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Benjamin Franklin was the first great American scientist. This book contains activities which are organized into six subjects that Benjamin Franklin investigated: observation and experimentation, meteorology, electricity, sound and music, paper and printing, and lenses and vision. At the end of each chapter is a list of resources and ideas. The book includes a timeline of the life of Benjamin Franklin. (MKR)

The article offers information about electromagnets and presents an activity to show students relationship between electricity and magnetism. It is noted that magnetic compasses were used by Chinese navigators in AD 1100. It is noted that scientist Charles-Augustine Coulomb proposed inverse square law and said that it applies to both electricity and magnetism.

Over the past few decades, misconceptions researchers have shown that middle and high school students find electricity very difficult to understand. We argue that a learning environment based on emergent multi-agent-based computational representations of electric current in linear circuits can greatly reduce these difficulties and lower the learning threshold so that even fifth graders can develop a deep understanding of electric current. In an emergent multi-agent-based perspective, aggregate- or system-level phenomena (e.g., electric current) emerge from simple rule-based interactions (e.g., push, pull, and bouncing) between many individual-level agents (e.g., electrons and ions). Specifically, we discuss the epistemic affordances and challenges of such an emergent pedagogical approach in the context of middle and high school learners΄ development of understanding of electric current as a ˵rate.″ We report a design-based research study that demonstrates how a suite of emergent multi-agent-based computational models (NIELS: NetLogo Investigations in Electromagnetism) can be designed and appropriated to represent electric current in linear resistive circuits so that it is intuitive and easily understandable by a wide range of physics novices: from 5th to 12th grade students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key aspects related to security of electricity and natural gas supply in Croatia are analysed in this paper. First, the paper reffers to relevant legal framework, key stakeholders and their responsibilities, including public service obligation. Then, it proceeds to current and future generation and network capacities, operational security and balance, and supply business. Finally, two key vulnerability indicators - Energy Intensity and Energy Dependency - are calculated for Croatia and eight comparable EU countries. In this way the authors presented basic aspects and figures of security of supply of these two energy sectors and compared them to characteristic values in EU countries. It represents the basis for quantification of short-term risks of energy supply in Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on electric circuits. It also presents an activity for students to make electrical circuits. It is informed that scientist Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment with his kite in a thunderstorm provided a path for electricity to travel down from the sky. It is stated that electricity runs in a circuit to power machines or other electric gadgets and a short circuit occurs when two parts of the pathway connect to create a shorter path for the energy to travel.

Introduction The contributions of Leontief's input-output analysis to economic theory are discussed by many others in this volume. So, I focus, instead, upon applied aspects and the policy implications of his theory. In particular, I emphasize the role and impacts of his model in Japanese national economic policy and development planning in terms of macroeconomic and industry structural changes since the mid-1950s. While regional inputoutput models also have been widely used for regional development issues by Japan's local governments and related institutions, I shall touch on them only in the context of national development policy. Although national input-output models have been extensively used by Japan's government agencies, especially the Economic Planning Agency (EPA) and the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI, now METI), the enthusiasm for using the model that existed between the 1950s and 1970s seems to have gradually cooled down, except for the case of environmental policy. The dramatic turning point occurred in the early 1980s, when the cabinet of the then Prime Minister, Yasuhiro Nakasone, instituted a neo-liberal economic policy. This policy declared an over-abundance of quantitative guidelines and opted to maintain only a little of what had been the core of the government's economic planning. Even though important improvements by the government continued to accumulate in the form of input-output table compilation and related modeling techniques, the downgrading of the status of quantitative macroeconomic and sectoral targets generally has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French problems at the end of World War II In 1957 I was in charge of the application of Leontief's input-output table during the elaboration of France's third Development Plan. In retrospect, it appears this was the first time that his table had been used in the economic planning of an industrialized country. We analyzed the whole technological and economic situation in France with Leontief's table. We also used it to check if resource availability constrained the French economy's ability to meet its objectives. So, by experience, we learned input-output's advantages and drawbacks in this setting. In order to understand the reasons why Leontief's concept had been called into service, it is necessary to recall the French economic and political situation at the time. Immediately after the end of World War II the French government faced an austere situation. First, it had an economy to restore – most factories not destroyed by the war were obsolete. This is because most of the then modern equipment in occupied France had been removed to Germany during the war. Moreover, the French population as a whole, including corporate managers, seems to have been generally satisfied with the nation's quasi-stagnant economy during the twenty-five years of the inter-war period and did not seek improvement. Perhaps worst of all, the nation had been dangerously divided, both socially and politically, since some citizens had collaborated with the occupying forces while others had actively resisted those forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-war settlement The idea of railway nationalisation was no novelty in 1914, and had made some modest headway on the basis of support from trade unions and from railway customers in the small business sector. But it was the First World War which brought the issue to the fore, and indeed made it hard to evade. This was partly because of the success of wartime arrangements, when the railways were operated ‘as one complete unit in the best interests of the state’ (Boscawen 1931, p. 21) and an increased volume of traffic was handled by a smaller labour force. A further consideration was that many of the smaller companies would have been unviable at post-war levels of cost. As in other areas of policy, wartime experience automatically posed the question of whether the gains of state intervention ought to be secured for the future, even if this involved permanent reorganisation. For a short time at the end of the war ‘a political consensus existed for the implementation of a centrally adminstered transport scheme’ (Grieves 1992, p. 24). In 1919 a bill was introduced to set up a new ministry which would control virtually all forms of transport, and even gave the government authority to assume direct ownership by issuing Orders in Council. This reached the statute book by August, but without its more radical clauses. By 1920 the political climate had changed, and a white paper in June set out the essentials of the new policy. This retained private ownership, with compulsory amalgamation into four territorial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the eighteenth century natural philosophy - or fisica, physique, physica, Naturlehre - broke loose from the place in the organization of knowledge that it had occupied since antiquity. The scientific revolutionaries of the seventeenth century, however much they altered the principles and doctrines of physics, had left it with the purpose, method and coverage assigned to it by Aristotle. Eighteenth-century ferments decomposed and recombined it, drove off old parts, fixed new ones, and restructured its bonds with the body of knowledge. We do not find an answering ferment among historians of eighteenth-century physics. That is not because they are few or idle. Perhaps as many as one historian of science in ten works on eighteenthcentury physics. Almost 10 per cent of the articles published during the past twenty years in the leading general journals - Isis and Revue d'histoire des sciences - concern the subject. About one half of these articles relate to experimental physics and the making of instruments. These figures are representative. Over the past fifty years the moderate but sustained investigation of eighteenth-century experimental physics has produced over 300 books and papers that are noticed in the Isis lists or in the bibliographies in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. This literature contains much information of great value. But it offers little in the way of helpful generalization or periodization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used to be focus in concerns by taking particulate matters, NOx, VOCs and CO2 emission by combustion of fossil fuels, i.e. coal, crude oil and natural gas. The combustion of these fuels has been a major source of environmental pollution posing health hazards. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the monthly fuel energy demand and the weather variable, such as the temperature, and in this paper, a few energy usage patterns were introduced by using the energy saving potential calculation method. These can result for forecasting the analysis of the heating and cooling energy demand of urban city, and we can produce the reliable emission data for various environmental modeling tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity market plays an important role in improving the economics of electrical power system. Transmission network is vital entity in open access deregulated wholesale electricity market. Whenever transmission network congestion occurs in electricity market, it divides the market in different zones and the trading price of electricity will no longer remains the same for the whole system. Bidding strategies in electricity market, where by changing the bid, market player changes the revenue of every participant of the market. This paper, after presenting a conceptual understanding of electricity market, gives performance analysis of electricity market for a small three bus system. How network congestion segregates the wholesale electricity market and forces the market to change its price from a common market clearing price to locational market price has also been illustratively demonstrated. Concept of strategic bidding by the participant of the market and its effect on the revenue generation of the players has been computed and analyzed with revising the cost function of one of the generator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 3, Section 1 of the book "Readings in Science Methods, K-8," edited by Eric Brunsell, is presented. It explores the role of the nature of science in the educational experience of students. It highlights the activity that utilize popular children's tennis shoes to relate the discussion on electricity.

The article offers information on the concept of magnetic fields and provides an activity to help students understand it. It is noted that until the nineteenth century, relation between electricity and magnetism were not known. It is noted that Petrus Peregrinus was one of the first scientist who applied scientific method to study magnetism.

This book is intended to provide an introduction to the detailed study of the general history of a region, town, village, or other local area, or of particular aspects of local history. What is ‘local’ will often differ according to the topic being investigated or the period of time with which the research is concerned, but most sensible researchers will not be greatly worried whether their work is properly considered ‘local’ or ‘regional’. Such a distinction in the context of modern scholarship is both artificial and unimportant. It would be quite impossible to write a definitive or comprehensive guide to source materials local historians might find of value in their researches. Apart from the inevitable lack of omniscience in any author or group of authors, there is the fact that history is a living subject. Both the questions historians pose and seek to answer, and the topics in which they are interested, are always changing and being expanded. The chapters in this book are arranged to provide a general guide to the sources for certain aspects of local history in which there is currently an interest. Such subject divisions are naturally artificial and many researchers will be interested in topics which cut across those divisions. Others will wish to investigate as wide a spectrum of topics as possible so as to provide a rounded picture of a local community in a particular period. Yet others may want to compare certain aspects of life in one place with the same aspects in others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety of sources available for the study of local government in England is considerable. Some of the chief sources, however, have been described in detail for other purposes in other chapters so that some cross references may be made to avoid unnecessary repetition. The control of local administration in its fiscal, military, and judicial aspects in medieval and early modern times was to a great extent in the hands of royal officials, particularly sheriffs, coroners, itinerant justices, constables, and castellans. Information on their activities must be sought in the records of the central government. The pipe rolls (P.R.O. Class E.372), some of which are published, are perhaps the most valuable of these records for the local historian. They contain the financial accounts of sheriffs and other royal officials in the counties and provide much evidence not only on the local sources of royal revenue but of Crown expenditure in different places. They may be supplemented by the Exchequer K.R. and L.T.R. memoranda rolls, and Exchequer accounts various. The accounts of escheators (local officials concerned with certain types of royal revenue), originally included in the pipe rolls, were enrolled separately from 1323, and may throw light on, among other matters, the landholdings of local families. Chancery records provide another corpus of materials for the history of local administration and justice. The charter, close, fine, and patent rolls record grants of land and privileges to individuals and corporate bodies and orders to local royal officials. The records of coroners, and justices in eyre and, from the fourteenth century, the justices of assize are valuable for judicial matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stand still you ever-moving spheres of heaven, that time may cease, and midnight never come. There is broad scientific agreement that the Universe came into existence about 13 700 000 000 years ago, as a result of the largest-ever explosion. In the briefest of instants, the explosion created all the matter and energy that has ever existed, and although matter and energy are interconvertible, as Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity tells us, their sum has remained constant ever since. Fred Hoyle referred to this cataclysmic event as the big bang – facetiously in fact, because he advocated the now-defunct rival idea of continuous creation. In 1948, Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold had put forward the idea that the Universe is in a steady state, that it had no beginning, and that it will have no end. There is now strong evidence that the big bang did take place, as first surmised by Georges Lemaître in 1927, and thus that the Universe certainly did have a beginning. It remains a moot point, however, as to whether it will have an end. One might speculate as to what was present in the cosmos before the primordial explosion, but Stephen Hawking has argued that such a question would be incorrectly posed, and therefore futile. According to his theory, the big bang created time itself, and it thus coincided with what could be called a pole in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on different sources of electricity. Electricity is one of our most useful kinds of energy. Even some trains are powered by electricity. Most of our electricity comes along cables from power stations to our homes. Comb your hair quickly for about 15 seconds on a dry day. Now hold the comb close to your head, your hair will stand on end. The combing action fills your comb with static electricity. Your hair, and the pieces of paper, are attracted by this static electricity. Did you know you can make electricity from sunshine? The electricity is used to pump water and to provide power for household equipment. Machines such as flashlights and hand held computer games are powered by batteries. Inside a battery are chemicals, which react with each other to produce electricity.

In the preceding chapters, various agents of nerve action were put forward to account for the rapidity with which nerves conduct sensations and produce motor responses as occurs in a reflex such as that in the example given by Descartes (Chapter 5), where a foot is burned and rapidly withdrawn even before the pain is sensed. The various new physical principles and chemical entities discovered in the Renaissance were advanced to serve this function, but failed to fit all the properties of nerve action. Electricity had properties that suggested that it might be the long sought-for agent of nerve action. It was invisible and imponderable; acting with lightning speed and having profound excitatory actions on the nerves and muscles. How electricity came to be accepted as the agent of nerve conduction is the theme of this chapter. Its history can be divided into three periods. The first period extended from ancient times to that of Galvani at the turn of the eighteenth century when electricity was generated as a static discharge and its potent effects on the body experienced. The second period extends from the introduction of the battery by Volta after the turn of the nineteenth century, when the flow of current in body tissues was investigated, though not differentiated from electrical conduction in metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 6 of the book "Stop Faking It!" is presented. It describes that power is the rate at which the work is done or energy is used. It cites that its standard unit of measure is watts, while the kilowatt-hour is the unit of measure for energy. It is noted that the relative movement of wires and magnets generates the flow of electricity.

Chapter 9 deals with asset management. A comprehensive asset management model is required to support business in the deregulated electricity market. The main purpose and characteristics of the model components are described in detail. It will benefit all internal and external users in the open-access environment, resulting in realistic and transparent open-access charges, and bring long-term economic benefits to all parties. Tools for effective asset management in power industry restructuring are illustrated with practical examples. Case study on diagnosis of multiple incipient faults in large power transformers is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chapter 3 discusses several wholesale electricity markets around the world. In a wholesale electricity market multiple products that may not be very distinctive from one another are being traded over multiple time periods using several different mechanisms. Here electricity market characteristics are described to give a sense of the number of choices that are available in designing an electricity market. Examples are used to illustrate the wholesale electricity market characteristics and effect due to different bidding strategies. Most of the markets are in a continuous process of change. This evolutionary process is being driven by the need to address some of the outstanding issues in the design and implementation of these markets. Some challenges, such as reliability, market power evaluation and mitigation, are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This Chapter reports on the development of new strategies and compares different technologies for electricity generation with environmental and political considerations. This includes decentralised power supplies, renewables, regulatory constraints, new technical challenges and solutions. Different mechanisms, such as the pool and new electricity trading arrangement, have been set up for the operation of the new emerging electrical market. The market should dictate when new generation is needed and where it is located. Case study on the use of induction generator for an autonomous single-phase power system and Genetic Algorithm-based Fuzzy Logic Controller scheme for a solar power plant is included. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By the end of the 1940s the boundary between public and private economic activities in Britain had shifted decisively. One half of annual capital expenditure in the UK was undertaken in the public sector of which some 40 per cent was accounted for by the nationalised industries. This was the pattern for the next thirty years. The Conservative government which came to power in 1951 denationalised iron and steel along with road haulage. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, airports and parts of the motor vehicle industry – Rolls-Royce, British Leyland – were brought into public ownership whilst iron and steel were renationalised. But the rest was untouched and the boundary had therefore remained unchallenged. Not until the 1980s did matters change. How then can we explain the particular constellation of private and public industry at the end of the 1940s? How can we resolve the puzzles left over from chapter 1? James Meade, argued in a memorandum for the Lord President's Economic Section that grounds for nationalisation were market concentration, capital intensity, senility (Howsen, vol. II, pp. 52–3): how close was this to the experience of the following five years? To start with, let us underline the key factors influencing government industrial policies over the thirty years 1920–50. In the inter-war period the high unemployment levels and the falling value of the currency reflected the decline of the staple industries and the general loss of business to Germany, Spain, the USA and the new industrial competitors in Eastern Europe and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the gas industry came into public ownership in May 1949, this terminated over ten years of debate about the most effective form of organisation for a utility which had evolved as an essentially localised service. The atomistic nature of gas supply and its ownership structure, intensive competition from electricity, socialist doctrine, the need for an integrated national fuel policy, and a feeling that the wartime planning techniques ought to be retained once victory had been achieved were all factors of significance in this debate. In analysing why the industry was nationalised we need to assess what role they played in affecting the final decisions. Essentially, we shall be trying to distinguish between the orthodox view that nationalisation was driven by ideological forces, as opposed to questions of industrial organisation as emphasised by Millward (chapter 1 above, also 1991), by tracing the main events in a story which reveals a variety of influences determining the final outcome. In identifying the main reasons why gas supply was nationalised, it is important to discuss Millward's (1991, p. 19) interpretation of the reasons for the late 1940s move towards public ownership of network industries. Millward is less concerned with ideological influences, stressing instead inter-war attempts at state-assisted rationalisation, the ineffectiveness of arms-length government regulation of utilities, and the need for post-war reconstruction, revealing what he claims to be ‘a political consensus for the reorganisation of the undertakings in the network industries into large business units’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the ownership of British industry in the 1940s were quite remarkable. Only fifty years before, at the end of the old century, the British government's disinclination to intervene in industrial matters was renowned. By the end of the 1940s government regulation and ownership of industry matched any country in the Western World. Nationalisation of transport and fuel by the 1945–51 Labour government was a major element in these changes: coal, railways, docks, inland waterways, road transport, gas, electricity, airlines, telecommunications, the Bank of England, iron and steel were all taken into public ownership. Only Supple (1986), Hannah (1979) and Edgerton (1984) have really tried to explain the reasons for this. The mainstream textbook explanations have involved two arguments (Aldcroft 1968, 1986, Alford 1988, Cairncross 1985). The first is that nationalisation was an inevitable outcome of long-standing problems especially in the ailing coal and railway industries. This however raises questions about why non-ailing industries like electricity, telecommunications and airlines were nationalised and why some ailing industries like cotton and shipbuilding were not. Why moreover was nationalisation the chosen form of public intervention for long-standing problems – what was inevitable about that? The second argument has been that the Labour government's nationalisations of the 1940s were the centrepiece of the socialist vision; they crystallised all that had been discussed and promised in the rise of socialism in the twentieth century. This raises the question of why socialism should have very restricted industrial boundaries with most of manufacturing left in private ownership. These questions are addressed in this book and take on added significance from subsequent industrial developments in the UK including the 1980s privatisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationalisation was both a political and an economic issue. How, then, are we to disentangle the political from the economic variables accounting for the growth of the state sector in Britain? No two candidates for public ownership were exactly the same, and the political and economic cases put forward by the supporters and opponents of nationalisation differed from industry to industry. Clearly, all economic arguments for nationalisation had a political context and contained either an implicit or an explicit political message. If we accept McCloskey's view (1986) that economics is primarily a set of techniques for winning debates, we may never succeed in separating the economic from the political components of the nationalisation issue. Recent research has stressed that nationalisation should not be treated in isolation from industrial policy in general. State intervention in business could take a number of forms, including the provision of technical assistance, the encouragement of industry-level planning, and the use of direct controls over the allocation of inputs. Nationalisation stood at one end of the continuum of options from which governments could select their policies for dealing with industrial problems (Mercer, Rollings and Tomlinson 1992). This interpretation is unobjectionable, although it does not alter the fact that nationalisation was a particularly radical form of industrial intervention. Moreover, the state in Britain was prepared to resort to nationalisation more readily than governments in some other countries, such as the United States and Canada (Grant 1989). Given that there was something very distinctive about the public ownership option, this chapter seeks to examine the politics of nationalisation in Britain from 1918 to 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is little disagreement among students of the history of multinational enterprise as to what Alfred Chandler seeks to argue in his chapter in Multinational enterprise in historical perspective, there are nevertheless a few gaps to be filled in this area. Chandler summarises his argument by stressing that ‘an understanding of technological and organizational differences and changes within operating units is essential to an explanation of the beginnings and continued growth of the industrial multinational enterprise’. Since about 1880 a salient feature of this development was, as its factor and product, mass production methods linked with standardisation. Here a major impetus came from electrical engineering which required internationally acceptable electrical units. A satisfactory solution of this problem was a precondition before electrification's economic and social potential could be realised. The aim of what follows is to draw attention to this rather neglected aspect of the history of scientific and industrial relations, which is, however, relevant to the understanding of the origins and development of the corporate economy in its national and multinational context. The late nineteenth-century ‘climacteric’ The term ‘multinational corporation’ itself, as noted by D. K. Fieldhouse, is of recent date (1960). However in his influential book The Unbound Prometheus (1969) David Landes does not appear to make use of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the author's view on electricity. He notes that he has discovered a system in which electricity can be used in hotels, private residences and police headquarters. He mentions that in private houses, it is used as an alarm, in hotels, it replaces the bell-boy and in police department, it will do almost everything. He cites that he has found the system on an exhibition.

An essay is presented on the facts of science which stimulate the method of development in human as well as in the phenomena of electricity and the power of manifestation by opposite forces of nature.

Chapter 12 of the book "Energy Conservation Guidebook" is presented. It explores cogeneration or combined heat and power which happens when heat and power are produced simultaneously. Topics discussed include cogeneration plant being located near the end-user of the heat and electricity produced and materials used to generate heat for steam in cogeneration facilities.

The article offers the author's insights concerning the dot and line alphabet. The author says that the use of war of electricity provides a brilliant illustration of the alphabet's dot and line. He states that the greatest invention of a man named Mister Morse is his alphabet and register which have been used in writing messages. Furthermore, he hopes the readers to see the benefits of dot-and-line alphabet in providing short and long symbols.