emotional longing for a pre-industrial, pastoral past as may be perceived in the rural folk culture of North Vietnam. Also, she sees the Cold War as a struggle for survival against nuclear destruction and capitalist expansion.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It highlights the investigation of historians on some aspects of Cold War America, particularly on controversies. It highlights two perspectives, seeking to evaluate the consequences of anticommunism and the mix of responsible and extremist elements within the movement of Communist Party of Maryland.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It explores how sincere anticommunists could be guided to excess during the cold war. Moreover, varieties of labor anticommunists that emerged to oppose over political and religious ideology and union turf is also presented.

A chapter of the book "American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture," edited by Robert W. Cherny, William Issel, and Kieran Walsh Taylor is presented. It explores the deleterious impact of the political repression of the Joseph McCarthy period on American labor during the cold war. It considers how McCarthyism divide the labor movement from labor's leaders to its rank-and-file members.

Chapter 12 of the book "Social Education in the Twentieth Century: Curriculum and Context for Citizenship" is presented. It offers a look into the different historians and scholars that helped change the curricula of social education. Four periods in history are analyzed including 1890 to 1918, the Great Depression, the cold War, and the civil rights movement. Efforts done by historians and social studies educators to reform their work during the 20th century are discussed.

Chapter nine of the book "Navies in Modern World History," by Lawrence Sondhaus is presented. It explores the history of the U.S. Navy in 1991. It is mentioned that at the end of the Cold War, the country had been steadily reducing the size of its fleet. Additionally, similarities between the U.S. navy and the British navy is highlighted.

Chapter eight of the book "Navies in Modern World History," by Lawrence Sondhaus is presented. It explores the history of the Soviet Navy during 1956-1991. It mentioned that the Cold War provided the condition for the revival of Russian naval power, under the direction of Admiral Sergei G. Gorshkov making the country as the world's second sea power, challenging the dominance of the U.S. It also says that the communist country had to spend more to remain competitive with the U.S.

Relates how Berlin, Germany became an espionage capital during the Cold War. Strategy employed by Danish intelligence agent Kai Petersen to obtain information from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Factors that contributed to the success of the espionage mission of Markus Wolf; Reason behind the construction of a tunnel in Berlin by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency; Motive of the Soviet Union for staging an accidental discovery of the tunnel.

Focuses on the role of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) in the country's military intelligence. Background on NSA; Challenges faced by the agency at the end of the Vietnam war; Impact of the end of the Cold War on the funding of the agency; Efforts of the agency to intercept information on terrorism.

Discusses the damage caused by the betrayal of spychaser James Jesus Angleton in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War. Impact of his spy hunt on the careers of CIA agents; Personal background Angleton; Factors that led to his recruitment in the CIA; Incident that led to the discovery of his betrayal.

Focuses on the role of Swedish agent Raoul Wallenberg in the U.S. military intelligence during the Cold War. Reason of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt for rendering the service of Wallenberg; Incident that led to the appointment of Wallenberg as second secretary at the Swedish legation in Budapest, Hungary; Role of Wallenberg in saving the lives of Jews from the Holocaust.

Discusses the influence of agent Dimitri Yakushkin on the espionage operations of Soviet Union during the Cold War. Role of Yakushkin in the Group North, a KGB military intelligence network; Impact of the arrest of the members of the Group North in Washington on the KGB operation; Main feature of an agent according to Yakushkin.

Recalls the efforts of U.S. airmen to spy on the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Casualties of the space encounter between the U.S. and Soviet Union; Factor that led to the Cold War truce between Washington and Moscow; Total number of spy missions against air-defense installations in Soviet Union and China launched by the U.S. INSETS: 'THE LESS SAID, THE BETTER';NO ORDINARY CARGO PLANE.

Relates the experiences of several U.S. veteran intelligence officers during the Cold War. Efforts of F. Mark Wyatt in helping to establish Stay-Behind, a secret plan to fight a Red Army invasion of Western Europe; Difficulties faced by Hugh Montgomery in attempting to recover a package of documents in the bathroom of a U.S. ambassador; Information on the dangerous work performed by Stanislav Lunev while he was a student at the Military Political Academy in Moscow, Russia.

The article evaluates Mills' analysis of and orientations to some of the politically relevant aspects of contemporary American society. One of Mills' major contributions was his dramatization of the bureaucratization of American life with the growth of large organization. To Mills, power in America was relatively monolithic and omnipotent; the power elite was in command of instruments of rule quite unsurpassed in the history of mankind. His accounts of the political effects of bureaucratization, class position, occupational role, national power structure, memberships in specific political publics remain invaluable. But his focus, often so penetrating, was generally narrow, and this became more evident in his later works. His socio-political model of the United States and presumably other developed countries ended up as a science-fiction caricature, with little opening for any political life. An administratively oriented power elite dominated a dispersed, homogeneous mass. Actually, his sole political objective in the U.S. became one of halting owing to which the cold war drift to a hot war.

Chapter 7 of the book "The Supreme Court: A Concise History" is presented. It focuses on the activities of the U.S. Supreme Court for the period from World War II to the Warren Court. The cases faced by the Court including the ones involving Japanese Americans, communism and the Cold War, and presidential powers were important, according to the chapter. Cases involving government regulation were not given much importance, and instead, the Court started to render decisions in civil rights and civil liberties cases.

An essay is presented regarding transition's ethos in eastern Europe. It explores the cultural and social problems, particularly with mentality changes on the post-communist field. It discusses the effects of socio-political change on two dimensions, referring to communism's trial as an interpretive process mandating axiological and epistemic revisions and the opening to the West which set the closing of the Cold War.

This article discusses the resource-reuse perspective of the military after the end of the Cold War. The sociology of the military is interested in defense conversion as a process and is closely connected with the concepts of disarmament, demilitarization, and demobilization. Within a decade of waiting on the dividends of post-Cold War reconstruction, the concept of conversion was broadened in meaning to include the phenomena of military post conflict and peace demobilization, along with the reuse of military infrastructure. Nevertheless, the criticism that conversion and the peace dividend in general have failed has gained some public and expert support.

America's role in the world is the subject of considerable debate in this country more than a decade after the end of the Cold War, which had defined the framework of U.S. foreign policy from about 1945-1991. Since then, U.S. presidents have had to determine whether the country should act unilaterally in world affairs as a military superpower, work in partnership with other powerful countries, or refer more international decision making and problem-solving to the United Nations and other multinational bodies.

Chapter III of the book "Cosmos Latinos: An Anthology of Science Fiction From Latin America & Spain," translated and edited by Andrea L. Bell and Yolanda Molina-Gavilán is presented. It highlights the science fiction book "When Pilate Said No," by Hugo Correa. The "When Pilate Said No," is written in the midst of the cold war, and it can be read as an indictment of the space race and hubris and bigorty that lead to genocide.

The article examines the effect that the Cold War and the associated human rights violations in Soviet Ukraine had on the Ukrainian diaspora in North America. During the postwar years, a dislike and suspicion of the Soviet Union was common in much of the non-socialist Ukrainian diaspora in the west. Some organizations in the diaspora maintained group boundaries and helped their members sustain and express their ethnic identity by blending North American occupational or professional interests with Ukrainian interests. Soviet efforts at Russification and the associated denial of human rights did not go unchallenged in Soviet Ukraine. During the Second World War, the main forms of organized Ukrainian resistance to Soviet Russian rule came from the two branches of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and from the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In the early 1960s, resistance to Russification and the denial of human rights began to take on a more public face in Soviet Ukraine. Various Soviet policies and practices began to be challenged publicly.

This chapter focuses on structural explanations for the war in former Yugoslavia. It was not the only central or east European state to be affected by the combination of a systemic power shift and an internal political and economic crisis at the end of the Cold War. So while a systemic power transition does help explain uncoordinated policy responses by the Western allies (Germany in the EU), and may even make alliance defections on the question of new state recognition during the early stage of the crisis in 1990 and 1991 more comprehensible, a failure of international leadership coupled with an international power transition is not a sufficient explanation if our question is not simply why war but why here and why now. From a constructivist perspective, the end of the Cold War signaled not only a restructuring of power, but the collapse of a socially constructed social arrangement. In the case of civil war and in the particular case of ex-Yugoslavia, the question of authorization is especially revealing, because we are forced to ask how authority is constructed. Who authorized the Yugoslav war? The state of Yugoslavia? The state of Croatia? Bosnia? Slovenia? The states recognizing the states? The normative order underlying the state system? None of these answers will quite do because what we are looking for is how authority was constructed in the minds of the perpetrators. How does an individual know whether he is a soldier or a perpetrator? A killer, or a murderer? Perhaps one way of understanding the genesis of social conflict is that when social acts that contest commitment rules reach a critical mass sufficient to undermine their legitimacy, or when other events create a condition of social stress or even a crisis in relation to commitment rules, the potential for other kinds of rules to increase in influence arises, at least among some proportion of the society's members.

Presents a narrative of the author's observations regarding the state of gay liberation or homosexuality in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s. Absence of gay liberation from historical accounts of the 1960s; Interpretation of homosexuality and its place in the citizens' life; Most invidious forms that homosexual oppression took in Cold War America.

The chapter examines geopolitical changes which have affected the growth and development of tourism and altered significantly the traditional roles of political boundaries. The end of the cold war brought about a series of political events unrivaled by any in recent history. Communist rule in Eastern Europe and in countries of Africa and Latin America has fallen, giving away to the growth of democratic systems, creating in most instances conditions of friendlier relations and cooperation. Reunification of divided countries has also been notable during the past ten years. Britain's lease on Hong Kong expired, resulting in the reversion of the colony to Chinese administration in 1997. Likewise, Portuguese Macau was returned to China in December 1999. Peace and understanding have taken over many situations where turmoil has been the norm for so long. These changes, coupled with people's improved standard of living and rapid advances in technology and transportation, have created a smaller world where few places remain unaffected by global changes in politics, economics and tourism. Several factors can be identified as being responsible for these changes. First, fiscal forces and economic rationale have driven the improvement of international relations and the breakdown of traditional travel restrictions between some countries. Second, some nations are motivated by pressure from international organizations and advocacy groups. The third factor in this pattern of global change is the fall of communism in Europe. Fourth is a decrease in the barrier effects of borders. Finally, some changes happen simply because cross-border relations have emended.