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In spite of the lack of specific and properly defined goals and plans about the use of computers for their development, some non-industrialized countries have made substantial advances in this computer usage. In these countries, the number of computers installed ranges from zero to roughly 1 per 200,000 inhabitants. The distribution of these systems among areas of application (business and commercial engineering and scientific, education and training, military and defense), is fairly similar to that observed in advanced countries. The majority of the developing countries have installed computers of varying capacities in some of their higher learning institutions, which is acting as a triggering factor for more and better computer installations. The upper bracket of the industrial, commercial and services enterprises of a substantial part of these countries have installed computer systems. The use of automatic data processing systems has initiated a revolution in management attitudes and techniques. There is, in almost all of the developing countries a strong tendency to increase the use of computers in government operations. (Author)

This second volume of a two-volume report on a fully automatic high quality translation (FAHQT) contains relevant papers contributed by specialists on the topic of machine translation. The papers presented here cover such topics as syntactical analysis in transformational grammar and in machine translation, lexical features in translation and paraphrasing, requirements for machine translation, current status of hardware and software as it affects FAHQT, bilingual computer dictionaries, and the shape of the dictionary for machine translation. Volume 1 (FL 002 936) includes papers as well as specific consideration of the FAHQT inquiry. (VM)

A Symposium was held in May of 1972 to assist in the resolution of the varied problems effecting the advance of educational technology. Most of the papers presented at the symposium dealt with the current situation of various aspects of computer assisted instruction (CAI) throughout Canada. Other papers covered CAI centralization, minicomputers, co-operative research projects, educational games, educational management simulations, logic instruction, program design, language standards, group use of CAI, teacher-authored instruction, and "do-it-yourself programing." The concluding speaker noted that a very small amount of hard data was presented in the papers and emphasized that the fate of CAI will be determined by cost-benefit analysis. (MC)

This paper represents a careful study of published works on computer security and access control in computer systems. The study includes a selective annotated bibliography of some eighty-five important published results in the field and, based on these papers, analyzes the state of the art. In annotating these works, the authors try to be objective, indicating the strong as well as the weak points. In addition, they attempt to show how one piece of work is related to or influenced by another, since research works seldom evolve without interaction. Because a number of outstanding works on computer security and access control in computer systems are classified or unpublished, this collection is not exhaustive. The annotated material is organized into four sections of which the sections on computer security and access control in computer systems are emphasized. In addition, to provide some background and broad understanding of the issues of computer security, they have included several bibliographies, some articles on the business and management overview, and several works on social and legal implications. (A related document is LI004415.) (Author/DH)

The small college computer center's problems--sources and types of service, programing support and faculty development, administrative and academic interfaces, computer science and computer center interfaces, computer center policies, orientation and organization and services of users and groups--are generally individual, and any given problem will have many alternative solutions. This report of a symposium on small college computer centers presents papers and addresses which are oriented around this theme, with each set of papers being presented according to one of the problems listed above. In addition, the symposium's program, an introduction to the symposium, and its keynote address are included. (Author/SH)

The question at hand is: Can a computer program be copyrighted, patented, or protected as a trade secret? All three protective methods are examined, with special attention paid to the advantages and disadvantages of each pertinent to computer program protection. The scope of the protection and relevant case law are considered. The paper concludes that laws relative to the protection of computer programs are in a state of flux for two reasons: (1) the uniqueness of the computer and its programs in light of the currently accepted protection methods; and (2) the lack of case law in point. (TL)

Past problems encountered in the use of computers are discussed. They include: (1) computing and data storage costs; (2) machine speed and capacity limitations; and (3) the limited number of languages and Input/Output devices available to facilitate man/machine communication. The improvements in all of these areas are explained. The problems which remain, it was contended, lie in the area of communication. For example, the desires and demands of a programmer and a psychologist and the expectations of the computer are not in concert. Data rates for all three are discussed in order to emphasize the magnitude of the discrepancy between what men and machines can do. The paper concludes with the modest hope that soon a machine can be made to communicate only with the scope and clarity of an intelligent man. (TL)

This paper proposes computer assistance in the synthesis operation of vocational counseling. The goal of vocational counseling is to match the client with a vocation in which he will be both satisfied and satisfactory. The computer would, through its rapid scanning and computation, produce probabilities of satisfactoriness based on (1) the individual's unique pattern of vocational abilities, and (2) individual differences in ability requirements of various occupational environments. Probabilities of satisfaction would be based on (1) the individual's vocational needs, and (2) information on the reinforcer characteristics of various occupational environments. These four lists of potential jobs would result: those in which the client would be (1) satisfied and satisfactory, (2) satisfied and unsatisfactory, suggesting training, (3) unsatisfied but satisfactory, and (4) unsatisfied and unsatisfactory. The computer could also be used in individualizing assessment techniques which provide the banks of data on which the probabilities are constructed. The advantages would be time saving, increased motivation, simultaneous prediction, clarification of reliability, and the greater amount of information at the counselor's disposal. (BP)

An overview is provided of the Experimental Time-Sharing System (ETSS). Few manufacturers of small-scale and medium-scale computers offer operating systems capable of supporting both terminal-oriented time-sharing and multiprogramed batch processing. ETSS was developed to demonstrate that a powerful, general purpose operating system of this type is feasible on a smaller computer and that it can provide highly flexible and cost-effective computer services. Developed for an educational application, the system can be tailored to meet a wide range of application requirements and can support a mix of terminal-oriented, time-sharing, fast response process control and one or more batch streams. Described in this paper are the organization of the operating system and its major components, with detailed attention being given to task scheduling and memory management. (Author)

The goal of Project IMPACT is to provide the U.S. Army with an effective, efficient, and economical computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system in a total system framework. This paper reviews the a) reasons for establishment of Project IMPACT, b) nature of the project and its relevance to needs of the Army, c) reasons why the Army needs to develop its own capability in CAI, and d) directions and prospects for delivery of specifications for an operational CAI system for the Army within the next two years. (JK)

Bi-directional cable TV (CATV) systems that are being installed today may not be well suited for computer communications. Older CATV systems are being modified to bi-directional transmission and most new systems are being built with bi-directional capability included. The extreme bandwidth requirement for carrying 20 or more TV channels on a frequence-division multiplexed (FDM) basis requires cables to be equalized and provided with repeaters for operation at comparatively high frequencies. The latest CATV systems provide down stream, to-the-subscriber transmission between 50-300 MHz, and up stream from-the-subscriber transmissions between 5-30 MHz. This system design is adequate for TV. However very little data communications experience has been accumulated on CATV; and because of system noise and the absence of system redundancy, reliability in computer communications on CATV may become a major problem. (Author/MG)

Electronic systems of the future are bound to be larger, faster, and more reliable. They will furnish management with uninterrupted services in a real-time mode for practically all applications. In short, they will provide computing power as a utility company of today provides electric power. But the most spectacular advance is likely to be the introduction of millions of terminals into offices and even homes, allowing most jobs to be done when and where they need doing. Thus, electronic systems will eventually take on practically all the tasks of rote and drudgery which nature and society now impose upon us. In the end, electronic systems will not only benefit our managers but all of mankind by allowing society to make human use of human beings. (Author)

The papers from a conference on computer communication networks are divided into five groups--trends, applications, problems and impairments, solutions and tools, impact on society and education. The impact of such developing technologies as cable television, the "wired nation," the telephone industry, and analog data storage is projected. Various applications of communications networks are described; among them are a national biomedical network, an air traffic control system, and a modernization of the U.S. Postal Service. Some of the problems caused by costs, time-sharing, voice grade communications and other technical considerations are examined. The solutions to some difficult technical problems are offered. The effect on society of increased communication between computers is discussed with particular emphasis on the rights of the individual to privacy and confidential information. (JY)

Three outstanding features of the Rapidly Extensible Language (REL) System are discussed. REL itself is an integrated software system designed to facilitate conversational interaction with the computer, especially by those working with dynamic, highly interrelated data. The system's main parts are: 1) the operating system, which manages the simultaneous use of the system from a number of terminals and handles all input/output from peripheral storage; 2) the language processor, which analyzes the incoming query or data and schedules and executes the appropriate calculations and processing of the data base; and 3) the REL languages and user language/data base packages. The characteristics of the system treated in detail in this paper include: 1) its ability to handle interrelated and time-oriented data; 2) its provision for communication with data in natural language trailored to the user's needs, with emphasis upon ordinary English; and 3) its extensional facility, which allows for the modification of data through definitions of new terms and relationships as part of the user's ongoing work with the system. (Author/LB)

A paper given at a conference on statistical computation discussed teaching statistics with computers. It concluded that computer-assisted instruction is most appropriately employed in the numerical demonstration of statistical concepts, and for statistical laboratory instruction. The student thus learns simultaneously about the use of computers and those concepts which are best demonstrated through the use of computers--for example, multivariate analysis. In an introductory course on statistical inference, computers are used for weekly laboratory exercises, generating random numbers, empirical theoretical distributions, Monte Carlo studies, means, and the like. However, direct use of the computer in instruction--namely directions and questions included on-line--is at this time too expensive. As cost of computer time decreases it should become more feasible. Future planning centers around more flexible student terminals, and the development of a battery of computer-administered tests to further individual instruction. (BB)

Reported are two papers which deal with the fundamentals of display hardware and software in computer systems. The first report presents the basic principles of display hardware in terms of image generation from buffers presumed to be loaded and controlled by a digital computer. The concepts surrounding the electrostatic tube, the electromagnetic tube, and the charactron tube are discussed. Hardware characteristics of devices which allow interaction with a display system are also explained. The second report focuses on the software aspects of operating display devices. Programming considerations involving commands, interrupts, and pen tracking are discussed in a general setting. Data structures are then presented for expeditiously handling several geometrical forms that occur frequently in applications of computer graphics. (RP)

Proceedings of a conference on the present and future uses of computer techniques in the air conditioning field. The recommendation of this report is, for the most part, negative insofar as it applies to the use of computers for design by the small office. However, there should be an awareness of their usefulness in controlling the environmental equipment specified for clients to ensure the most efficient operation. Among the papers presented are--(1) design, operation and programing and digital computers, (2) small engineering firms and the computer, (3) heat gains and losses by digital computers, (4) total energy, and (5) past, present and future of computerized control in office buildings. (RH)

This paper provides a brief history of computers. It explains basic computer principles and compares computer capabilities. Subjects such as input/output, binary logic, storage, and cost are also discussed. (Author)

This paper describes the process of preparing a computer study of Brazilian Portuguese literary texts to be used both in teaching and in the preparation of a reference text. Procedural difficulties encountered in the project point out the potential and limitations of computerized research in literary studies. Seven possible areas for computer applications are outlined with reference to specialized texts for further study. These include the preparation of word lists, bibliographical lists, and concordances; linguistic and content analyses; attribution studies; and critical editions. (RL)