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2. An empirical study of cultural evolution: the development of European cooking from medieval to modern times

Author

Lindenfors, Patrik, Envall, Ida, Isaksson, Sven, and Enquist, Magnus

Subjects
cultural evolution, cooking, cookery, pace, History (General), D1-2009, Economic history and conditions, HC10-1085
Abstract

We have carried out an empirical study of long-term change in European cookery to test if the development of this cultural phenomenon matches a general hypothesis about cultural evolution: that human cultural change is characterized by cumulativity. Data from seven cookery books, evenly spaced across time, the oldest one written in medieval times (~1200) and the most recent one dating from late modernity (1999), were compared. Ten recipes from each of the categories “poultry recipes”, “fish recipes” and “meat recipes” were arbitrarily selected from each cookery book by selecting the first ten recipes in each category, and the numbers (per recipe) of steps, separate partial processes, methods, ingredients, semi-manufactured ingredients, compound semi-manufactured ingredients (defined as semi-manufactured ingredients containing no less than two raw products), and self-made semi-manufactured ingredients were counted. Regression analyses were used to quantitatively compare the cookery from different ages. We found a significant increase in the numbers (per recipe) of steps, separate partial processes, methods, ingredients and semi-manufactured ingredients. These significant increases enabled us to identify the development of cookery as an example of the general trend of cumulativity in long-term cultural evolution. The number of self-made semi-manufactured ingredients per recipe, however, may have decreased somewhat over time, something which may reflect the cumulative characteristics of cultural evolution at the level of society, considering the accumulation of knowledge that is required to industrialize food production.

Published
2015

3. An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Imaging

Author

Milham, Michael P, Ai, Lei, Koo, Bonhwang, Xu, Ting, Amiez, Céline, Balezeau, Fabien, Baxter, Mark G, Blezer, Erwin LA, Brochier, Thomas, Chen, Aihua, Croxson, Paula L, Damatac, Christienne G, Dehaene, Stanislas, Everling, Stefan, Fair, Damian A, Fleysher, Lazar, Freiwald, Winrich, Froudist-Walsh, Sean, Griffiths, Timothy D, Guedj, Carole, Hadj-Bouziane, Fadila, Hamed, Suliann Ben, Harel, Noam, Hiba, Bassem, Jarraya, Bechir, Jung, Benjamin, Kastner, Sabine, Klink, P Christiaan, Kwok, Sze Chai, Laland, Kevin N, Leopold, David A, Lindenfors, Patrik, Mars, Rogier B, Menon, Ravi S, Messinger, Adam, Meunier, Martine, Mok, Kelvin, Morrison, John H, Nacef, Jennifer, Nagy, Jamie, Rios, Michael Ortiz, Petkov, Christopher I, Pinsk, Mark, Poirier, Colline, Procyk, Emmanuel, Rajimehr, Reza, Reader, Simon M, Roelfsema, Pieter R, Rudko, David A, Rushworth, Matthew FS, Russ, Brian E, Sallet, Jerome, Schmid, Michael Christoph, Schwiedrzik, Caspar M, Seidlitz, Jakob, Sein, Julien, Shmuel, Amir, Sullivan, Elinor L, Ungerleider, Leslie, Thiele, Alexander, Todorov, Orlin S, Tsao, Doris, Wang, Zheng, Wilson, Charles RE, Yacoub, Essa, Ye, Frank Q, Zarco, Wilbert, Zhou, Yong-di, Margulies, Daniel S, and Schroeder, Charles E

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Psychology, Neurosciences, Biomedical Imaging, Animals, Brain, Connectome, Datasets as Topic, Information Dissemination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuroimaging, Primates, Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological psychology
Abstract

Non-human primate neuroimaging is a rapidly growing area of research that promises to transform and scale translational and cross-species comparative neuroscience. Unfortunately, the technological and methodological advances of the past two decades have outpaced the accrual of data, which is particularly challenging given the relatively few centers that have the necessary facilities and capabilities. The PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) addresses this challenge by aggregating independently acquired non-human primate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets and openly sharing them via the International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI). Here, we present the rationale, design, and procedures for the PRIME-DE consortium, as well as the initial release, consisting of 25 independent data collections aggregated across 22 sites (total = 217 non-human primates). We also outline the unique pitfalls and challenges that should be considered in the analysis of non-human primate MRI datasets, including providing automated quality assessment of the contributed datasets.

Published
2018

4. The Origins and Maintenance of Female Genital Modification across Africa

Author

Ross, Cody T, Strimling, Pontus, Ericksen, Karen Paige, Lindenfors, Patrik, and Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff

Subjects
Anthropology, Human Society, Circumcision, Female, Female, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Female circumcision, FGM, Cultural evolution, Social transmission, Marriage markets, Phylogenetic modeling, Social Psychology
Abstract

We present formal evolutionary models for the origins and persistence of the practice of Female Genital Modification (FGMo). We then test the implications of these models using normative cross-cultural data on FGMo in Africa and Bayesian phylogenetic methods that explicitly model adaptive evolution. Empirical evidence provides some support for the findings of our evolutionary models that the de novo origins of the FGMo practice should be associated with social stratification, and that social stratification should place selective pressures on the adoption of FGMo; these results, however, are tempered by the finding that FGMo has arisen in many cultures that have no social stratification, and that forces operating orthogonally to stratification appear to play a more important role in the cross-cultural distribution of FGMo. To explain these cases, one must consider cultural evolutionary explanations in conjunction with behavioral ecological ones. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our study for policies designed to end the practice of FGMo.

Published
2016

18. On revolutions

Author

Leroi, Armand M., Lambert, Ben, Mauch, Matthias, Papadopoulou, Marina, Ananiadou, Sophia, Lindberg, Staffan I., and Lindenfors, Patrik

Published
2020
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21. The Institutional Order of Liberalization

Author

Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa A., Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, and Lindberg, Staffan I.

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Sociology and Political Science, Liberalization, Order (business), Political science, 05 social sciences, 050602 political science & public administration, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, International economics, 16. Peace & justice, 0506 political science
Abstract

When authoritarian regimes liberalize, are there observable patterns in the ordering of reforms, and are these patterns distinct for cases that transition to democracy? While the prevailing literature tends to focus on exogenous ‘determinants’ of democracy, this letter describes the endogenous dynamics of liberalization itself. Using pairwise domination analysis, it assesses the institutional order of reforms during 371 episodes of liberalization in autocracies between 1900 and 2019. Based on twenty-four indicators of democratic institutions and practices, our findings reveal (1) a clear pattern of reform during liberalization episodes, (2) with strong similarities across outcomes, but also that (3) reforms to the administration of elections tend to develop comparatively earlier in episodes of liberalization that produce a democratic transition.

Published
2021

27. Episodes of liberalization in autocracies : a new approach to quantitatively studying democratization

Author

Wilson, Matthew C., Medzihorsky, Juraj, Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa A., Lindberg, Staffan I., Wilson, Matthew C., Medzihorsky, Juraj, Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa A., and Lindberg, Staffan I.

Abstract

This paper introduces a new approach to the quantitative study of democratization. Building on the comparative case-study and large-N literature, it outlines an episode approach that identifies the discrete beginning of a period of political liberalization, traces its progression, and classifies episodes as successful versus different types of failing outcomes, thus avoiding potentially fallacious assumptions of unit homogeneity. We provide a description and analysis of all 383 liberalization episodes from 1900 to 2019, offering new insights on democratic “waves”. We also demonstrate the value of this approach by showing that while several established covariates are valuable for predicting the ultimate outcomes, none explain the onset of a period of liberalization.

Published
2022
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28. Episodes of liberalization in autocracies: a new approach to quantitatively studying democratization

Author

Wilson, Matthew Charles, Medzihorsky, Juraj, Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa Alexandra, Lindberg, Staffan I., Wilson, Matthew Charles, Medzihorsky, Juraj, Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa Alexandra, and Lindberg, Staffan I.

Abstract

This paper introduces a new approach to the quantitative study of democratization. Building on the comparative case-study and large-N literature, it outlines an episode approach that identifies the discrete beginning of a period of political liberalization, traces its progression, and classifies episodes as successful versus different types of failing outcomes, thus avoiding potentially fallacious assumptions of unit homogeneity. We provide a description and analysis of all 383 liberalization episodes from 1900 to 2019, offering new insights on democratic “waves”. We also demonstrate the value of this approach by showing that while several established covariates are valuable for predicting the ultimate outcomes, none explain the onset of a period of liberalization.

Published
2022

36. ‘Dunbar's number’ deconstructed

Author

Lindenfors, Patrik, Wartel, Andreas, Lind, Johan, Lindenfors, Patrik, Wartel, Andreas, and Lind, Johan

Abstract

A widespread and popular belief posits that humans possess a cognitive capacity that is limited to keeping track of and maintaining stable relationships with approximately 150 people. This influential number, ‘Dunbar's number’, originates from an extrapolation of a regression line describing the relationship between relative neocortex size and group size in primates. Here, we test if there is statistical support for this idea. Our analyses on complementary datasets using different methods yield wildly different numbers. Bayesian and generalized least-squares phylogenetic methods generate approximations of average group sizes between 69–109 and 16–42, respectively. However, enormous 95% confidence intervals (4–520 and 2–336, respectively) imply that specifying any one number is futile. A cognitive limit on human group size cannot be derived in this manner.

Published
2021
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37. The Institutional Order of Liberalization.

Author

Edgell, Amanda B., Boese, Vanessa A., Maerz, Seraphine F., Lindenfors, Patrik, and Lindberg, Staffan I.

Subjects
ELECTORAL reform, AUTHORITARIANISM, DEMOCRATIZATION, ELECTIONS, SOCIAL evolution, REFORMS
Abstract

When authoritarian regimes liberalize, are there observable patterns in the ordering of reforms, and are these patterns distinct for cases that transition to democracy? While the prevailing literature tends to focus on exogenous 'determinants' of democracy, this letter describes the endogenous dynamics of liberalization itself. Using pairwise domination analysis, it assesses the institutional order of reforms during 371 episodes of liberalization in autocracies between 1900 and 2019. Based on twenty-four indicators of democratic institutions and practices, our findings reveal (1) a clear pattern of reform during liberalization episodes, (2) with strong similarities across outcomes, but also that (3) reforms to the administration of elections tend to develop comparatively earlier in episodes of liberalization that produce a democratic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. Accelerating the Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging

Author

Milham, Michael, Petkov, Christopher I., Margulies, Daniel S., Schroeder, Charles E., Basso, Michele A., Belin, Pascal, Fair, Damien A., Fox, Andrew, Kastner, Sabine, Mars, Rogier B., Messinger, Adam, Poirier, Colline, Vanduffel, Wim, Van Essen, David C., Alvand, Ashkan, Becker, Yannick, Ben Hamed, Suliann, Benn, Austin, Bodin, Clementine, Boretius, Susann, Cagna, Bastien, Coulon, Olivier, El-Gohary, Sherif Hamdy, Evrard, Henry, Forkel, Stephanie J., Friedrich, Patrick, Froudist-Walsh, Sean, Garza-Villarreal, Eduardo A., Gao, Yang, Gozzi, Alessandro, Grigis, Antoine, Hartig, Renee, Hayashi, Takuya, Heuer, Katja, Howells, Henrietta, Ardesch, Dirk Jan, Jarrett, Wendy, Jedema, Hank P., Kagan, Igor, Kelly, Clare, Kennedy, Henry, Klink, P. Christiaan, Kwok, Sze Chai, Leech, Robert, Liu, Xiaojin, Madan, Christopher, Madushanka, Wasana, Majka, Piotr, Mallon, Ann-Marie, Marche, Kevin, Meguerditchian, Adrien, Menon, Ravi S., Merchant, Hugo, Mitchell, Anna, Nenning, Karl-Heinz, Nikolaidis, Aki, Ortiz-Rios, Michael, Pagani, Marco, Pareek, Vikas, Prescott, Mark, Procyk, Emmanuel, Rajimehr, Reza, Rautu, Ioana-Sabina, Raz, Amir, Roe, Anna Wang, Roumazeilles, Lea, Sakai, Tomoko, Sallet, Jerome, Sato, Chika, Sawiak, Stephen, Schiffer, Marike, Schwiedrzik, Caspar M., Seidlitz, Jakob, Sein, Julien, Shen, Zhi-ming, Shmuel, Amir, Silva, Afonso C., Simone, Luciano, Sirmpilatze, Nikoloz, Sliwa, Julia, Smallwood, Jonathan, Tasserie, Jordy, Thiebaut de Schotten, Michel, Toro, Roberto, Trapeau, Regis, Uhrig, Lynn, Vezoli, Julien, Wang, Zheng, Wells, Sara, Williams, Bella, Xu, Ting, Xu, Augix Guohua, Yacoub, Essa, Zhan, Ming, Ai, Lei, Balezeau, Fabien, Baxter, Mark G., Blezer, Erwin L.A., Brochier, Thomas, Chen, Aihua, Croxson, Paula L., Damatac, Christienne G., Dehaene, Stanislas, Everling, Stefan, Fleysher, Lazar, Freiwald, Winrich, Griffiths, Timothy D., Guedj, Carole, Hadj-Bouziane, Fadila, Harel, Noam, Hiba, Bassem, Jung, Benjamin, Koo, Bonhwang, Laland, Kevin N., Leopold, David A., Lindenfors, Patrik, Meunier, Martine, Mok, Kelvin, Morrison, John H., Nacef, Jennifer, Nagy, Jamie, Pinsk, Mark, Reader, Simon M., Roelfsema, Pieter R., Rudko, David A., Rushworth, Matthew F.S., Russ, Brian E., Schmid, Michael Christoph, Sullivan, Elinor L., Thiele, Alexander, Todorov, Orlin S., Tsao, Doris, Ungerleider, Leslie, Wilson, Charles R.E., Ye, Frank Q., Zarco, Wilbert, and Zhou, Yong-di

Subjects
General Neuroscience
Abstract

Nonhuman primate neuroimaging is on the cusp of a transformation, much in the same way its human counterpart was in 2010, when the Human Connectome Project was launched to accelerate progress. Inspired by an open data-sharing initiative, the global community recently met and, in this article, breaks through obstacles to define its ambitions.

Published
2020

40. Phylogenetic analyses of dimorphism in primates: evidence for stronger selection on canine size than on body size

Author

Thoren, Sandra, Lindenfors, Patrik, and Kappeler, Peter M.

Subjects
Dimorphism (Biology) -- Research, Primates -- Research, Primates -- Physiological aspects, Sexual selection in animals -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to analyze the consequences of sexual selection on canine size and canine size dimorphism in primates. Our analyses of previously published body mass and canine size data revealed that the degree of sexual selection is correlated with canine size dimorphism, as well as with canine size in both sexes, in haplorhine but not in strepsirrhine primates. Consistent with these results, male and female canine size was found to be highly correlated in all primates. Since canine dimorphism and canine size in both sexes in haplorhines were found to be not only related to mating system but also to body size and body size dimorphism (characters which are also subject to or the result of sexual selection), it was not apparent whether the degree of canine dimorphism is the result of sexual selection on canine size itself, or whether canine dimorphism is instead a consequence of selection on body size, or vice versa. To distinguish among these possibilities, we conducted matched-pairs analyses on canine size after correcting for the effects of body size. These tests revealed significant effects of sexual selection on relative canine size, indicating that canine size is more important in haplorhine male-male competition than body size. Further analyses showed, however, that it was not possible to detect any evolutionary lag between canine size and body size, or between canine size dimorphism and body size dimorphism. Additional support for the notion of special selection on canine size consisted of allometric relationships in haplorhines between canine size and canine size dimorphism in males, as well as between canine size dimorphism and body size dimorphism. In conclusion, these analyses revealed that the effects of sexual selection on canine size are stronger than those on body size, perhaps indicating that canines are more important than body size in haplorhine male-male competition. KEY WORDS allometry; sexual selection; comparative methods; Rensch's rule

Published
2006

45. The ebb and flow of attention: Between-subject variation in intrinsic connectivity and cognition associated with the dynamics of ongoing experience

Author

Kernbach, Julius, Yeo, B., Thiebaut De Schotten, Michel, Walter, Henrik, Sabuncu, Mert, Holmes, Avram, Gramfort, Alexandre, Varoquaux, Gaël, Thirion, Bertrand, Bzdok, Danilo, Milham, Michael, Ai, Lei, Koo, Bonhwang, Xu, Ting, Amiez, Céline, Balezeau, Fabien, Baxter, Mark, Blezer, Erwin L.A., Brochier, Thomas, Chen, Aihua, Croxson, Paula, Damatac, Christienne, Dehaene, Stanislas, Everling, Stefan, Fair, Damian, Fleysher, Lazar, Freiwald, Winrich, Froudist-Walsh, Seán, Griffiths, Timothy, Guedj, Carole, Hadj-Bouziane, Fadila, Ben Hamed, Suliann, Harel, Noam, Hiba, Bassem, Jarraya, Bechir, Jung, Benjamin, Kastner, Sabine, Klink, P. Christiaan, Kwok, Sze Chai, Laland, Kevin, Leopold, David, Lindenfors, Patrik, Mars, Rogier, Menon, Ravi, Messinger, Adam, Meunier, Martine, Mok, Kelvin, Morrison, John, Nacef, Jennifer, Nagy, Jamie, Rios, Michael Ortiz, Petkov, Christopher, Pinsk, Mark, Poirier, Colline, Procyk, Emmanuel, Rajimehr, Reza, Reader, Simon, Roelfsema, Pieter, Rudko, David, Rushworth, Matthew F.S., Russ, Brian, Sallet, Jérôme, Schmid, Michael Christoph, Schwiedrzik, Caspar, Seidlitz, Jakob, Sein, Julien, Shmuel, Amir, Sullivan, Elinor, Ungerleider, Leslie, Thiele, Alexander, Todorov, Orlin, Tsao, Doris, Wang, Zheng, Wilson, Charles R.E., Yacoub, Essa, Ye, Frank, Zarco, Wilbert, Zhou, Yong-di, Schroeder, Charles, Turnbull, Adam, Wang, Hao-Ting, Schooler, Jonathan, Jefferies, Elizabeth, Margulies, Daniel, Smallwood, Jonathan, Department of Psychology [York, UK], University of York [York, UK], Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences [Leipzig] (IMPNSC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 646927,H2020,ERC-2014-CoG,WANDERINGMINDS(2015), Margulies, Daniel, Not all minds that wander are lost: A neurocognitive test of mind-wandering state’s contribution to human cognition. - WANDERINGMINDS - - H20202015-12-01 - 2020-05-31 - 646927 - VALID, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of psychiatry-King‘s College London, Berlin School of Mind and Brain [Berlin], Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory [Cambridge] (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard University [Cambridge], Modelling brain structure, function and variability based on high-field MRI data (PARIETAL), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics [Aachen], Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), New York State Office of Mental Health, Child Mind Institute, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France, Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale (I2BM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, The University of Western Ontario, Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), The Rockefeller University, Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge [Barcelone] (IDIBELL), Equipe Impact, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des sciences cognitives Marc Jeannerod - Centre de neuroscience cognitive - UMR5229 (CNC), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Magnetic Resonance Research [Minneapolis] (CMRR), University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, ANIMAGE, Rhône-Alpes Genopole, Université de Lorraine (UL), Princeton Neuroscience Institute [Princeton], Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Stockholm University, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Health, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (MNI), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University-McGill University, Hôpital du Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Newcastle University [Newcastle], Princeton University, Neural Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut cellule souche et cerveau / Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute (SBRI), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), McGovern Institute for Brain Research [Cambridge], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN - FMRIB), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire de Chimie - UMR5182 (LC), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics [Houston], Rice University [Houston], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI), and Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, England

Subjects
Male, Cognitive Neuroscience, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), Visual processing, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Task-positive network, medicine, Humans, Attention, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Default mode network, Brain Mapping, Working memory, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Brain, Flexibility (personality), Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Female, Nerve Net, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

International audience; Cognition is dynamic, allowing us the flexibility to shift focus from different aspects of the environment, or between internally- and externally-oriented trains of thought. Although we understand how individuals switch attention across different tasks, the neurocognitive processes that underpin the dynamics of less constrained elements of cognition are less well understood. To explore this issue, we developed a paradigm in which participants intermittently responded to external events across two conditions that systematically vary in their need for updating working memory based on information in the external environment. This paradigm distinguishes the influences on cognition that emerge because of demands placed by the task (sustained) from changes that result from the time elapsed since the last task response (transient). We used experience sampling to identify dynamic changes in ongoing cognition in this paradigm, and related between subject variation in these measures to variations in the intrinsic organisation of large-scale brain networks. We found systems important for attention were involved in the regulation of off-task thought. Coupling between the ventral attention network and regions of primary motor cortex was stronger for individuals who were able to regulate off-task thought in line with the demands of the task. This pattern of coupling was linked to greater task-related thought when environmental demands were high and elevated off-task thought when demands were low. In contrast, the coupling of the dorsal attention network with a region of lateral visual cortex was stronger for individuals for whom off-task thoughts transiently increased with the time since responding to the external world increased. This pattern is consistent with a role for this system in the time-limited top-down biasing of visual processing to increase behavioural efficiency. Unlike the attention networks, coupling between regions of the default mode network and dorsal occipital cortex was weaker for individuals for whom the level of detail decreased with the passage of time when the external task did not require continuous monitoring of external information. These data provide novel evidence for how neural systems vary across subjects and may be underpin individual variation in the dynamics of thought, linking attention systems to the maintenance of task-relevant information, and the default mode network to supporting experiences with vivid detail.

Published
2019

46. Whatever you want: Inconsistent results are the rule, not the exception, in the study of primate brain evolution

Author

Wartel, Andreas, Lindenfors, Patrik, and Lind, Johan

Subjects
Primates, Male, Computer and Information Sciences, Physiology, Science, Neocortex, Animal Phylogenetics, Research and Analysis Methods, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Medicine and Health Sciences, Animals, Body Size, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Statistical Methods, Nutrition, Taxonomy, Data Management, Statistical Data, Mammals, Cerebral Cortex, Evolutionary Biology, Statistics, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Eukaryota, Brain, Biological Evolution, Diet, Phylogenetics, Physiological Parameters, Vertebrates, Amniotes, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Female, Anatomy, Zoology, Mathematics, Research Article, Forecasting
Abstract

Primate brains differ in size and architecture. Hypotheses to explain this variation are numerous and many tests have been carried out. However, after body size has been accounted for there is little left to explain. The proposed explanatory variables for the residual variation are many and covary, both with each other and with body size. Further, the data sets used in analyses have been small, especially in light of the many proposed predictors. Here we report the complete list of models that results from exhaustively combining six commonly used predictors of brain and neocortex size. This provides an overview of how the output from standard statistical analyses changes when the inclusion of different predictors is altered. By using both the most commonly tested brain data set and the inclusion of new data we show that the choice of included variables fundamentally changes the conclusions as to what drives primate brain evolution. Our analyses thus reveal why studies have had troubles replicating earlier results and instead have come to such different conclusions. Although our results are somewhat disheartening, they highlight the importance of scientific rigor when trying to answer difficult questions. It is our position that there is currently no empirical justification to highlight any particular hypotheses, of those adaptive hypotheses we have examined here, as the main determinant of primate brain evolution.

Published
2019

47. Sequential Requisites Analysis : A New Method for Analyzing Sequential Relationships in Ordinal Data

Author

Lindenfors, Patrik, Krusell, Joshua, Lindberg, Staffan I., Lindenfors, Patrik, Krusell, Joshua, and Lindberg, Staffan I.

Abstract

Objectives: This article presents a new method inspired by evolutionary biology for analyzing longer sequences of requisites for the emergence of particular outcome variables across numerous combinations of ordinal variables in social science analysis. Methods: The approach is a sorting algorithm through repeated pairwise investigations of states in a set of variables and identifying what states in the variables occur before states in all other variables. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing a set of variables from version 7.1 of the V-Dem data set (Coppedge etal. 2017. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project; Pemstein etal. 2017. University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 21). With a large set of indicators measured over many years, the method makes it possible to identify and compare long, complex sequences across many variables. Results: This affords an opportunity, for example, to disentangle the sequential requisites of failing and successful sequences in democratization, or if requisites are different during different time periods. Conclusions: For policy purposes, this is instrumental: Which components of democracy occur earlier and which later? Which components of democracy are therefore the ideal targets for democracy promotion at different stages?

Published
2019
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48. Det kulturella djuret : om människans evolution och tänkandets utveckling

Author

Lindenfors, Patrik and Lindenfors, Patrik

Abstract

För några miljoner år sedan tillverkade våra förfäder de första stenverktygen. Sedan hände märkligt lite på två och en halv miljoner år. Det är först de senaste tusentals åren som den teknologiska utvecklingen tagit ett rejält språng. Vi har skapat städer, skrivit symfonier, byggt månraketer, internet och Nya Söderstadion samtidigt som höjdpunkten på den kulturella utvecklingen i övriga djurriket fortfarande är att använda två stenar för att knäcka nötter. Vad var det som hände? I Det kulturella djuret får du ta del av den senaste forskningen om hjärnan, inlärning och den informationshantering som är unik för människan, och med vilken vi förändrat både världen och oss själva. På vägen får du också lära dig en hel del om övriga djurriket: Är kråkor verkligen smartare än femåringar? Har encelliga toffeldjur ett minne? Och vad är likheten mellan en myrstack och en mänsklig hjärna? Framför allt får du lära dig allt om den biologiska och kulturella evolution som gjort oss till dem vi är idag.

Published
2019

49. Bird Brains: Are Crows as Intelligent as Some Scientists Claim?

Author

Lindenfors, Patrik

Subjects
Crows (Birds) -- Natural history -- Behavior, Animal intelligence, Philosophy and religion, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

MANY SCIENTIFICALLY INTERESTED PEOPLE HAVE SEEN them: films of different species of corvids that put objects in test tubes in order to raise the water surface to get at a [...]

Published
2017

50. On revolutions

Author

Leroi, Armand M., Lambert, Ben C., Mauch, Matthias, Papadopoulou, Marina, Ananiadou, Sophia, Lindberg, Staffan I. I., Lindenfors, Patrik, and Hemelrijk group

Abstract

Sometimes the normal course of events is disrupted by a particularly swift and profound change. Historians have often referred to such changes as "revolutions" and, though they have identified many of them, they have rarely supported their claims with statistical evidence. Here we present a method to identify revolutions based on a measure of the multivariate rate of change called Foote Novelty. We define revolutions as those periods of time when the value of this measure, F, can, by a non-parametric test, be shown to be significantly greater than the background rate. Our method also identifies conservative periods when the rate of change is unusually low. Importantly, our method permits searching for revolutions over any time scale that the data permit. We apply it to several quantitative data sets that capture long-term political, social and cultural changes and, in some of them, identify revolutions, both well known and not. Our method is a general one that can be applied to any phenomenon captured by multivariate time series data of sufficient quality.

Published
2018

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