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The COVID-19 pandemic disrupts capital markets and confuses decision makers. This event represents an opportunity to better understand how financial analysts forecast earnings. We focus on forecasts for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the United States, since REITs are relatively transparent during normal times, and since the real estate sector, as a whole, displays wide variations in forecasts during the pandemic. Using data between October 2018 and November 2020, our regression analysis finds that the severity of the pandemic increases analysts' forecast error and dispersion. Government interventions have an offsetting effect, which is relevant during the more severe times. These results are robust to various measures of the severity of the pandemic. We also find that the pandemic has differential effects across property types, where forecast error rises by more, for REITs, when focusing on Hospitality and Industrial properties, and dispersion rises by more, for REITs, when focusing on Hospitality, Retail, and Technology properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines recent Federal Circuit cases concerning the factual inquiry underlying the Mayo/Alice patent subject matter eligibility framework. It mentions asserts that the Federal Circuit's decisions represent an overdue clarification of the uncertainty surrounding patent litigation that involves this framework. It also mentions guidelines for the application of an evidentiary principle in the adjudication of patent subject matter eligibility.

The article focuses on a study conducted to explore the research material used by agricultural economists for their studies in the U.S. The research is based on the study of the literature of the U.S. Agricultural Economics Journal during 2001 to 2005. The analysis of bibliographical citations provided an insight into the utilization of research materials by the researchers. It was detected that, journals and books are the primary types of materials used by the agricultural economists, whereas government publications and working papers account for the other two major resources for the researchers. The websites are not considered as scholarly resources by the agriculture economists.

Data acquisition difficulties have hindered the application of advanced audit technology and audit analytics, and accentuated the challenges to meet growing audit demands. To alleviate this problem, this paper discusses the main drivers to evolve the audit process: data standards, data access, audit applications, and continuous audit. As a joint effort between the AICPA and academia, this paper provides guidance and suggestions to internal and external auditors, as well as scholars to develop knowledge for leading edge practice (Kaplan 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission, dispersion, and photochemistry of isoprene (C5H8) and related chemical species in the convective boundary layer (CBL) during sunlit daytime were studied over a mixed forest in the southeastern United States by combining ground-based and aircraft observations. Fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes were quantified at the top of the forest canopy using a high-resolution proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Snapshot (~2 min sampling duration) vertical profiles of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK)+ methacrolein (MACR), and monoterpenes were collected from aircraft every hour in the CBL (100-1000m). Both ground-based and airborne collected volatile organic compound (VOC) data are used to constrain the initial conditions of a mixed-layer chemistry model (MXLCH), which is applied to examine the chemical evolution of the O3-NOx-HOx-VOC system and how it is affected by boundary layer dynamics in the CBL. The chemical loss rate of isoprene (~1 h) is similar to the turbulent mixing timescale (0.1-0.5 h), which indicates that isoprene concentrations are equally dependent on both photooxidation and boundary layer dynamics. Analysis of a modelderived concentration budget suggests that diurnal evolution of isoprene inside the CBL is mainly controlled by surface emissions and chemical loss; the diurnal evolution of O3 is dominated by entrainment. The NO to HO2 ratio (NO:HO2) is used as an indicator of anthropogenic impact on the CBL chemical composition and spans a wide range (1-163). The fate of hydroxyl-substituted isoprene peroxyl radical (HOC5H8OO; ISOPOO) is strongly affected by NO:HO2, shifting from NO-dominant to NO-HO2-balanced conditions from early morning to noontime. This chemical regime change is reflected in the diurnal evolution of isoprene hydroxynitrates (ISOPN) and isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on a timely dialogue among two US based anthropologists and one Chinese scholar on the relationship between tourism studies and anthropological intervention in and beyond China. It makes two main arguments; First, under rapid globalization the boundaries between disciplines are becoming increasingly blurred and the targets of our research are also more mobile. An interdisciplinary approach has become a key feature in current researchers across many social sciences and the humanities. The anthropological intervention to tourism studies is thus inevitable and makes a significant contribution to this field. Tourism management should no longer be an isolated area with the sole focus on the economic and management aspects, but needs to incorporate other social, cultural, and psychological explorations. With its tradition of a holistic and critical perspective, cultural anthropology is in an unique position to examine multiple dimensions of tourism and to go beyond the level of simple description. Second, it is imperative to examine the localization process when we study any social and cultural phenomena in the contemporary world. The study of tourism is exception. Due to different cultural and economic backgrounds, each country or region tends to face some unique problems and challenges. Thus, theories, methods, and practices developed out of Western tourism studies must be adapted to fit local Chinese conditions. Professor Graburn points out eight aspects of research that are pertinent to understanding Chinese tourism in the pat and the future: nostalgia, authenticity, symbols, ritual and religion, commodification and globalization, heritage, gender, and landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the decision of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve the drug vilazodone for major depressive disorder (MDD). Particular focus is given to the approach by FDA to its review of the clinical pharmacology and clinical efficacy and safety data for the drug. The pharmacokinetics and dose-response characterization of vilazodone are tackled. The similarity of the drug's adverse events with other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is explained.

Offers a planning process on an authority control project at a medium-sized university library in Wichita, Kansas. Elements of the authority control; significance o an online cataloging system; Use of an authority validation tool in the cataloging system.

Objective: The systemic immunity-inflammation index (SII) is a newly developed biomarker that provides an integrated measure of inflammation in the body. We aim to evaluate the relationship between SII and body fat distribution. Methods: Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018 were included. The SII was computed using lymphocyte (LC), neutrophil (NC), and platelet (PC) counts as its components. Body fat distribution was assessed by (total, android, gynoid) percentage fat, total abdominal fat area, subcutaneous adipose tissue area, visceral adipose tissue area, and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue area (V/S ratio). Multivariable weighted linear regression and subgroup analysis were use to examine the relationships between fat distribution and SII. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) and threshold effect analysis were used to examine analyze nonlinear associations. Results: After exclusions, a total of 11,192 adults with a weighted mean age of 38.46 ± 0.26 years were studied. In multivariable weighted linear regression, each level increase in log2SII was associated with increased of 0.23 SDs total percentage fat (95% CI = 0.03, 0.43) and 0.26 SDs android percentage fat (95% CI = 0.06, 0.47). Besides, the subgroup analysis showed that the positive association between SII and android percentage fat was mainly among obese individuals (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and non-obese individuals without DM or hypertension. Meanwhile, the relationship between SII and the V/S ratio was found to be significant in the female subgroup, the obese subgroup, individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and those without diabetes mellitus. Finally, SII exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship with total percentage fat, android percent fat and total abdominal fat. Accordingly, threshold effect analysis indicated a positive association between lower SII levels and total percentage fat, android percentage fat and total abdominal fat area. Conclusions: In the nationwide study, it was observed that the SII exhibited a significant correlation with higher levels of body fat, specifically android fat. This association was particularly noticeable within specific subgroups of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bevacizumab (BV) is widely used in routine cancer treatment and clinical therapy in combination with many other agents. This study aims to describe and analyse post-market cases of pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis reported with different BV treatment regimens by mining data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods: Data were collected from the FAERS database between 2004 Q1 and 2023 Q1. Disproportionality analysis including the reporting odds ratio (ROR) was employed to quantify the signals of disproportionate reporting of pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis adverse events (AEs) associated with BV-related treatment regimens. The demographic characteristics, time to onset and outcomes were further clarified. Results: A total of 55,184 BV-associated reports were extracted from the FAERS database, of which 497 reports related to pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis. Overall, the median onset time of pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis AEs was 43 days (interquartile range (IQR) 15-117 days). In the subgroup analysis, BV plus targeted therapy had the longest median onset time of 90.5 days (IQR 34-178.5 days), while BV plus chemotherapy had the shortest of 40.5 days (IQR 14-90.25). BV plus chemotherapy disproportionately reported the highest percentage of death (148 deaths out of 292 cases, 50.68%). Moreover, the BV-related treatments including four subgroups in our study demonstrated the positive signals with the association of disproportionate reporting of pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis. Notably, BV plus chemotherapy showed a significant higher reporting risk in pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis signals of disproportionate reporting in comparison to BV monotherapy (ROR 5.35 [95% CI, 4.78-6.02] vs. ROR 4.19 [95% CI, 3.56-4.91], p = 0.0147). Conclusion: This study characterized the reporting of pulmonary haemorrhage and haemoptysis, along with the time to onset and demographic characteristics among different BV-related treatment options. It could provide valuable evidence for further studies and clinical practice of BV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been numerous studies on NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets for depression. However, so far, there has been no comprehensive scientometric analysis of this field. Thus, we conducted a scientometric analysis with the aim of better elucidating the research hotspots and future trends in this field. Methods: Publications on NMDAR in Depression between 2004 and 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Then, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Scimago Graphica, and R-bibliometrix--were used for the scientometric analysis and visualization. Results: 5,092 qualified documents were identified to scientometric analysis. In the past 20 years, there has been an upward trend in the number of annual publications. The United States led the world in terms of international collaborations, publications, and citations. 15 main clusters were identified from the co-cited references analysis with notable modularity (Q-value = 0.7628) and silhouette scores (S-value = 0.9171). According to the keyword and co-cited references analysis, treatment-resistant depression ketamine (an NMDAR antagonist), oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neuroplasticity related downstream factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor were the research hotspots in recent years. Conclusion: As the first scientometric analysis of NMDAR in Depression, this study shed light on the development, trends, and hotspots of research about NMDAR in Depression worldwide. The application and potential mechanisms of ketamine in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still a hot research topic at present. However, the side effects of NMDAR antagonist like ketamine have prompted research on new rapid acting antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the platelet/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (PHR) and the prevalence of nephrolithiasis within the adult population of the United States. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2018. The analysis included a non-pregnant population aged 20 years or older, providing proper PHR index and nephrolithiasis data. The research utilized subgroup analyses and weighted univariate and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the independent association between the PHR and the susceptibility to nephrolithiasis. Results: The study comprised 30,899 participants with an average PHR value of 19.30 ± 0.11. The overall prevalence rate of nephrolithiasis was estimated at 9.98% with an increase in the higher PHR tertiles (T1, 8.49%; T2, 10.11%; T3, 11.38%, P < 0.0001). An elevated PHR level was closely linked with a higher susceptibility to nephrolithiasis. Compared with patients in T1, and after adjusting for potential confounders in model 2, the corresponding odds ratio for nephrolithiasis in T3 was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.06 to 2.08), with a P-value = 0.02. The results of the interaction tests revealed a significant impact of chronic kidney disease on the relationship between PHR and nephrolithiasis. Furthermore, the restricted cubic spline analyses exhibited a positive, non-linear correlation between PHR and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Conclusion: A convenient biomarker, the PHR, was independently associated with nephrolithiasis and could be a novel biomarker in predicting occurrence in clinical decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting the condition rating of a bridge deck is crucial for effective maintenance and repair planning. Despite significant research efforts to develop deterioration models, the efficacy of Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in predicting the condition rating of the nation's bridge decks has remained unexplored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of these algorithms for deck condition rating prediction at the national level. To achieve this, the study collected bridge data, which includes National Bridge Inventory (NBI), traffic, and climate regions gathered using Geospatial Information Science (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Two datasets were collected: bridge data for a single year of 2020 and historical bridge data covering a five-year period from 2016 to 2020. Three models were trained using 319,404 and 1,246,261 bridge decks in the single-year bridge data and the five-year historical bridge data, respectively. Results show that the use of historical bridge data significantly improves the performance of the models compared to the single-year bridge data. Specifically, the Random Forest model achieved an overall accuracy of 83.4% and an average F1 score of 79.7%. In contrast, the XGBoost model achieved an overall accuracy of 79.4% and an average F1 score of 77.5%, while the ANN model obtained an overall accuracy of 79.7% and an average F1 score of 78.4%. Permutation-based variable importance reveals that NBI, traffic, and climate regions significantly contribute to model development. In conclusion, the Random Forest, XGBoost, and ANN models, trained using updated historical bridge data, provide useful tools for accurately predicting the condition rating of bridge decks in the United States, allowing infrastructure managers to efficiently schedule inspections and allocate maintenance resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent severe ice storms across the United States severely damaged trees resulting in extensive electrical power outages. Furthermore, trees and branches can fall on nearby roads, blocking traffic flow and reducing the safety of drivers. In this study, trees subjected to ice loads were analyzed using the finite element method and Monte Carlo simulation to develop analytical fragility curves. Two-dimensional, fractal trees were constructed with randomly generated geometric and mechanical parameters for four deciduous tree species: Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Fagus grandifolia, and Quercus alba. Two load case scenarios were considered – with and without the effects of leaves – which were then subjected to varying ice accumulation thicknesses. The resulting fragility curves suggest that leaves have a substantial impact on tree branch damage under ice loads, which is significant because of the increase in unseasonably early ice storms due to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high costs and strategic importance of expatriate assignments, expatriate performance management (EPM) plays an increasingly important role for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, research on EPM is still in its infancy. Drawing from the convergence/divergence debate in international human resource management, this study investigates and compares EPM strategies and practices across MNEs from three different country clusters to better understand whether EPM practices tend to converge, diverge, or crossverge (i.e., show aspects of both). Results from surveying 132 Anglo‐Saxon, Germanic, and Japanese MNEs reveal prominent differences (divergence) at the EPM strategic level such that Japanese MNEs tend to pursue more ethnocentric staffing strategies and design EPM systems specifically tailored to expatriates. On the practice level, we found both commonalities and differences between Japanese and Anglo‐Saxon and Germanic MNEs, pointing toward crossvergence. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Chinese international students' lived experiences of being stigmatized during the early onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. To understand their dual-marginalization due to Othered Chinese-ness (e.g. racialized immigrant Others and foreigner Asians) and presumed contagiousness (e.g. suspected, diseased, and infectious), we adopt co-cultural theory to centralize their experiences of coping with COVID-related stigmatization. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis demonstrate how Chinese students in this study heightened their sensitivity to ambiguous yet hostile stigmatization and how they often opted for nonassertive, non-confrontational, and threat-avoiding coping strategies. We reflect on how current health and racism crises further marginalize immigrant Others in general and Chinese immigrants in particular. We conclude with discussing theoretical application of co-cultural theory to understand stigmatizing and stigmatized health communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reimagine Resilience (2023), designed and established at Teachers College, Columbia University, is an innovative program that builds awareness and understanding among educators and educational personnel in the U.S. on the precursors and causes of educational displacement in students, supporting educators in promoting belonging, connectedness, and resilience to prevent educational displacement, extremism, and radicalization among students in their schools and classrooms. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Reimagine Resilience Program in producing attitudinal shifts in participating education personnel as they cultivate an awareness of their own biased speech and conduct. Further, this study spotlights the Program's efficacy in identifying ways to actively prevent educational displacement as educators gain new knowledge of protective and risk factors for radicalization and targeted violence. This study underscores the importance of innovation in pedagogy, practice, assessment, and professional training for educators and educational staff to effectively engage educators in extremism and violence prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the development context, research hotspots and frontiers in the glymphatic system (GS) field from 2012 to 2022 by bibliometric analysis. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for articles published between 2012 and 2022. Microsoft Excel was used to manage the data. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, GraphPad Prism, the Web of Science, and an online analysis platform for bibliometrics (http://bibliometric.com/) were used to analyze the countries, institutions, journals, and collaboration networks among authors and the types of articles, developmental directions, references, and top keywords of published articles. Results: A total of 412 articles were retrieved, including 39 countries/regions, 223 research institutes and 171 academic journals. The subject classifications related to the GS were Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience and Radiology/Nuclear Medicine/Medical Imaging. The United States has maintained its dominant and most influential position in GS research. Among research institutions and journals, the Univ Rochester and Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism had the highest number of academic articles, respectively. Nedergaard M had the most published article, and Iliff JJ had the most co-citations. The top two keywords with the highest frequency were “glymphatic system” and “cerebrospinal fluid.” Conclusion: This research provides valuable information for the study of the GS. The bibliometric analysis of this area will encourage potential collaborations among researchers, defining its frontiers and directions for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of acute diarrhea in the United States. Despite being a microaerophilic pathogen, C. jejuni continues to endure within the domain of food production, especially in poultry processing. Recent research on aerotolerance indicates that close monitoring of this pathogen is necessary. A total of 40 C. jejuni isolates previously obtained from commercial broiler processing plants were analyzed for aerotolerance and genetic diversity. In addition, the effect of aerotolerance and storage time (days) on the survival of C. jejuni on broiler drumsticks at refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing conditions (−20 °C) was also evaluated. Out of 40 isolates, 25 (62.5%) were aero-sensitive (AS), 10 (25%) were intermediately aerotolerant (IAT), and 5 (12.5%) were hyper aerotolerant (HAT). The isolates belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs) and six sequence types, with the majority of isolates assigned to the CC–353 clonal complex. C. jejuni counts were reduced by 0.40 log CFU/g after 7 days at 4 °C and by 1.50 log CFU/g after 14 days at −20 °C, respectively, irrespective of aerotolerance (p < 0.001). At both refrigeration (p < 0.013) and freezing (p < 0.001), HAT showed greater reductions as compared to AS and IAT. These findings suggest that both refrigeration and freezing reduce C. jejuni counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgro und: Accurate prediction of risk for chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D) is challenging due to the complex underlying etiology. Integration of more complex data types from sensors and leveraging technologies for collection of -omics datasets may provide greater insights into the specific risk profile for complex diseases. Methods: We performed a literature review to identify feature selection methods and machine learning models for prediction of weight loss in a previously completed clinical trial (NCT02278939) of a behavioral intervention for weight loss in Filipinos at risk for T2D. Features included demographic and clinical characteristics, dietary factors, physical activity, and transcriptomics. Results: We identified four feature selection methods: Correlation-based Feature Subset Selection (CfsSubsetEval) with BestFirst, Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test with correlation featureselection (CFS), DESeq2, and max-relevance-min-relevance (MRMR) with linear forward search and mutual information (MI) and four machine learning algorithms: support vector machine, decision tree, random forest, and extra trees that are applicable to prediction of weight loss using the specified feature types. Conclusion: More accurate prediction of risk for T2D and other complex conditions may be possible by leveraging complex data types from sensors and -omics datasets. Emerging methods for feature selection and machine learning algorithms make this type of modeling feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess whether the weight adjusted-waist index(WWI) is associated with the prevalence of asthma and age when first asthma onset appears in US adults. Methods: For analysis we selected participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)database between 2001 and 2018. A dose-response curve was calculated using logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and a dose-response curve. Results: The study included 44480 people over the age of 20,including 6061 reported with asthma, and the increase in asthma prevalence was 15% associated with each unit increase in the WWI, after adjusting for all confounders(odds ratio (OR)=1.15,95% CI:1.11,1.20). The sensitivity analysis was performed by trichotomizing the WWI, and compared to the lowest tertile, the highest tertile WWI group displayed a 29% increase in asthma prevalence(OR=1.29,95% CI:1.19,1.40). A nonlinear correlation was found between the WWI index and the risk of asthma onset, with a threshold saturation effect indicating an inflection point of 10.53 (log-likelihood ratio test, P<0.05), as well as a positive linear correlation with age at first asthma onset. Conclusions: A higher WWI index was associated with an increased prevalence of asthma and an older age of first asthma onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a relational systematic map of research trends in education, physical education, and sports for disabled people was prepared with the bibliometric mapping method. Scientific data obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) was used in the research. After the search in the WoS database, 423 studies were accessed, and 415 of these were included in the final analysis by applying the exclusion criteria. The VOSviewer (Visualization of Similarities) program was used for the bibliometric analysis. The results of the research demonstrate that the number of studies in the field has increased from the 1980s to the present day. The studies included in the research were published in 50 different countries, in 133 different journals and were carried out by 770 authors working in 409 different universities/institutions. According to the findings, most of the research, the highest number of citations, and the most influential authors were based in the United States of America. The results showed that the most cited author in this field works collaboratively with many national and international researchers. The results of the research may provide practical information for politicians, practitioners, and lecturers to draw their attention to new research trends and opportunities regarding education, physical education and sports for individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation affects muscle protein metabolism. The dietary inflammatory index (DII®) is a tool designed to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. The available data on the association between DII and sarcopenia are limited. We aimed to investigate the association of the DII with components of sarcopenia in individuals over 50 years of age. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 dataset. Body composition was measured, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors (peak force) was evaluated. Low muscle mass and strength were defined using sex-specific thresholds. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™) scores were calculated using 24-h dietary recall data. Regression models were fit to evaluate the association between E-DII scores and low muscle mass and low muscle strength, alone and combined. Results: Mean age of study participants was 62.1 ± 9.5 years, and 138 participants (7.4%) belonged to the combination group of low muscle mass and low muscle strength. In multivariable-adjusted regression models, higher E-DII score was associated with lower appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) (β = − 0.03, P < 0.001, P trend <0.001), and lower peak force (β = −2.15, P = 0.04, P trend = 0.01) and higher likelihood for these components combined (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.01–1.25, P = 0.03). Conclusion: Higher E-DII score is associated with lower muscle mass and muscle strength, and increased likelihood for the combination of low muscle mass and low muscle strength in older adults. This has important implications for healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are widely used to assess obesity, but they are limited in their ability to distinguish complicated body metabolic situations (fat mass, lean body mass, visceral and subcutaneous fat deposits in the abdomen). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of different anthropometric indices in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and to identify the best cut-off point for the diagnosis of MAFLD in United States adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 4,195 participants over 18 years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 was performed. All patients underwent vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE). Assess the anthropometric measurements, including BMI, WC, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), cardiometabolic index (CMI), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, hepatic steatosis index (HSI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), visceral fat index (VAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), cone index (CI), and body fat index (BAI). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the impact of these indices, on the odds ratio (OR) values of MAFLD. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the diagnosing capacity of these anthropometric indices for MAFLD and identify the optimal cut-offs points. Results: A total of 4,195 (2,069 men and 2,126 women) participants were performed, with 45.4 ± 0.64 (mean ± SD) years old. All anthropometric metrics were positively associated with MAFLD, irrespective of whether it was treated as continuous or categorical variable (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed a positive correlation between AVI, HSI, WHtR, BRI, and MAFLD, with significant interaction with gender. ROC curves results showed that LAP had the highest AUC [0.813 (95% CI, 0.800-0.826)], especially in participants aged between 18 and 50 years old. Furthermore, LAP showed the highest ROC in both the training set [0.812 (95% CI, 0.800-0.835)] and the validation set [0.809 (95% CI, 0.791-0.827)]. Conclusions: In the present study, we showed that those anthropometric indices were significantly associated with MAFLD in United States adults. Besides, the association of HSI, BRI, AVI, and WHtR with MAFLD was more obvious in men than in women. LAP may be a sensitive marker for diagnosing MAFLD in U.S. adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responses of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) to emission controls remain uncertain due to the limited continuous long‐term measurements. Measurements of detailed carbonaceous aerosol composition in the New York City metropolitan region during the summers of 2001, 2009, 2011, and 2018 provide a look at the changes in summertime SOA over the past two decades when significant pollution reduction and emission controls occurred in the northeastern United States. Here, we show that the averaged nighttime SOA, especially the fresh local SOA, extreme mass concentrations resulted from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds reductions, while there is a little trend for the regional aged SOA. Meanwhile, these fresh SOA extremes occurred most often under conditions of high relative humidity during nighttime. The analysis presented here provides a comprehensive evaluation of the evolution of the increasingly important organic component of the submicron ambient aerosols in this major metropolitan area. Plain Language Summary: Particulate matter air pollution is a major health hazard and the largest driver of air pollution's burden of disease worldwide. Organic compounds constitute the largest fraction of mass for particulate matter in most locations. This study examines trends in organic aerosol in the New York City area and the relationship of this pollutant with the emissions of anthropogenically and biogenically produced and emitted volatile organic compounds. Extreme high values of organic aerosol, which are the most impactful episodes with regard to adverse health effects, were observed to occur preferentially in summertime high humidity conditions and during nighttime. The insights into organic aerosol formation mechanisms and concentration levels will assist scientists and regulators to control this important pollutant. Key Points: Local formed secondary organic aerosols (SOA) nighttime extremes reflect the reduction of anthropogenic volatile organic compoundsA flat multiyear trend is observed for the regional‐aged SOAThe regional aged SOA is becoming increasingly decoupled from highly oxidized particle sulfate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) affects firm shareholder wealth. It further investigates the moderating roles of marketing, operations, and R&D capabilities in this relationship. Analysis of longitudinal data, collected from a large sample of firms across multiple industries in the United States, reveals a complex picture. Results show that although EPU lowers firm value (i.e., Tobin's Q and stock returns), it also reduces firm idiosyncratic risk. In addition, high marketing capability is observed to attenuate the loss in firm value arising from EPU, whereas high operations capability is seen to amplify this loss, with R&D capability not playing a significant moderating role. On the other hand, the reduction in idiosyncratic risk of firms facing EPU is marginally strengthened by operations and R&D capabilities, but not by marketing capability. Together, the conceptual framework and findings provide novel insight into the role of marketing capability in dealing with EPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a chronic developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. The gold standard for the diagnosis of this condition is based on behavioral science, but research on the application of neurological detection to diagnose the atypical nervous system of ASD is ongoing. ASD neuroimaging research involves the examination of the brain's structure, functional connections, and neurometabolic. However, limited medical resource and the unique heterogeneity of ASD have resulted in many challenges when neuroimaging is utilized. Objective. This bibliometric study is aimed at summarizing themes and trends in research on autism spectrum disorder neuroimaging and at proposing potential directions for future inquiry. Methods. Citations were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection database on neuroimaging published from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021. The retrieved information was analyzed using Bibliometric.com, CiteSpace.5.8. R3, and VOS viewer. Results. A total of 1,363 papers were published across 58 regions. The United States was the leading source of publications. The League of European Research Universities published the largest number of articles (171). Burst keywords from 2018 to 2021 include identification and network. The clusters of references that continued into 2020 included graph theory, functional connectivity, and classification, which represent key research topics. Conclusions. Imaging data is being used to identify neuro-network models with higher accuracy for ASD discrimination. Functional near-infrared imaging is advantageous compared to other neuroimaging. In the future, research on systematic and accurate computer-aided diagnosis technology should be encouraged. Moreover, the study of neuroimaging of ASD in different psychological and behavioral states can inspire new ideas about the diagnosis and intervention training of ASD and should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Gallup survey data and online news from 2015 to 2020, this study explored the degree to which audiences "meld" agendas from a wide array of news sources for the five most popular issues in the U.S.: the government and politicians, immigration, the economy, race relations, and healthcare. Overall, audiences of varying ideology had agendas that were congruent. Media agendas also appeared congruent, except on the issue of the economy. Conservative news media had a strong influence on audience issue salience. Horizontal (all partisan) and vertical (nonpartisan) media were in a virtual tie for influence among audiences. Despite an erosion in media trust, conservatives were receptive to issue salience from news media of all types, including liberal media. Liberals did not mirror elite media issue saliences, but were influenced by all other types of media, including conservative media. Moderates were influenced by the entire media landscape, to a somewhat even degree. Four out of the five issues studied here showed varying news media influence with no one media group nor ideology owning the agendas of an issue. The exception observed here was the issue of healthcare, which was influenced exclusively by liberal media for all three ideological groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individuals have engaged in behaviors to cope with and mitigate the COVID‐19 pandemic, including mask wearing and physical distancing. This study considers the extent to which individuals have also engaged in religious behaviors in response to the pandemic and how those responses are associated with behaviors like mask wearing. Using data from a probability survey of U.S. adults, our analysis finds that over half of the respondents have engaged in pandemic‐related prayer and about one‐fifth have taken other religious steps in response to the pandemic, such as reading religious texts or carrying religious items for protection. All else being equal, Republicans are significantly less likely to have undertaken religious steps in response to the pandemic relative to Democrats, suggesting that the politicized nature of the pandemic influences religious responses as well. The analysis also finds that religious responses to the pandemic—especially prayer—are positively associated with mask wearing and physical distancing. These findings suggest that religious responses to the pandemic are not inherently opposed to undertaking responses recommended by scientific and medical authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There are over 1.3 million colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors in the USA, many of whom report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) years after treatment. This study aimed to explore the effect of digital health tools on HRQoL in CRC survivors. Methods: We conducted a two-arm, randomized controlled trial of 42 subjects who had completed treatment for CRC. Participants in the intervention arm received a Fitbit Flex™ and daily text messages for 12 weeks. HRQoL was assessed as a secondary endpoint in both arms at enrollment and 12 weeks using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Survey (SF-36) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Colorectal (FACT-C). Survey score changes from enrollment to 12 weeks were compared between the two arms using independent t tests, and scores at enrollment and 12 weeks were compared using paired t tests. Results: An increase in the FACT-C functional well-being subscale was observed in individuals in the intervention arm pre- to post-intervention (median difference, 2; interquartile range (IQR), 1, 4; P =.02). Although the between-group comparison was not statistically significant, no change in the functional well-being subscale was observed in the control arm (median difference, 0; IQR, 1, 1; P =.71). No other measures of HRQoL appeared to differ within arm across time points or between arms. Conclusion: A 12-week digital physical activity intervention may improve functional well-being among CRC survivors. Larger randomized studies are needed to determine if digital health tools improve functional well-being among CRC survivors and if this improvement can be sustained over time. Trial registration: NCT02966054; registration date, November 17, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Generation 1.5, immigrants who moved to a different country before adulthood, are hypothesized to have unique cognitive and behavioral patterns. We examined the possible differences in cigarette smoking between Asian subpopulations who arrived in the United States at different life stages.Methods: Using the Asian subsample of the 2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, we tested this Generation 1.5 hypothesis with their smoking behavior. This dataset was chosen because its large sample size allowed for a national-level analysis of the Asian subsamples by sex, while other national datasets might not have adequate sample sizes for analysis of these subpopulations. The outcome variable was defined as whether the survey respondent had ever smoked 100 cigarettes or more, with the key independent variable operationalized as whether the respondent was: 1) born in the United States; 2) entered the United States before 12; 3) entered between 12 and 19; and 4) entered after 19. Logistic regressions were run to examine the associations with covariates including the respondent's age, educational attainment, and household income.Results: Asian men who entered before 12 were less likely to have ever smoked 100 cigarettes than those who immigrated after 19; for Asian women, three groups (born in the United States, entered before 12, entered between 12 and 19) were more likely to have smoked 100 cigarettes than those who immigrated after 19.Conclusions: While Asian men who came to the United States before 12 were less at risk for cigarette smoking than those who immigrated in adulthood, the pattern was the opposite among Asian women. Those who spent their childhood in the United States were more likely to smoke than those who came to the United States in adulthood. These patterns might result from the cultural differences between US and Asian countries, and bear policy relevance for the tobacco control efforts among Asian Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify social network types in older Korean Americans and to examine their direct associations, as well as interactions with living arrangement, on mental distress. Drawn from the Study of Older Korean Americans (SOKA), participants were aged 60 or over and lived in five states. Analyses included 2,140 cases surveyed during 2017-2018. To identify social network types, latent profile analyses were conducted using 10 network-related criterion variables. A model with five social network types was identified as best fit. The groups were labeled as diverse, moderately diverse, family deficit, friend deficit, and restricted. As hypothesized, greater mental distress was associated with belonging to more deprived networks such as family deficit and restricted groups. Interaction effects also suggest that members of the restricted group were more distressed when they lived alone than when they lived with others. Implications based on the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of COVID-19, mental health providers and treatment programs are adapting rapidly to the challenges in engaging people and delivering treatment with limited guidance. This paper will explore the challenges associated with delivering treatment within coordinated specialty care (CSC) programs for people with first episode psychosis. Suggestions for treatment will take into consideration experiences with stress, changes to the pursuit of work and school, and increased time spent with families. Drawing on the experience of several CSC programs in the United States, Israel, and China, we describe the impact and modifications to the core treatment elements in CSC including medication, family interactions, supported employment and education, individual therapy, peer support and the way they are delivered. The paper includes recommendations based on experiences from CSC programs to help staff members, participants, and family members better identify, prepare, cope and respond to the unique new challenges and suggests modifications that can be made during various stages of the coronavirus pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of corporate irresponsibility on future stock price crash by employing a unique dataset of 1,529 penalties imposed on 411 United States (U.S.) firms, from 2003 to 2015. We provide robust evidence that the total amount of penalties (in U.S. dollars) imposed on firms are negatively associated with firm‐specific future stock price crash risk. Our findings are consistent with the following view that imposition of penalties remove uncertainty about a particular firm's future, investors please that the case is closed, the firm successfully manages the aftermath of misconduct and the firm's financial gains are often larger compared to the total cost of the penalty imposed. Moreover, we find corporate social responsibility (CSR) to be a channel through which penalties impact stock price crash risk. Our findings demonstrate that the negative association between monetary penalties and stock price crash risk is more pronounced in the postfinancial crisis and in environmentally sensitive firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that natural products have anti-tumor effects, and it has become a hotspot in cancer research. However, few bibliometric analyses have been examined in this field systematically. The current study aimed to explore the status and provide the developing trends in the natural products on cancer research. Methods: Publications on natural products in cancer research were extracted from the Web of Science core collection database. CiteSpace (5.6.R3) software and GraphPad prism 6 were used to analyze and plot the references. Results: On February 1, 2021, 34,611 records of natural products in cancer research published from 2008 to 2020 were collected. The United States was the driving force, with a strong academic reputation in this area. The top-contributing institution was the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Most publications were published in Molecules. Efferth Thomas was the most prolific author, while Newman DJ was the most cited and frequently co-cited author. Flavonoid, curcumin, and polyphenol were the most widely studied natural products. Oleanolic acid and rosmarinic acid have gradually become research hotspots recently. Breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer were the most common types of cancer in this field. "Natural killer cell" was the leading research hotspot. The keywords of "leaf extract," "molecular docking" and "gold nanoparticle" appeared most recently as research frontiers. Conclusion: Our results provided a general overview of the major research directions of natural products research in cancer. The mechanisms of natural products, especially those related to molecular docking, gold nanoparticle, gut microbiota, and immune checkpoints may soon become hotspots and should be closely monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold susceptibility is a concern when growing crops of tropical origin in temperate regions. Crops such as rice, corn, sorghum, and soybean are generally susceptible to chilling stress. From production standpoint, a crop's cold tolerance is particularly important when the general recommendation is to adopt earlier than currently practicing planting dates in the spring. Early planting is a potential route to increase soybean yield in the United States. Nonetheless, early planting is often not practically feasible due to low soil temperatures. Although some commercial varieties are cold‐tolerant, soybean is generally prone to cold stress. Soil temperatures below 10°C reduce germination and seedling vigour. Cold temperatures can also increase soybean vulnerability to soilborne seed/seedling diseases. Microorganisms are experimentally shown to alleviate cold stress in agriculturally important crops such as rice, wheat, tomato and grapes. Although microbial inoculants are available to augment soybean yields through enhanced nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization and improved water/nutrient uptake, currently there are no commercially available inoculants to enhance soybean cold tolerance. Here we provide insights into the value of soybean rhizosphere microbiome analysis to identify microbial taxa that could potentially enhance soybean cold tolerance. Formulation of promising candidates into a seed treatment could contribute to early planting‐enabled soybean yield gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To examine patterns of change in later-life social connectedness: (a) the extent and direction of changes in different aspects of social connectedness, including size, density, and composition of social networks, network turnover, and three types of community involvement and (b) the sequential nature of these changes over time. Method We use three waves of nationally representative data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, collected from 2005/2006 to 2015/2016. Respondents were between the ages of 67 and 95 at follow-up. Types of changes in their social connectedness between the two successive 5-year periods are compared to discern over-time change patterns. Results Analyses reveal stability or growth in the sizes of most older adults' social networks, their access to non-kin ties, network expansiveness, as well as several forms of community involvement. Most older adults experienced turnover within their networks, but losses and additions usually offset each other, resulting in generally stable network size and structural features. Moreover, when older adults reported decreases (increases) in a given form of social connectedness during the first half of the study period, these changes were typically followed by countervailing increases (decreases) over the subsequent 5-year period. This general pattern holds for both network and community connectedness. Discussion There is an overwhelming tendency toward either maintaining or rebalancing previous structures and levels of both personal network connectedness and community involvement. This results in overall homeostasis. We close by discussing the need for a unifying theoretical framework that can explain these patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether bilingualism can improve aspects of cognitive function in late adulthood is hotly debated. A few limited studies have reported that bilingualism may provide a limited buffer against age-related cognitive decline; however, others have not. The present study furthered this inquiry by analyzing the combined effects of age and language experience upon executive function in a geographically diverse online sample. Amazon Mechanical Turk was used to recruit a sample of younger (YA) and older adults (OA) from 24 countries. A total of 81 monolingual participants (YA = 37; OA = 44) and 82 bilingual/multilingual participants (YA = 43; OA = 39) completed task-pure executive function assessments of inhibition, memory updating, and attention switching. YAs performed better than OAs on both the inhibition and updating tasks. On the attention switching task, a greater switch cost occurred when participants had less time to process a stimulus cue. Notably, no effects of language (i.e., bilingualism) were significant: no main effects or interactions with aging were found for executive function performance. The results of the present study challenge the claim that extensive experience with multiple languages can be a reliably protective factor against some normative age-related declines in executive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary : Does embeddedness in global social networks elevate or diminish individuals' propensity to found new ventures? I analyze entrepreneurial entry among a large, cross‐country sample of skilled return migrants, all of whom had worked abroad in the United States before returning to 98 different home countries. My findings reveal that maintaining stronger cross‐border social ties—that is, relationships to former colleagues abroad—leads returnees to be more likely to found new ventures in their homelands. However, the positive effects of cross‐border social ties diminish with greater institutional distance between the returnee's home country and the United States. The findings have implications for research at the intersection of social networks, international migration, and entrepreneurship. Managerial Summary When it comes to founding a venture, social networks are often critical in helping prospective entrepreneurs identify new market opportunities and resources. Which types of networks are most beneficial in helping people become entrepreneurs, however, still remains a question. This paper asks whether having social connections to individuals across countries makes one more likely to become an entrepreneur, and if so why? Studying skilled return migrants, I find that returnees who maintain stronger social ties to those they met while working abroad are more likely to start companies, but only if there is sufficient similarity between the market environments of the returnee's home country and the country where the returnee worked abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1924, the Morton Salt Company began nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt. Access to iodine, a key determinant of cognitive ability, rose sharply. We compare outcomes for cohorts exposed in utero with those of slightly older, unexposed cohorts, across states with high versus low baseline iodine deficiency. Income increased by 11%, labor force participation rose 0.68 percentage points, and full-time work went up 0.9 percentage points due to increased iodine availability. These impacts were largely driven by changes in the economic outcomes of young women. In later adulthood, both men and women had higher family incomes due to iodization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy for malignant tumors is a hot spot in current research and the treatment of cancer. The activation of programmed cell death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA)‐4 relevant signaling pathway can inhibit the activation of T lymphocytes. Tumor cells can achieve immune escape by activating this signaling pathway. By inhibiting this signaling pathway, immune‐checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate T lymphocytes to clear the tumor cells. Therefore, the adverse effects of ICIs are mainly immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). The digestive system, including the gastrointestinal tract and liver which are vital organs of digestion and absorption, metabolism and detoxification, as well as important immune‐related organs, is the most commonly affected system of irAEs. This review explains the incidence, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of liver and gastrointestinal adverse events in ICIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and why might a rising China challenge the power and security of a relatively declining United States? Conventional wisdom argues that China – like other rising states – is apt to adopt an increasingly ambitious strategy that imperils US interests as its relative power grows. Drawing on balance of power theory, I instead argue that the threat of Chinese predation is overstated. Rising in a crowded geopolitical neighbourhood, China faces incentives to avoid preying on the United States, and may even have reason to cooperate with the United States over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major aspects of successful ageing is active engagement in later life. Retirement and widowhood are two significant life transitions that may largely influence leisure engagement patterns among older adults. Limited findings exist regarding the impact of life transitions on leisure activity engagement due to the scarcity of longitudinal data with repeated measurement of older individuals' leisure engagement. This study longitudinally examined changes in leisure activity engagement as influenced by retirement and widowhood using five waves of national panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and its supplementary Consumption and Activities Mail Survey. Multi-level modelling was conducted with retirement and widowhood status as time-varying variables. Socio-economic status, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, self-rated health and functional limitations were also included as time-varying and time-invariant covariates. Findings show that engagement in mental, physical, social and household activities significantly decreased during an eight-year period. Moreover, transition from working to retired status was associated with increased engagement in mental, social and household activities but decreased engagement in physical activities among men only. Transition from married to widowhood status was associated with decreased engagement in household activities among women only. Encouraging active leisure engagement among individuals who experience either or both life transitions may help maintain their health after transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) has been a focus of scientific research and breeding for over a century. It is also one of the most economically important crops in the world, with a value of approximately US$50 billion per year in the United States alone. Additionally, maize has long been the model species of choice for the study and exploitation of hybrid vigor, and it continues to be one of the world's most efficient converters of photosynthetic energy into starch. This review discusses the history and future of maize predictive breeding in the context of both genotype centric methods, and those focusing on genotype × environment × management interactions. Current prediction challenges are highlighted, as well as important advances in technology, methods, datasets, interdisciplinary collaborations, and scientific culture that will enable accelerated progress in predictive maize (and other crop species) breeding for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rural populations may experience more frequent and intense risk factors for perinatal depression than their urban counterparts. However, research has yet to examine rural versus urban differences in a population‐based study in the United States. Therefore, this study examined differences in risk of perinatal depression between women living in rural versus urban areas in the United States. Method: Using 2016 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we examined the association between rural‐urban status and the risk of depression during the perinatal time period. The total analytical sample included 17,229 women from 14 states. The association between rural‐urban status and risk of perinatal depression was estimated using logistic regression, adjusting for race/ethnicity, maternal age, and state of residence. A second model adjusted for maternal education, health insurance status, and Women, Infants, and Children Special Supplemental Nutrition Program (WIC). Results: Odds of perinatal depression risk were higher by 21% among rural versus urban women (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05‐1.41) adjusted for race, ethnicity, and maternal age. This risk difference became smaller and not significant when adding maternal education, health insurance coverage, and WIC participation. Conclusion: Findings suggest a rural‐urban inequality in perinatal depression risk. Reducing this inequality may require improving socioeconomic conditions and reducing associated risk factors among rural women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]