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This section discusses the concept of ideology from the historical perspective. Just as the particular and total conceptions of ideology can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their differences in meaning, so the historical origins of these two concepts may also be differentiated even though in reality they are always intertwined. Corresponding to the dual meaning of the term ideology which were designated here as the particular and total conceptions are two distinct currents of historical development. The distrust and suspicion which men everywhere evidence towards their adversaries, at all stages of historical development, may be regarded as the immediate precursor of the notion of ideology. But it is only when the distrust of man toward man, which is more or less evident at every stage of human history, becomes explicit and is methodically recognized, that we may properly speak of an ideological taint in the utterances of others. Bacon's theory of the idola may be regarded to a certain extent as a forerunner of the modern conception of ideology. The idols were phantoms or preconceptions, and there were, as we know, the idols of the tribe, the cave, of the market, and of the theatre. All of these are sources of error derived sometimes from human nature itself, sometimes from particular individuals.

This section discusses the two divisions of the sociology of knowledge. The sociology of knowledge is on the one hand a theory, and on the other hand an historical-sociological method of research. As theory it make take two forms. In the first place it is a purely empirical investigation through description and structural analysis of the ways in which social relationships, in fact, influence thought. This may pass, in the second place, into an epistemological inquiry concerned with the bearing of this interrelationship upon the problem of validity. It is important to notice that these two types of inquiry are not necessarily connected and one can accept the empirical results without drawing the epistemological conclusions. Sociology of knowledge will be presented as a theory of the social or existential determination of actual thinking. It would be well to begin by explaining what is meant by the wider term existential determination of knowledge. As a concrete fact, it may be best approached by means of an illustration. The existential determination of though may be regarded as a demonstrated fact in those realms of thought in which we can show that the process of knowing does not actually develop historically in accordance with immanent laws, that it does not follow only from the nature of things or from pure logical possibilities, and that it is not driven by an inner dialectic.

This section analyzes the nature of political knowledge. The fact that political science in its spontaneous form does not fit into the existing framework of science, as we understand it, and that it is in contradiction with our present-day conception of science does not mean that politics is at fault. Rather it should be a stimulus to the revision of our conception of science as a whole. Even a passing glance at contemporary notions of science and its institutional organization will show that we have not been able to deal satisfactorily with theories where the science in question is closely concerned with practical problems. There is no more of a science of pedagogy than there is a scientific politics. Still, there would be nothing gained if, after having realized that we have not been able to resolve the most important problems in these branches of science, we were to dismiss what is peculiarly pedagogical and political as arts or intuitive skills. All that would be accomplished thereby would be an escape from problems which must be faced. Actual experience shows that in teaching as well as in politics it is precisely in the course of actual conduct that specific and relevant knowledge is attainable in increasing measure, and under certain conditions communicable.

This section discusses the non-evaluative conception of ideology. Interrelationships have now become evident, both in the presents and in history, which formerly could never have been analyzed so thoroughly. The recognition of this fact in all its ramifications gives to the modern investigator a tremendous advantage. He will no longer be inclined to raise the question as to which of the contending parties has the truth on its side, but rather he will direct his attention to discovering the approximate truth as it emerges in the course of historical development out of the complex social process. Only in a rapidly and profoundly changing intellectual world could ideas and values, formerly regarded as fixed, have been subjected to a thoroughgoing criticism. In no other situation could men have been alert enough to discover the ideological element in all thinking. It is true that men have fought the ideas of their adversaries, but in the past, for the most part, they have done so only in order to cling to their own absolutes the more stubbornly. It is imperative in the present transitional period to make use of the intellectual twilight which dominates our epoch and in which all values and points of view appear in their genuine relativity.

This section discusses the sociological concept of thought. The concern of the book Ideology and Utopia is concerned with the problem of how men actually think. Its aim is to investigate not how thinking appears in textbooks on logic, but how it really functions in public life and in politics as a instrument of collective action. Philosophers have too long concerned themselves with their own thinking. When they wrote of thought, they had in mind primarily their own history, the history of philosophy, or quite special fields of knowledge such as mathematics or physics. This type of thinking is applicable only under quite special circumstances, and what can be learned by analyzing it is not directly transferable to other spheres of life. Even when it is applicable, it refers only to a specific dimension of existence which does not suffice for living human beings who are seeking to comprehend and to mould their world. Meanwhile, acting men have, for better or for worse, proceeded to develop a variety of methods for the experiential and intellectual penetration of the world in which they live, which have never been analyzed with the same precision as the so-called exact modes of knowing.

The article focuses on the problems of division of labor in society. Occupations are infinitely separated and specialized, not only inside the factories, but each product is itself a specialty dependent upon others. Economists Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill still hoped that agriculture, at least, would be an exception to the rule and they saw it as the last resort of small-scale industry. Although one must be careful not to generalize unduly in such matters, nevertheless it is hard to deny today that the principal branches of the agricultural industry are steadily being drawn into the general movement. The speculation in the philosophy of biology has ended by making us see in the division of labor a fact of a very general nature, which the economists, who first proposed it, never suspected. It is no longer considered only a social institution that has its source in the intelligence and will of men, but is a phenomenon of general biology whose conditions must be sought in the essential properties of organized matter. But in the face of the facts, others can be cited contradicting them. If public opinion sanctions the division of labor, it is not without a sort of uneasiness and hesitation.

This chapter defines Social Gospel, reform and the New Social Science as intellectual counterattack on caste. The seeds of the destruction of many class ideologies have usually been sown by secure members of the establishment. A sense of guilt or injustice at the top has always had a profound influence on social change. Thus it was within the Protestant establishment itself and at the height of the Victorian and Spencerian syntheses that a loss of confidence and quest for change first became manifest. Environmentalism first began to invade intellectual community in the U.S. through the Social Gospel and Settlement House movements. The theories of social causation and social control which were necessary for maintaining the hope and courage of several generations of social workers were inspired by the Social Gospel movement. The rise of the New Social Science paralleled the development of the Social Gospel, Settlement House and political reforms movements during the closing decades of the nineteenth century. It may be no accident that many of the original anthropologists were trained as lawyers. Moreover, historians have played the role of intellectual midwives in translating the ideas of social science into a language that the educated layman can understand.

Compares the concept of creativity and intelligence in children. Discussion on the psychological concept of intelligence; Details of a research program which distinguishes creativity and intelligence; Correlation between creativity and intelligence.

Provides information on the growth and development of intelligence. Types of intelligence; Kinds of abilities that define fluid intelligence; Description of how each type of intelligence develops over time; Social factors affecting the development of intelligence.

Discusses the role of a child's experiences in the course of growing up in affecting intelligence and motivation for achievement and competence. Prediction of the deterioration of intelligence; Differences between intelligence tests and achievement tests.

Examines the relation of intelligence and education with ethnocentrism. Results of the intelligence tests of the members of Maritime School Men, Employment Service Men, Psychiatric Clinic Men and Women, and San Quentin Men in the U.S.; Correlation between ethnocentrism and years of education; Significance of education in developing democratic values.

The article discusses the evaluation of problems in social sciences. The confusion in the social sciences is moral as well as scientific, political as well as intellectual. Attempts to ignore this fact are among the reasons for the continuing confusion. In order to judge the problems and methods of various schools of social science, people must make up their minds about a great many political values as well as intellectual issues, for they cannot very well state any problem until they know whose problem it is. Work in social science has always been accompanied by problems of evaluation. The traditions of these sciences contain a long sequence of often dogmatic resolutions, much attempted straddling of fences, and also a number of well-reasoned and sensible views. Often the problem has not been faced directly at all but scattered answers merely assumed-or adopted-as in the applied sociology of the research technician available for hire. Agreement is now wide enough to make commonplace the notion that one cannot infer judgments of value from statements of fact or from definitions of conceptions. But this does not mean that such statements and definitions are irrelevant to judgment.

This section presents a discussion on intellectualism, intellectuals, and salvation religion. The destiny of religions has been influenced in a most comprehensive way by intellectualism and its various relationships to the priest-hood and political authorities. These relationships were in turn influenced by the provenience of the stratum which happened to be the most important carrier of the particular intellectualism. So far as theology is concerned, the development of intellectualism by the priest-hood has also taken place in modern Christianity. The intellectual influence upon religion of the priesthood, even where it was the chief carrier of literature, was of quite varied scope, depending on which non-priestly strata opposed the priesthood and on the power position of the priesthood itself. The religions of China and India display Counterparts of practically all the theoretical variants of Greek philosophy, though frequently in modified form. The development of a strong salvation religion by socially privileged groups normally has the best chance when demilitarization has set in for these groups and when they have lost either the possibility of political activity or the interest in it. Consequently, salvation religions usually emerge when the ruling strata, none or middle class, have lost their political power to a bureaucratic-militaristic unitary state.

An essay is presented on the scope of knowledge based on human learning. It offers the definition of intellectual proficiency in relation with moral nature, as well as with the philosophical knowledge. It also explores the author's perception about the application of this intellectual culture on the objectives of the universities.

Chapter I of the book "An account of Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha Red Jacket and his people, 1750 1830," by John Niles Hubbard is presented. The chapter explores on the life, origin and development of the genius of Red Jacket, a name widely known for SA-GO-YE-WAT-HA. He reigned through his country through the gift of intellect especially for his art of eloquence.

A chapter from the book "The Peterkin Papers" is presented. It states how the Peterkins decided to become wise as a family as the lady from Philadelphia was not present. It tells how they concluded that people who possess a great number of books are intelligent. It recounts the initiatives of the family to create a library by making a bookcase, finding nutgalls and vinegar to produce ink, searching for a quill and acquiring paper from the postmaster. It narrates how Solomon John does not have anything to write in the end.

Chapter X of the book "At Large," by Arthur Christopher Benson is presented. It explores the effects of dramatic sense in human behavior with superiority, to successful people, and to inconspicuous and unintelligent persons. It also focuses on the positive and negative side of dramatic sense. The ideas on how to deviate from dramatic sense is also stressed.

Chapter 24 of the book "The Antiquity of Man," by Charles Lyell is presented. It discusses the zoological relationship of a man to other mammalia and the intelligence of the lower animals compared to the intellect and reason of man. It cites the great inequality of mental endowment in different human races and individuals developed by variation and ordinary generation.

CHAPTER I of Book One "The Beautiful and Damned," by F. Scott Fitzgerald is presented. It explores the life of Anthony Patch who belong to aristocrat family, his married life, and career. It recounts his childhood memories, his life and works particularly in arts, music, and architecture. A discussion of his intellect, his travel to search for wisdom, and his effort to develop his dynamic personality is also narrated.

An introduction to a series of writings on philosophy and sciences is presented which includes the divisions of the sciences, interpretation of nature, and the ladder of the intellect.

Book 1, Chapter 6 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the medical field and in the inconsiderate society in France. This chapter also narrates about the events occurred when his love interest for two years named Mademoiselle Phillis Cormier visited him in his house.

Book 1, Chapter 5 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual who did everything to raise himself in the field of medicine and in the uncaring society in France. It also describes the experience of Saniel in dealing with his problems such as love and money. This chapter also narrates about the letter addressed to him from his creditor as well as his charming visitor in his house.

Book 1, Chapter 4 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the field of medicine and in the inconsiderate society in France. This chapter further narrates the conversation between his friend Caffie regarding loan and marriage.

Book 1, Chapter 3 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual who did everything to raise himself in the field of medicine and in an uncaring society in France. It also describes the experience of Saniel in dealing with his problems. This chapter further narrates how he went to Caffie and asked some three thousand francs.

Book 2, Chapter 12 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the medical field and in the inconsiderate society in France. This chapter further narrates the events occurred when he murdered Caffie using a knife in the victim's house.

Book 2, Chapter 11 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life story of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual who did everything to raise himself in the field of medicine and in the uncaring society in France. It also describes his experience in dealing with the problems in life such as love and money. This chapter further narrates an incident in which he got the butcher knife that was used to kill Caffie and left beside the corpse.

Book 1, Chapter 10 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the inconsiderate society in France. This chapter also narrates how he derived a resolution regarding his monetary problems.

Book 1, Chapter 9 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life story of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual who did everything to raise himself in the field of medicine and in the uncaring society in France. It also describes his experience in dealing with the problems of life such as love and money. This chapter further narrates the answer of Caffie regarding Saniel's queries on lending a big amount of money from any creditor.

Book 1, Chapter 8 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the medical field and in the inconsiderate society in France. This chapter also presents the conversation between him and his love interest Mademoiselle Phillis Cormier about his plans to return to Auvergne and become a country doctor.

Book 1, Chapter 7 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent individual and a son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in the inconsiderate society in France. It also describes the experience of Saniel in dealing with his problems such as love and money. This chapter further narrates the dinner shared between him and his love interest for two years named Mademoiselle Phillis Cormier.

Book 1, Chapter 2 of the book "Conscience" is presented. It explores the life of doctor Saniel, an intelligent person and the son of peasants who did everything to raise himself in an uncaring society in France. This chapter also describes how rich man Glady refused Saniel for not doing Saniel's desire without deviating from his usual line of conduct. It also mentions that Glady took oath to himself to refuse everyone who needs his help in terms of money.

The chapter "The Imagination: Its Functions and Its Culture" of the book "A Dish of Orts," by George MacDonald is presented. It explores the meaning of imagination as the faculty which provides form to thoughts not inevitably uttered form but form capable of being uttered in shape or in sound. Moreover, it discusses the faculty in man which is the same to the prime operation of the power of God and has been called as the creative faculty.

Chapter XXI of the book "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex" is presented. It highlights the different arguments and evidence that man is a descendant of lower form of animals. It discusses the genealogy of man and the development of his moral and intellectual abilities. It relates the manner of mate selection in man and animals.

Chapter V of the book "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex" is presented. It examines the development of intellectual and mental abilities of man and lower animals during the primeval and civilised periods through natural selection. It discusses the importance of imitation, social and moral faculties within the limits of the same tribe.

Chapter I of the book "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex" is presented. It examines the origin of man based on the homologous and rudimentary structures and miscellaneous points of correspondence of lower animals. It highlights the comparison of the mental ability of man and lower animals and affinities and genealogy of man.

Chapter III of the book "The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex" is presented. It highlights the comparison of the mental powers of man and lower animals. It discusses the instincts common in man and animals which include emotions, curiosity, imitation and attention. It examines the origin of articulate language in both species.

Chapter IV of the book "Deadham Hard," by Lucas Malet is presented. It explores the successful career of the young Thomas Clarkson Verity, after years of hardwork. It also highlights the advise of Sir Charles Verity, the uncle of Thomas Clarkson Verity about the value of career, importance of intellect and the pride of manhood.

An essay is presented on the perceived need to manage one's personality using his/her own intelligence to be able to attain happiness.