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Medium and small cities are the high proportion in the total number of cities in China, the construction of emergency system for medium and small cities is relatively backward compared with big cities, speeding up the construction of medium and small cities emergency system is imperative. This paper proposes a new design scheme based on the analysis of the traditional medium and small cities emergency system construction, which is more suitable for medium and small cities. The system architecture, the hierarchical structure and business process have been designed in this paper, it provides a good research direction for the construction of emergency system for medium and small cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to present the first results of a research project entitled: Strengthening Local Authorities in Risk Management (SLARIM). The main objective of this project is to develop a methodology for spatial information systems for municipalities, which will allow local authorities to evaluate the risk of natural disasters in their municipality, in order to implement strategies for vulnerability reduction. The project concentrates on medium-sized cities in developing countries, which do not yet utilize Geographic Information Systems in their urban planning, and which are threatened by natural hazards (such as earthquakes, flooding, landslides and volcanoes). The methodology concentrates on the application of methods for hazard assessment, elements at risk mapping, vulnerability assessment, risk assessment, and the development of GIS-based risk scenarios for varying hazard scenarios and vulnerability reduction options, using structural and/or non-structural measures. In the development of elements at risk databases use is made of interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery, combined with extensive field data collection, using mobile GIS. Although the methodology is primarily designed to assist municipalities in the decision-making regarding vulnerability reduction strategies, the resulting databases are designed in such a way that they can also be utilized for other municipal activities. Within the project a number of case study cities have been identified. Here results are presented on earthquake loss estimation for the city of Lalitpur in Nepal, for buildings and for population losses. Databases have been generated of the buildings of the city, and of the subsurface conditions. Soil response modeling was carried out and vulnerability curves are applied to estimate the losses for different earthquake scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of neighbourhood associations is a response to the unsatisfactory performance of the public administration and new "private public services" in solid waste management that are characterised by neglect of low standard neighbourhoods, political favouritism, and economic profitability considerations. Participation by disadvantaged groups means that they share overall public responsibilities. This includes gaining control over the resources and regulatory institutions that affect their lives. Their bargaining power relates directly to the degree of their empowerment. New institutions are emerging in the larger framework of decentralised management. This chapter presents some of these institutions and examines their effectiveness. The particular focus is on the participation of civil society organisations in public servicing in the two West African cities of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Cotonou (Benin). The chapter discusses the particular role of civil society organisations in comparison and in association with the public administration and public and private enterprise service providers. Research shows that collaboration (dialogue platform) among the various complementary organisations is required for the most efficient and effective waste management, this in the context of strengthened, decentralised political decision-making. The paper discusses in particular the required shift in the role of local administration from provision to regulation, planning, and controlling. It concludes with recommendations addressed to donor agencies: Before continuing to finance costly infrastructure investments, they would best support the development of institutional capacities, including training, approaches for collaboration among the actors, such as dialogue platforms, and the reform of fiscal systems for sustained financing services in environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to what much development theory led us to expect, a number of newly industrializing societies, particularly in East Asia, have successfully restructured their economies to achieve high rates of growth and rising standards of living. Part of the restructuring process has involved the technological transformation of manufacturing industry. This has been especially the case in electronics production and has resulted in the emergence, over the past eight to ten years, of a regional division of labor among the developing countries of East Asia, with its own cores and peripheries. Focusing particularly on the semiconductor industry, this paper explores the processes that have created Hong Kong as one of the cores of this regional division of labor. While giving due weight to the role of foreign and local capital, the paper argues in particular that historically the social and technical reproduction of the labor force has been central to this development, and that state intervention in the reproduction process (by the Hong Kong government) and the indirect provision of wage subsidies (by both the Hong Kong and Chinese govermnents), have been crucial. The discussion of these determinants, however, is couched in relation to two other phenomena: the economic and geo-political, relation of Hong Kong to the changing world system; and the socio-spatial dynamics associated with the growth of a largely locally-owned electronics production complex in the territory. The paper concludes with an assessment of the likely trajectory of electronics production in Hong Kong in light of the territory's changing internal and external political economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the debate about the extent and form of deindustrialization and restructuring taking place within advanced capitalist societies and the impact of this process on urban regions. The position advanced by the proponents of the New International Division of Labor is evaluated and contrasted with that developed by advocates of a more locality-focused approach. A New Zealand case study is developed as a means of testing some of the assumptions and arguments of these two approaches. The case study presents data on the changing occupational structure and gender modifications within the work force, the degree of casualization, levels of unemployment and regional diversity and urban change. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the role played by the New Zealand State in setting the context for change and to the necessity for seeing restructuring as an ongoing process of continued modification and change to regions and urban centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter XLVII of the book "Donal Grant," by George MacDonald is presented. It discusses how Donal Grant went to the Morven House in town because the Earl asked him to get some important papers. It highlights the reaction of Grant when he learned that Lord Forgue and Eppy Comin have been using the house without the Earl's knowledge.

The chapter provides information on cities in Czech Republic. In this paper, a background information on Prague, the capital of Czech Republic, is presented. Aside from Prague, other cities including Brno, Ostrava and Plzen are highlighted. The history, culture and industries present in these cities are also discussed.

The article reports that although the phone and the Internet have become much more important as a way of contacting sources, many reporters still spend a lot of time on the road. Alternatively, service stations carry a wide range of goods and it is always worth popping into the first one you see on arrival in a strange town to buy a street map. These usually cost only a pound or two and make finding that obscure address much easier. The person at the till may well know more details and may be willing to help once the map is brought. If someone gets time of course, look the town up on the Internet before leaving home or the office. Some web sites carry quite detailed street maps of towns and cities. Phone boxes are also useful because they have the location of the box printed on a card near the phone. A national broadcast station or newspaper could have you living in your car for days on end. Journalists spend a fair bit of time on the road for their employer. Even working for a small weekly paper sees one out and about fairly often.

Chapter 9 of the book "Everyday Life: The Frontier" is presented. It describes the early frontier towns in the U.S. Most frontier towns were farming communities that served the needs of homesteaders. A typical frontier town had a main street wide enough to allow wagons and teams of mules and horses to turn around. The general store was the most popular of all stores in a frontier town. Cow towns were described to be wild and rough places, but in time, frontier towns were tamed as law prevailed.

The article discusses about the upper set of families in the United States who stands above the middle classes and towers over the underlying population of clerks and wage workers. The members of this set possess more than do others of whatever there is locally to possess; they hold the keys to local decision; their names and faces are often printed in the local paper; in fact, they own the newspaper as well as the radio station; they also own the three important local plants and most of the commercial properties along the main street; they direct the banks. Mingling closely with one another, they are quite conscious of the fact that they belong to the leading class of the leading families. All their sons and daughters go to college, often after private schools; then they marry one another, or other boys and girls from similar families in similar towns. After they are well married, they come to possess, to occupy, to decide. The son of one of these old families, to his father's chagrin and his grandfather's fury, is now an executive in the local branch of a national corporation. The leading family doctor has two sons, one of whom now takes up the practice; the other--who is soon to marry the daughter of the second largest factory--will probably be the next district attorney. So it has traditionally been, and so it is today in the small towns of America.

This text provides an introduction to Matsuo Bash¿'s travel writings, emphasizing the importance of travel in his poetry and his commitment to experiencing the hardships of the road. It discusses Bash¿'s life and travels, his encounters with a Zen priest, and his dedication to a life of travel and poetry. The text challenges the image of Bash¿ as a mendicant and highlights his well-planned journeys with companions. It also explores the significance of Bash¿'s travel writings as records of his journeys and as hybrid texts that combine narration, description, essays, and poetry. [Extracted from the article]

An essay is presented on Elia to his correspondents. It contends that Elia expresses himself ironically as to an approved slanderer, who has no right to the truth. It notes that the term "native town" seems to bear out the construction which the correspondent is willing to put upon it. The author argues that to be authentic involves a palpable contradiction.

In this monograph the authors are concerned with the characteristics of urban environments that may facilitate or impede the urban child's development. The term "environmental press" is used to refer to the combined influence of forces working in a setting to shape the behavior and development of people in that setting. The authors suggest that many factors affect the life of the child in the city; not only the forces involved in environmental press but also the many social patterns which encourage or discourage various actions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the environmental side of the interaction; specifically the environmental characteristics that are the most important for the developing child. The paper is based on a framework proposed by Bronfenbrenner (1979) for studying the ecology of human development. This framework guides attention to the central role of the family but the authors go beyond the family in identifying other sources of environmental influences. The authors describe Bronfenbrenner's multilevel framework and discuss environmental opportunities for and risks to the child's development that may originate at each level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fredericton is the capitol of New Brunswick. It is a small, friendly city 135 kilometers inland on the Saint John River. It is a city of government, trade and tourism. Saint John is the largest city in the province. It has a busy pulp and paper industry, shipbuilding and port facilities.

A reprint of an article published in the April 26, 1848 issue of the journal "Daily Crescent" is presented which discusses issues related to experiences of cities and towns in New Orleans, Louisiana, is presented. It is stated that one can find many food items in the main markets of the city, including beef and meat. The article also discusses how retail stores employed people.

This chapter contains sections titled: Epigraphic Habit(s), Document Materials, Documents and Records, Archives, Epigraphic Habits and the Presentation of Political Culture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 9 of the book "Life With Birds: A Story of Mutual Exploitation" by author Dr. Malcolm Smith is presented. It discusses the situation where several birds living and nesting in cities and towns tend to use discarded food scarps and wastes as their food for survival. Birds which have been referred include red kites, house crows and common mynas.

The article presents facts about the city of Calgary in Alberta. The city's area code is 403. Medicentre is a group of walk-in clinics in the city which are open daily from seven in the morning to midnight. Shoppers Drug Mart has more than a dozen stores in Calgary, most open till midnight. Calgary's two daily newspapers, the Calgary Herald and the Calgary Sun, are both morning papers.

The chapter titled "First Impressions of Literary New York" of the book "Literary Friends and Acquaintances" is presented. It explores the author's visit in New York City, and describes the whole city particularly the literary situation of the metropolis. It describes his encounter with an editor, whom he considered a man of such open and avowed cynicism, and a kindly optimist at heart.

Chapter IV of the book "The Life of Sir Richard Burton," by Thomas Wright is presented. It examines the resemblance of linguist Sir Richard Burton with his great hero, the Portingall Camoens, in terms of career and temperament. It explores the voyages of Burton in various cities in India. It discusses the impact of living in Sind for seven years on his life.

Book 1 of "The Old Wives' Tale," by Arnold Bennett is presented. It explores the place where Constance and Sophia Baines live, in which it was divided into five towns that seems to be clinging together for safety. It highlights the conversation between Sophia and Constance about Maggie, the domestic servants who has been at Baine's shop before Sophia and Constance were born.

Chapter 1 of the third book of "Helbeck of Bannisdale," Vol. I, by Humphry Ward is presented. It explores the life of Polly Mason and her companion Laura Fountain. The two friends decide to visit Hubert and Mr. Seaton in Frostwick, the big town on the coast. Moreover, It highlights the two weeks spent by Polly and Laura in summer days at Frostwick to see the steel works.

Chapters 1-6 of the first book of "Helbeck of Bannisdale," Vol. I, by Humphry Ward is presented. It explores the experiences of Alan Helbeck in travelling the marsh lands of the Flent valley where he passed a wide alluvial plain brought by the rivers Flent and Greet on their way to the estuary and the sea. Moreover, Helbeck's travel in great peat mosslands, slopes, wooded fells, a medley of lovely lines of the villages he visited including his encounter with the remarkable tall man are explored.

Chapter 3 of "Lady Good-for-Nothing: A Man's Portrait of a Woman," book 1, by A. T. Quiller-Couch is presented. It explores the desire of Master Dicky Vyell, son of Customs for Port of Boston Collector Captain Oliver Vyell, to explore the city of Boston, Massachusetts. The pair is in the city for occupational purposes but it offers the child the chance to experience the kind of life the locals are living.

Chapter 4 of "Lady Good-for-Nothing: A Man's Portrait of a Woman," book 1, by A. T. Quiller-Couch is presented. It explores the way the local inn in Boston, Massachusetts entertained Customs for the Port of Boston Collector Oliver Vyell and his young son Master Dicky Vyell. Their rooms are remarkably of the highest value and quality while their food is served so well through the effort of their personal servant Manasseh but the child had uncertainties with people's treatment with them.

A chapter from the book "The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai" is presented. It describes how Shanghai was transformed from a settlement with a small walled city into a major metropolitan area. As one of the designated sea ports by virtue of the Treaty of Nanjing, Shanghai was opened to foreign trade on November 14, 1843. The prosperity brought about by foreign trade, coupled with the growth of the Chinese population, contributed greatly to the establishment of sing-song houses in the International Settlements.

This article focuses on urban problems. Urban areas are produced by economic, political, and cultural forces operating at the international, national, and local levels. In the process of urban development, cities have confronted a variety of problems, which may constrain the potential of future development. Cities in different countries with different socioeconomic and political systems often face quite similar problems, although their scales, trends, or causes differ from place to place. Understanding urban problems in a global perspective, therefore, compels one to focus primarily on the crisis of urbanization confronting the developing countries. With this emphasis in place, it is important to note, however, that economic development and prosperity, such as that experienced by the developed countries, do not guarantee the elimination of urban problems. The process of urbanization in developing countries can be captured by increases in the number and size of cities. The number of large cities with more than 1 million urban population increased during the second half of the twentieth century.

The article focuses on events in Harlem, New York City in the 1920s. In New York, the postwar reaction came in glamorous heights. Money was easily acquired and freely used. Harlem developed into a unique amusement center, and Broadway extended itself into the many side-streets. Boom and prosperity swept over Harlem, magically improving its already remarkable capacity for enjoyment and entertainment. Money was used as easily as laughter escaped lips. The air was alive with the beat of drums and the trill of clarinets, the clinking of never-emptied glasses and the rumble of luxurious automobiles rolling from fashionable avenues to stop before the more lively and colorful of the after-hour Harlem places of amusement.

The article offers information on the towns and cottages in eleventh-century in England. Topics discussed include investigate the resources of tenants-in-chief, and to provide for reassessment of geld; association between towns and bordars; and social structure and economy of cottar settlements with their gardens.

The contributors to this volume seek to determine the status of health care in American cities, and its prospects for the future. Health planners, economists, sociologists, and political scientists assess and explore policy implications for society, public health, the treatment of special populations, and urban service delivery systems. Paper topics and authors include the following: the reconfiguration of urban hospital care, 1937–1980 (Alan Sager); mortality, morbidity, and the inverse care law (John B. McKinlay, Sonja McKinlay, Susan Jennings, and Karen Grant); the city and disability (C. J. Behney A. K. Burns, and H. D. Banta); a political perspective on health care in America (H. J. Schmandt and G. D. Wendel); public and voluntary hospitals in New York (F. H. Goldner); change and more change in urban health care (Eli Ginzberg); a world perspective on urbanization and health services (M. I. Roemer); urbanization and health status (J. J. Phalen and D. M. Johnson); and the mentally ill and the elderly (A. L. Greer, S. Green, and T. Anderson). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

"The severe negative changes in population and employment registered in many urban areas during the 1970's have kindled extensive efforts to ensure the survival of cities. Faith in or hope for a renaissance of cities is bolstered by the efficiency rationale, which argues that since cities represent sunk costs, society must maximize their utilization. Through many analyses of urban problems runs a normative thread: whether explicit or implicit, it is that cities should play a vital role in American economic growth. Few have asked, however, whether cities can or will play such a role, and if so, under what circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to begin to sort out the cans, shoulds and wills with respect to the economic potential of cities in the United States over the next fifteen to twenty years. This sorting process is necessary if public policy is to be prospective rather than merely nostalgic. An active urban strategy demands a practical vision of the future that tries to discriminate between likely and unlikely dominant forces." The author speculates on the critical factors that influence growth or decline in cities and suggests some major implications for public policy at the local, state, and national level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

"What is the reality of present central‐city planning? What are the theories and practices of professional planning staffs, and what successes and failures do they encounter? Using an informal interview technique, the authors explore the roles, efforts, and problems of the people who actually do planning in seven major American cities." The papers in this volume include: "Atlanta: Planning, Budgeting, and Neighborhoods," by L S. Eplan; "Cleveland: Problems of Declining Cities," by N. Krumholz; "Indianapolis: Fragmentation and Consolidation," by M. A. Carroll; "Kansas City: Problems and Successes of Downtown Development," by J. E. Vitt, Jr.; "Milwaukee: Planning for Fiscal Balance," by W. R. Drew; "Portland: The Problems and Promise of Growth," by E. Bonner; and "St. Paul: Professionalization and Timing of Planning," by D. L. Spaid. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers a look at the 30 towns in Paraguay after the Jesuit missions. It states that the Guaraníes had to worked twice as hard in the communal fields and were rejected own lands while the Indians began to leave and their population shrank to about 7,000 12 years after the missions were ended. The fate of other characters involved in the missions, including King Carlos III of Spain and the expelled priests, is also explored.

The article focuses on the three letters written by Englishmen author Mister Thackeray when he was in the U.S. It states that on his first letter, he made new acquaintances with people and pleased because everybody praised his lectures and read his books. On his second letter from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he states that he was tired of tired of acting lion business and shaking hands with people. It adds that on his third letter, he had liked the cities of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York.