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The article focuses on the quality of service (QoS) mechanisms in Internet Protocol (IP) networking. It also discusses QoS operation and capabilities. The basic definition of QoS is given by the International Telecommunication Union--Telecommunication Standardization Bureau in recommendation E.800 as "the collective effect of service" performance, which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user for a service. The Internet itself provide some QoS support. The main elements in common use today are the Transmission Control Protocol, Explicit Congestion Notification and the Real Time Protocol.

Chapter 17 reviews the existing routing algorithms for wireless networks of nodes that are not aware of their geographic positions. Routing the message (finding a path between a source and a destination node) is a basic data communication protocol in mobile ad hoc networks, consisting of hosts that communicate without the assistance of base stations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 19 surveys energy efficient routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. It includes localized routing algorithms that optimize based on power and other metrics, network topology generation designed to optimize power consumption, routing algorithms that balance power consumption among all network nodes, and algorithms that maximize nodes' lifetimes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 9 deals with organization issues for medium access in single-hop radio networks. It describes how each station can assign to itself a unique identifier in the range [1,n] so that the i-th user is able to transmit the message in the i-th slot. This provides collision-free TDMA transmission in a round robin fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 10 surveys recent protocols on the leader election problem in single-hop, single-channel radio networks. Radio networks are a distributed system with no central arbiter. Each station is able to hear a transmission from any other station. The time is slotted, and all transmissions occur at slot boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 15 focuses on the state of the art in mobile ad-hoc networks. It highlights some of the emerging technologies, protocols, and approaches (at different layers) for realising network services for users on the move. People-based networks, where information is transmitted using 'people' (i.e. personal digital assistants) are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information about the protocols and emerging technologies in the wireless communication field. Wireless Mobile Internet (WMI) and its devices are coming to the market in ever increasing numbers all over the world. The WAP Forum and the WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) standards are particularly significant since this industry standard insulates the Internet-based application from the wireless mobile network infrastructure. WAP is an industry standard that allows software developers to create content suitable for display on "smart" mobile phones. WAP hides the complexity of wireless networks.

Chapter 8 covers the application of ATM signalling by other protocols and applications: Classical IP over ATM (CLIP), LAN Emulation over ATM (LANE) Multi Protocol Over ATM (MPOA) and Sylvia, which is a multimedia application that uses UNI signalling [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 7 covers the Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) that is used to exchange status and configuration information, such as registered ATM network prefixes, registered ATM addresses, VPCs and VCCs. The relation to the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is explained. The used database structure (MIB) is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 6 describes the Private Network Node Interface (PNNI) protocol family that is used in private ATM networks. The PNNI protocol family consists of two protocols that are covered here: the PNNI routing protocol and the PNNI signalling protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 5 describes the Signalling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL), which is a transport protocol for signalling messages. Additional protocols are involved: SSCOP and SSCF. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 4 covers the different types of ATM addresses: ATM Service Access Point (NSAP), ATM End System Addresses (AESA), E.164 addresses, ATM anycast addresses and address aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 3 covers the UNI signalling protocol that is running between an ATM end system and the first ATM switch. This protocol is used to manage connections between ATM end systems. i.e. to establish, modify and release them. Protocol messages, connection states, point-to-point calls, point-to-multipoint calls and the interface to other layers are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 2 provides a complete overview of the interworking of all signalling interfaces and protocols covered in the book. This comprises end systems and switches with ILMI, UNI and PNNI. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents diverse backgrounds to obtain a common level of knowledge concerning the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) suite. TCP/IP represents one of the earliest developed layered protocol suites and it preceded the development of the International Standards Organization's (ISO's) Open System Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model by approximately 20 years. Similar to the ISO Reference Model, the TCP/IP protocol suite is subdivided into distinct layers, commencing at the network layer. Although the protocol suite does not include equivalents to the lower two layers of the ISO Reference Model it provides a mechanism to translate addressing from the network layer of the reference model to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses used by local area networks (LANs) at the lower portion of the data link layer. This enables the TCP/IP protocol suite to use the physical layer supported by different LANs. A second key difference between the ISO Reference Model and the TCP/IP protocol suite occurs at the top of the suite.

The article discusses the role of router, a computer network in the security of the network. Cisco's Internetworking Operating System (IOS) controls the operation of the vendor's communications devices, including routers and switches. IOS support a command line interface that can be accessed via the router console port, a modem connection, or via a Telnet connection. Of the three methods it applies, only the first can offer the possibility of being truly secure as it requires a directly connected terminal device which can be co-located with the router in a secure locked area. In examining the coding note that the IOS commands are grouped into several areas. First, configuring of the Ethernet interface takes place by assigning an Internet protocol (IP) address to the interface and then associating access list number 101 in the inbound direction with the interface through the use of an IP access-group statement. This is followed by the configuration of the serial interface. Because Contact-Based Access Control inspection is being applied to the serial interface it includes an IP inspect command under the serial interface.

Chapter 12 covers mobility-support ATM switches. It first gives an overview of various reference configurations for wireless ATM networks, wireless-specific protocol layers, and handoff and rerouting schemes. It then describes a mobility-support ATM switch architecture that can prevent cell loss or out of sequence during handoff. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 13 covers fast IP route lookup approaches, such as the cash-based scheme, the standard-tree-based scheme, the Patricia-tree-based scheme, and the prefix-tree-based schemes. A scheme using two-trie structure is presented in detail. The strength and weakness of these schemes are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 3 describes the handshake protocols that are used to implement channel communication and methods of translation from a channel-level specification to a protocol-level description. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter twenty presents a prototype multi-agent system called Victor which is aimed at assessing and predicting faults in network elements that affect global virtual connections (VCs) with ATM, frame relay and IP service configurations. Victor relies on distributed and collaborative intelligent processing agents to associate, correlate and combine knowledge and information from multiple operations databases. The fault assessment component of Victor advises network operations personnel on specific actions to fix faults affecting specific VCs. The predictive fault management component of Victor anticipates potential degradations of network elements, such as switches, cards and trunks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This chapter covers the business and technology issues related to cable companies offering telephony. First the market is identified and then a review is given of DOCSIS, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification, which is used to transport VoIP over cable. The functionality of the elements in the distributed architecture is indicated, including the media terminal adapter and servers. Extensions to RSVP are described that prevent fraudulent use of the network and the interworking between RSVP at the edge and DiffServ in the backbone is described. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This chapter covers the distributed network architecture, which is used to transport voice over a packet network, including the media and signaling gateways; and call control and other servers. Standardized protocols that can be used to communicate among these components over any packet technology are described including: MEGACO, Media Gateway Control Protocol, and SDP, Session Description Protocol. Signalling protocols that are specific to an individual transport technology are described in the chapter on that technology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This chapter provides design data and brief descriptions of the comparatively mature technology involved in wide area (data) networking as a whole. A brief review is given on the concept of statmultiplexers and the X.25 protocol. Much of the chapter deals with the ever popular TCP/IP. IP version 6 is then reviewed, followed by two transport protocols: TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). This is followed by a short discussion of CLNP (Connectionless Network Protocol). The concept of VSAT (very small aperture terminal) satellite data networks is covered, as well as a short discussion of the ITU-T Hypothetical Reference Connection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The majority of the data-link layer protocols in use today derive from HDLC. It was developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO), and the relevant standard is ISO 3309. This chapter presents a partial list of data-link layer standards spawned by HDLC. It also defines some terms used in HDLC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The service that the network provides can be speeded up by increasing data rate, eliminating error recovery procedures, and reducing processing time. One source states that a frame relay frame takes some 20 ms to reach the distant end (statistically), where an X.25 packet takes in excess of 200 ms on terrestrial circuits inside CONUS over similar distances. The concept of frame relay is the subject of this chapter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this chapter, the token-bus method is covered by only a brief overview because its market penetration has dropped to just several percent of the total LAN market. Token ring and FDDI are discussed in greater detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Comparatively few options exist for retail servers and all are based on client-server models within standard n-tier architectures. Web server evolution is discussed: static to active page presentation, through CGI to Java and active components, as are statelessness and the construction of shopping carts. Scaleable applications require interaction with separate databases, e.g. via ODBC. Server performance measurement and the alternative of using a service provider are discussed. New technology for video servers is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this appendix we highlight a problem. It is that the diversity of computing and network technology that underpins eBusiness is stretching the specialist at the same time that its power and application is being deployed by those with many other things on their mind. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 7 introduces the factors that influence 3G-network dimensioning. It discusses coverage and capacity trade-off in the FDD mode pointing out impacts from soft handover, power control and orthogonality deviations. It covers the analysis of parameters for multi-service traffic in PS and CS. It establishes service models starting from capacity projections, and service strategy. Cellular coverage planning issues, i.e. the coverage concept, radio network parameter assumptions for CS and PS, characteristics of CDMA cells, (with its theoretical capacity and cell loading effects) constitute the essential parts of this chapter. The chapter covers link budget principles for the forward and reverse links and their respective formulation. In the latter part, these principles get applied to a field study. For completeness the chapter also describes briefly the dimensioning of the RNC in the UTRAN side. Chapter 7 also presents the dimensioning of the Core Network and Transmission systems. In the last part, results of the field study are provided using hypothetical parameters to illustrate the concepts end-to-end. The illustrations correspond to dimensioning exercises carried out while optimizing 3G networks. However, the input and output values in this chapter do not necessarily reflect actual values that may be used directly while dimensioning a future UMTS network. Finally, to complete the assessment of UMTS network deployment within 2G networks like GSM, this chapter discusses briefly co-location and site sharing, as well as co-location of antenna systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 9, as prelude to future predominantly PS domain networks, covers the conceptual architecture of UMTS release 2000 or more specifically Release 4 and 5. It starts with the evolution of R99 and discusses briefly the long term view and vision of the UMTS architecture. Then it describes the components of R00 with their corresponding interfaces or reference points. This chapter does also present the introduction and considerations of mobility management, registration aspects, multimedia signaling, service platforms, QoS aspects, and transport issues like the basic differences of Ipv4 and Ipv6. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This Chapter describes the necessary network functions and procedures for the provision of satellite personal communication services for a stand-alone satellite system scenario. Initially, the GSM signalling protocol architecture is presented. This is followed by a description on the functional interfaces of a GEO-Mobile Radio (GMR) system, as specified by ETSI, which is designed for inter-working between geostationary satellite systems with GSM and for satellite network control functions. The mobility management functions, which comprise location management and handover management, are described. For location management, the definition of satellite cells and satellite location areas, different location update and terminal paging strategies and the design of database architecture are described. For handover management, the different phases and types of handover are described, followed by a discussion on different handover strategies and a comparison of their pros and cons is performed. Following the discussion of mobility management functions, the effects of satellite system characteristics and satellite mobility on resource management techniques are described. The relevance of different multiple access techniques in relation to satellite resource allocation are considered. Different approaches to assigning radio resources, including the fixed channel, dynamic channel and hybrid channel allocation schemes are discussed. The Chapter concludes with descriptions of different network operations and procedures, including terminal switch on/off, session set-up/release, call set-up/release, user registration/de-registration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conventional signalling systems, such as Q.931 and Q.2931, have grown from simple techniques for creating a single connection between two parties. However, with the B-ISDN, it will be desirable to be able to construct multiparty, multiconnection calls for multimedia services. Chapter 14 highlights the work of the collaborative project 'RACE MAGIC' to develop a new object-based signalling protocol to meet these requirements, and describes how this new protocol overcomes the shortcomings of conventional signalling. The concepts outlined in this chapter have been used to influence the development of the broadband signalling protocols for advanced services. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The separation of call and bearer to support future teleservices and services in broadband networks is outlined in Chapter 15. Various mechanisms to undertake the separation are considered, and the method chosen by ITU and ETS is described in detail. A full protocol model for broadband access signalling is derived and explained through the basic steps leading to the establishment of an association between end points supporting call control information flows. The call control protocol is outlined and illustrated by information flows. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the concepts of protocols and signalling. The different types of signalling are discussed, and the chapter introduces access signalling and Signalling System number 7 (SS7). The link layer (signalling ATM adaptation layer at the User-Network Interface (UNI) and the Network Node Interface (NNI)) services and primitives are described, with the principles of the SS7 broadband message transfer part 3 (MTP-3B). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 4 briefly describes the network capabilities that B-ISDN should support, and how they have been derived from a representative sample of user applications principally proposed by the International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications standardisation sector (ITU-T), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC). The identification of the required network capabilities is the first step towards the specification of signalling protocols for the B-ISDN which must be flexible enough to support the wide range of current and future advanced applications and services. One such potential future B-ISDN application, which demonstrates the range of signalling functionality required, is the 'Travel Agent Service' which is examined in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The access signalling protocols that provide the release 1 signalling mechanism, known as Digital Signalling System No.2 (DSS 2), are described in Chapter 5. In addition to identifying the functions that are required to be incorporated in a signalling protocol to support call/connection establishment, in-call control and clear down for a basic point to point call, the extensions required for support of type 2 connections are also described. The chapter then considers further extensions that have been produced to enable the negotiation, modification and look ahead capabilities in relation to the connection in order to provide the Capability Set 2 Step 1 DSS 2 signalling mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 6 reviews the current status of the relevant protocols and their scope, and explores the issues related to their interworking. The role of the ATM Inter-Network Interface (AINI), on which development started during 1996, is discussed as an alternative inter-network or inter-carrier interface to the Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The P-NNI really consists of two parts: a signalling protocol based around the ATM Forum's UNI signalling specification; and a dynamic source routing protocol. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the functionality and mechanics of P-NNI, and compares it with the functionality offered by the ITU-T's Broadband Integrated Services User Part (B-ISUP). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This chapter discusses the transmission convergence layer. ADSL is attractive to both telcos and users, because it solves two problems simultaneously: [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on national and international standards bodies as well as discuss the importance of de facto standards. It also presents an examination of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model in data communications. The article states that although this examination will only provide an overview of the seven layers of the OSI model, it will also provide a foundation for a detailed investigation of several layers of that model. The ISO can be considered as the head organization of national standardization bodies whose efforts are directed on attempting to harmonize national standards. The result of its efforts are published as ISO standards and include such subjects as international stationery sizes, the metric system of units, computer protocols, programming.

The proprietary network architecture examined in this article is International Business Machines Corp.'s System Network Architecture (SNA). Through the mid-1990s SNA transported the vast majority of network-based traffic, representing the primary method of communications by banks, insurance companies and businesses. Although the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP) network architecture was originally developed around the same time as SNA, TCP/IP was at that time primarily used by academic institutions.

This chapter examines the key element that defines the data link layer: its protocol. In this examination differentiation between terminal protocols and data link protocols to eliminate this terminology as a potential area of confusion. Next, it describes several specific protocols, starting with simple asynchronous line-by-line protocols. Protocols covered in this article is an asynchronous teletypewriter; International Business Machine Corp.'s character-oriented binary synchronous communication, commonly referred to as BSC or bisync; Digital Equipment Corp.'s digital data communications message protocol; and bit-oriented higher level data link control as well as its IBM near-equivalent, synchronous data link control.

The article discusses a chapter of the book "Understanding Data Communications: From Fundamentals to Networking," by Gilbert Held. The first widespread commercial packet network to be deployed is referred to as the X.25 network. In this chapter, the author first gives basic technology associated with packet switching followed by examining how X.25 and frame relay networks operate, along with a comparison of the two technologies. Although this network was developed during an era of analog communications when digital transmission was a distant thought, it still represents a viable network over which a majority of credit card charges are verified.

In the ISO Open System Interconnection (051) Reference Model the second layer of the model is the data link layer. At that layer frames are formed and passed to the lower physical layer to transport higher layer information, such as TCP/IP packets conveyed via an Ethernet or Token-Ring network. Although the TCP/IP protocol suite technically begins at the network layer, any book covering the management of the protocol would be remiss if it did not focus attention on layer 2 management issues. This is because the ability to transport TCP/IP on an end-to-end basis includes LAN delivery systems and any problem or degradation in the capability or capacity of a LAN can adversely effect the flow of upper layer information.

In less than thirty years the TCP/IP protocol suite has evolved from a Department of Defense research initiative into a ubiquitous transmission capability that is used by academia, government agencies, businesses and home computer users. Networks constructed using the TCP/IP protocol suite range in scope from a small hub-based local area network in a home office to the giant network of interconnected networks known as the Internet. As the use of the TCP/IP protocol suite proliferated, so did its support of a range of new applications that only a few years ago were considered by many persons to represent science fiction.

In previous chapters have been examined the use of several comprehensive programs as well as SNMP and RMON as tools to facilitate the management of TCP/IP networks. In this chapter attention is turned to the use of several utility programs to test and troubleshoot TCP/IP networks. These programs also provide a mechanism to enhance TCP/IP performance. Utility programs examined in this chapter range in scope from Ping, Traceroute and several statistical generation utility programs to a server performance program.

The article presents an appendix which lists the object identifiers included in the 10 groups that form the SNMP Management Information Base (MIB-II). The groups included in the appendix are 1) The System Group 2) The Interfaces Group 3) The IP Group 4) The Address Translation Group 5) The ICMP Group 6) The TCP Group 6) The UDP Group 7) The EGP Group 8) The Transmission Group 9) The SNMP Group. The SNMP Group. The Implementation of the System group is mandatory for all systems. If an agent is not configured to have a value for any of these variables, a string of length 0 is returned.

No discussion of the TCP/IP protocol suite or of its management would be complete without focusing attention upon security. When the TCP/IP protocol suite was being developed, its user community was restricted to government research laboratories and a small number of academic institutions. This made security problems relatively easy to trace, and limited the need to develop security products and techniques that today are considered indispensable. As ARPAnet evolved into the Internet, its user community expanded by multiple orders of magnitude, with any individual with a credit card able to obtain a dial-up modem Internet access account.

The chapter represents the first of four that have been included to provide one with an in-depth examination of the operation of key areas of the TCP/IP protocol suite. In this chapter we will turn our attention to obtaining an appreciation of the TCP/IP protocol suite. In doing so we will briefly note the evolution of the protocol suite and then focus the attention on the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. We will use the layered structure of the OSI Reference Model as a foundation for examining the major components of the TCP/IP protocol suite to include how data flows from source to destination within a network as well as between networks.

In this chapter one continues to acquire a foundation of knowledge concerning the TCP/IP protocol suite by focusing attention upon the network layer in the suite. The Internet Protocol represents both the network layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite as well as the data delivery mechanism that enables packets to be routed from source to destination. First the composition of the fields within the IP header is examined. This will include a detailed examination of IP addressing, since many networkrelated problems can be traced to this area. Because Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) messages are transported via IP, one will also examine the ICMP in this chapter.