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Aims: Sanghuangporus vaninii (S. vaninii) is a rare medicinal mushroom that is rich in polysaccharides, triterpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. It has good potential development value. Methods and Results: We performed single factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface methodology to optimize the liquid fermentation medium formulation for S. vaninii with mycelial biomass as the indicator. The in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer capacity of the exopolysaccharides of S. vaninii were estimated. The optimal liquid fermentation media composition for the MS-4, MS-6, and MS-8 strains of Sanghuangporus vaninii consisted of 25.86 ± 0.068 g/L maltose, 7.3 ± 0.043 g/L yeast extract, and 0.71 ± 0.005 g/L dandelion powder. The average mycelial biomass of S. vaninii under optimal conditions was 12.61 g/L. The mycelial biomass of the Sanghuangporus vaninii strains in the optimized formulation was 109–191% higher than that obtained with the basic potato dextrose broth (PDB). The exopolysaccharides of Sanghuangporus vaninii exhibited an ABTS radical scavenging activity with an EC50 of 0.021 ± 0.017 mg/mL and a DPPH radical scavenging activity with an EC50 of 0.076 ± 0.043 mg/mL. In anti-cancer assays, these exopolysaccharides demonstrated an IC50 value of 1.98 ± 0.36 mg/mL against PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, indicating significant bioactivity, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients. Conclusions: In this study, the formula of liquid fermentation of S. vaninii strains was optimized, which lays a theoretical foundation for increasing the yield of S. vaninii and its application in industry. Moreover, our data showed the clinical potential of the S. vaninii exopolysaccharides as antioxidants and anti-cancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HY2-1 is the previously isolated marine microorganism that can produce lipopeptides such as fengycins and surfactants. In order to improve the antimicrobial activity of lipopeptides by strain HY2-1, using the bacterial inhibition zone diameter as response value, the carbon and nitrogen sources of the fermentation medium and fermentation conditions of strain HY2-1 were optimized by single-factor and response surface test design. The results showed that the optimum carbon and nitrogen sources for the fermentation medium of strain HY2-1 were soluble starch 80 g/L, yeast extract powder and peptone (1∶1) 10 g/L, and the optimal fermentation conditions were loading volume 50 ml/250 ml, fermentation time 48 h, inoculum 1% and rotation speed 200 r/min. Under these conditions, the inhibitory circle diameter of strain HY2-1 fermentation broth on Penicillium digitatum was (18.6±0.1) mm, which was 26.5% higher than that of before optimization (14.7±0.5) mm. Through the optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources of fermentation medium and fermentation conditions, the antibacterial inhibitory activity of HY2-1 lipopeptides was significantly improved.

[Objective] Macrolactins (MLNs) are a class of 24-membered macrolides formed by cyclization of polyketones, which have a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-tumor. However, due to the low yield of macrolides in traditional fermentation, its development and application are limited. Therefore, this article aims to increase the yield of MLNs synthesized by Bacillus siamensis K53, in order to provide scientific basis for the mass production of MLNs. [Method] Based on previous research, single factor experiments was used to study the effects of carbon, nitrogen and amino acids on the MLNs yield of strain K53 and to determine the key nutritional factors. Response surface analysis was used to optimize the key nutritional factors for obtaining the optimal parameters in fermenting MLNs. [Result] In the single factor experiment, glucose was the optimal carbon source in the fermentation medium of strain K53. The yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 were the optimal organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, respectively. The addition of histidine and valine increased the yield of MLNs. In response surface optimization, the optimal fermentation medium for strain K53 was 22.0 g/L glucose, 3.0 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 1.0 g/L yeast extract, 6.1 g/L valine, and 5.9 g/L histidine. The valine and histidine were precursors for the synthesis of MLNs. The MLNs yield in this medium reached 5.37×10² μg/mL, which was very close to the maximum value (5.46×10² μg/mL) predicted by theory, and 4.10 times higher than that in the non-optimized medium (1.31×10² μg/mL). [Conclusion] The optimized medium formula by response surface methodology is conducive to the MLNs yield of the strain K53, and the results provide theoretical bases for the consequent development and application of the strain K53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To promote the development of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), promote the standardization, scale and green operation of non-grain molasses fermentation, reduce PHA fermentation cost and improve production capacity, using Halomonos sp. TD01 as fermentation strain, PHA was produced based on the fermentation of non-grain molasses raw materials. The composition of the fermentation medium was optimized by single factor experiment and response surface method, the optimal fermentation medium formula was determined, and the pilot scale-up test was verified after adjusting the fed medium. The optimum technological formula was obtained as follows: molasses addition 33.2 g/L, urea 2.5 g/L, and ammonium sulfate 2.2 g/L. Under these optimal conditions, PHA was 3.12 g/L. After further optimization and amplification in a 2 L fermenter, the results showed that the PHA total yield reached 67.36 g/L, which was 142.13% higher than that before optimization. The results were verified by 5 kL pilot fermentation experiments, the results showed that the PHA total yield was 51.16 g/L, which was 83.90% higher than that before optimization.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: To investigate the effects of different media and media addition methods on the fermentation of tobacco.Methods: A plant extract and a bacterial agent are used for fermenting cigar tobacco leaves in a different order of addition. The chemical composition, cellulose, and pectin content, as well as changes in the microbial community, were measured.Results: The addition method of the fermentation medium affects the quality of fermented tobacco. The optimal medium formula and addition method involve first adding plant extracts and then microbial agents. The medium formula and addition method can significantly reduce cellulose in tobacco, with a reduction rate of 46%, and significantly increase the content of β-carotene, thereby enhancing the aroma of cigarettes. There is an increase in aroma components, such as alcohols, alkanes, and olefins, in tobacco. By reducing the proportion of Aspergillus, it can alter the microbial community structure of tobacco.Conclusion: Adding plant extracts before introducing microbial agents can significantly improve the quality and alter the microbial community structure of Dexue No.1 tobacco.

Aims: Sanghuangporus vaninii (S. vaninii) is a rare medicinal mushroom that is rich in polysaccharides, triterpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. It has good potential development value. Methods and Results: We performed single factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface methodology to optimize the liquid fermentation medium formulation for S. vaninii with mycelial biomass as the indicator. The in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer capacity of the exopolysaccharides of S. vaninii were estimated. The optimal liquid fermentation media composition for the MS-4, MS-6, and MS-8 strains of Sanghuangporus vaninii consisted of 25.86 ± 0.068 g/L maltose, 7.3 ± 0.043 g/L yeast extract, and 0.71 ± 0.005 g/L dandelion powder. The average mycelial biomass of S. vaninii under optimal conditions was 12.61 g/L. The mycelial biomass of the Sanghuangporus vaninii strains in the optimized formulation was 109–191% higher than that obtained with the basic potato dextrose broth (PDB). The exopolysaccharides of Sanghuangporus vaninii exhibited an ABTS radical scavenging activity with an EC50 of 0.021 ± 0.017 mg/mL and a DPPH radical scavenging activity with an EC50 of 0.076 ± 0.043 mg/mL. In anti-cancer assays, these exopolysaccharides demonstrated an IC50 value of 1.98 ± 0.36 mg/mL against PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, indicating significant bioactivity, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients. Conclusions: In this study, the formula of liquid fermentation of S. vaninii strains was optimized, which lays a theoretical foundation for increasing the yield of S. vaninii and its application in industry. Moreover, our data showed the clinical potential of the S. vaninii exopolysaccharides as antioxidants and anti-cancer drugs.

In order to raise yields and reduce production costs, the fermentation medium of succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes from sweet potato powder. First, the effects of sweet potato powder concentration, MgCO3 concentration, liquefaction enzyme dose, saccharifying enzyme dose, nitrogen source concentration and fermentation time on succinic acid production were investigated by single factor experiments in this study. Then, the optimum values of the parameters were obtained by orthogonal experiment design. Finally，the optimal fermentation conditions were amplified by 2 L stirred bioreactor. The results showed that mixed nitrogen source (yeast powder:corn steep liquor=1:2) was used as a proper nutrient in the succinic acid production from sweet potato powder. The formula optimization results showed that the important parameters were sweet potato powder, MgCO3, liquifying enzyme dose, glucoamylase dose and mixed nitrogen source. The optimum condition was as follows: Sweet potato powder 115 g/L, MgCO3 60 g/L, liquifying enzyme dose 0.008 KUN-S/g substrate, glucoamylase dose 3.09 AGU/g substrate, mixed nitrogen source 33 g/L. Succinic acid yield reached 69.89 g/L at the optimal condition, which was increased by 64.60% compared to that before optimization (42.46 g/L). Approximately 71.42 g/L of succinic acid content with a yield of 79.87% and a productivity of 0.99 g/(L·h) was obtained after 72 h in a 2 L bioreactor. Therefore, sweet potato powder could be a promising feedstock for the economical and efficient production of succinic acid through fermentation by A. succinogenes.

Detailed knowledge of the flow characteristics, bubble movement, and mass transfer is a prerequisite for the proper design of multiphase bioreactors. Often, mechanistic spatiotemporal models and computational fluid dynamics, which intrinsically require computationally demanding analysis of local interfacial forces, are applied. Typically, such approaches use volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (kLa) models, which have demonstrated their predictive power in water systems. However, are the related results transferrable to multiphase fermentations with different physicochemical properties? This is crucial for the proper design of biotechnological processes. Accordingly, this study investigated a given set of mass transfer data to characterize the fermentation conditions. To prevent time-consuming simulations, computational efforts were reduced using a force balance stationary 0-dimension model. Therefore, a competing set of drag models covering different mechanistic assumptions could be evaluated. The simplified approach of disregarding fluid movement provided reliable results and outlined the need to identify the liquid diffusion coefficients in fermentation media. To predict the rising bubble velocities uB, the models considering the Morton number (Mo) showed superiority. The mass transfer coefficient kL was best described using the well-known Higbie approach. Taken together, the gas hold-up, specific surface area, and integral mass transfer could be accurately predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has indicated that Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 possesses a notable antagonistic impact on Phytophthora cinnamomi and holds promising potential for biocontrol. In this study, a combination of a single-factor experiment, a Plackett–Burman design and a response surface approach was employed to investigate the optimal formula of ST-TJ4 fermentation medium. Furthermore, the stability of ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate and its biocontrol effect on Ph. cinnamomi in vivo were also evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal culture conditions for ST-TJ4 involved the use of 20.59 g/L of glucose and 18.76 g/L of yeast extract powder. Following optimization, the fermentation filtrate of ST-TJ4 exhibited an inhibition rate of 76.5%, representing a 15% increase compared to previous levels. Additionally, phzA, phzB, phzD, phzE, phzF and phzO genes involved in the synthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH-PHZ) were also upregulated. The ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate demonstrated strong alkali resistance, weak acid resistance and favorable temperature and UV light stability. Furthermore, in vitro inoculation experiments confirmed that optimizing the fermentation medium reduced Ps. cinnamomi's ability to infect the leaves of Rhododendron pulchrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Adding a fermentation medium is an effective way to improve the quality of cigar tobacco leaves. Methods: A novel microbial fermentation medium produced by an edible medicinal fungus, Tremella aurantialba SCT-F3 (CGMCC No.23831) was used to improve the quality of cigar filler leaves (CFLs). Changes in sensory quality, chemical components, volatile flavor compounds (VFCs), and the structure and function of microbes were investigated during the fermentation process. Results: The sensory quality of CFLs supplemented with the T. aurantialba SCT-F3 fermentation medium significantly improved. Adding the fermentation medium increased the total alkaloid, reducing sugar, total sugar, and 12 VFCs significantly. A total of 31 microbial genera were significantly enriched, which increased the microbial community's richness and diversity. Microbial functions increased, including nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis, nicotine degradation, and nicotinate degradation. During fermentation, the total alkaloid, reducing sugar, and total sugar content decreased. The richness and diversity of the microbial community decreased, whereas bacterial enzyme activity increased. At the end of fermentation, the sensory quality was excellent. The microbial structure gradually stabilized, and functional genes were low. The contents of the four Maillard reaction products and three nicotine degradation products increased significantly. 2-Ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, methylpyrazine, D,L-anatabine, β-nicotyrine, nicotinic degradation products, and total nitrogen were significantly and positively correlated with sensory quality. Methylpyrazine, D,L-anatabine, and β-nicotyrine were negatively correlated with Luteimonas, Mitochondria, Paracoccus, Stemphylium, and Stenotrophomonas. Conclusion: This research provides not only a new microbial fermentation medium that utilizes edible and medicinal fungi to improve the quality of fermented CFLs, but also new ideas for the development and application of other edible medicinal fungi to improve the quality of cigar tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objective: With the development of the world economy and the integration of cultures, the Chinese cigar market has shown a significant upward trend. However, high-quality cigar leaves are mostly produced in Dominica, Cuba, Nicaragua and other places. In contrast, Chinese cigar leaves have problems such as insufficient aroma, which has become one of the main factors restricting the development of Chinese cigars. Adding medium to ferment is a traditional method in the cigar industry. At present, it mostly relies on manual experience, and lacks systematic and scientific research. At the same time, the addition of medium fermentation is mainly concentrated in the industrial fermentation process, and has not yet begun to be applied in the agricultural fermentation process. In this study, the medium was added to the agricultural fermentation process for the first time to explore the possibility of the application. The effects of adding cocoa medium to ferment on the chemical composition, sensory quality and surface microbial diversity of eggplant core cigar leaves were investigated.wrapper.Method: With Dexue 7′ as the experimental material, the changes of main chemical components of wrapper fermented with water and cocoa medium were determined, and microbial community structure on the surface and relative abundance of cigar leaves at different turning periods were analyzed, and the functional genes were predicted. The results of the study were as follows: 1) The results of sensory evaluation showed that the addition of cocoa medium could highlight the aroma of bean, cocoa and coffee, improve the sweetness and fluency and the combustibility of cigar leaves. 2) The addition of cocoa medium increased the contents of proline and malic acid which were positively correlated with sensory quality, and decreased the contents of citric acid, linoleic acid, basic amino acids and aromatic amino acids which were negatively correlated with sensory quality. 3) The addition of cocoa medium increased the total amount of aroma components in cigar leaves, especially carotenoid degradation products, and changed the structural composition of some aroma substances in wrappercigar leaves. 4) The similarity of species composition between the water-added group and the cocoa-added group was higher, but the dominant microorganisms were more concentrated. Staphylococcus and Arthrobacter maintained a high relative abundance throughout the fermentation process, which may be the key microorganisms in the agricultural fermentation stage. 5) The addition of cocoa medium increased the expression abundance of related functional genes in cigar leaves, accelerated the fermentation process of cigar leaves, and bacteria played a major role in the fermentation process.Conclusion: Adding cocoa medium in the agricultural fermentation stage, the changes of bacterial community and dominant flora on the surface of cigar leaves are the main factors affecting their internal chemical components, and the addition of media has a positive effect on tobacco fermentation.

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A comprehensive experimental characterization of a small‐scale bubble column bioreactor (60 mL) is presented. Bubble size distribution (BSD), gas holdup, and kLa were determined for different types of liquids, relevant fermentation conditions and superficial gas velocities uG. The specific interfacial area a and liquid mass transfer coefficient kL have been identified independent of each other to unravel their individual impact on kLa. Results show that increasing uG leads to larger bubbles and higher gas holdup. As both parameters influence a in opposite ways, no increase of a with uG is found. Furthermore, kL increases with increasing bubble size outlining that improved oxygen transfer is not the result of higher a but of risen kL instead. The results build the foundation for further simulative investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical preservatives are used to control spoilage microorganisms in food. Preservative residues have certain potential hazards to the human body. In this paper, lactic acid bacteria resistant to food spoilage fungi were screened and compounded and mixed fermentation were carried out to improve the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth. The 24-well double-layer agar method and the graded inhibitory concentration method were used to screen the more antifungal strains from multiple strains of lactic acid bacteria and Propionibacterium and determine the optimal combination of mixed bacteria. Through the Plackett-Burman test and the steepest climbing test, the fermentation process was optimized, and the antifungal activity of the fermentation supernatant was measured with a 96-well plate microplate reader method. The results showed that the optimal combination of mixed bacteria was Lactobacillus plantarum L9 and Propionibacterium frederi D5. The optimized formula of fermentation medium: Glucose 55.0 g/L, calcium carbonate 6.7 g/L, yeast extract 14.8 g/L, hydrogen phosphate dipotassium 0.25 g/L, manganese sulfate 0.1 g/L, sodium acetate 5.0 g/L, ammonium citrate 2.0 g/L, the inoculation ratio was 5:1 (D5:L9), and the fermentation temperature was 37 °C. The optimized fermentation medium of the selected L9 and D5 was verified by mixed fermentation, and the antifungal activity of the fermentation broth could be as high as 47.07AU.

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Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has indicated that Pseudomonas aurantiaca ST-TJ4 possesses a notable antagonistic impact on Phytophthora cinnamomi and holds promising potential for biocontrol. In this study, a combination of a single-factor experiment, a Plackett–Burman design and a response surface approach was employed to investigate the optimal formula of ST-TJ4 fermentation medium. Furthermore, the stability of ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate and its biocontrol effect on Ph. cinnamomi in vivo were also evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal culture conditions for ST-TJ4 involved the use of 20.59 g/L of glucose and 18.76 g/L of yeast extract powder. Following optimization, the fermentation filtrate of ST-TJ4 exhibited an inhibition rate of 76.5%, representing a 15% increase compared to previous levels. Additionally, phzA, phzB, phzD, phzE, phzF and phzO genes involved in the synthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH-PHZ) were also upregulated. The ST-TJ4 fermentation filtrate demonstrated strong alkali resistance, weak acid resistance and favorable temperature and UV light stability. Furthermore, in vitro inoculation experiments confirmed that optimizing the fermentation medium reduced Ps. cinnamomi’s ability to infect the leaves of Rhododendron pulchrum.

The addition of medium during industrial fermentation can improve the quality of cigar tobacco leaves after agricultural fermentation. In this study, the cigar filler tobacco “Brazilian Frogstrips YA14” was used as the test material to determine the contents of main chemical components in cigar tobacco leaves after fermentations with the additions of water (control group) and a medium (test group), and the changes in the community structure and abundances of bacteria on tobacco leaves during the fermentation process were analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: 1) During the fermentation process, the protein content of tobacco leaves fluctuated slightly, basically stabilized at 19%–20%. 2) Under the impact of the medium, the total content of main amino acids in tobacco leaves showed a downward trend, and the difference of which between the control group and the test group was the most obvious on the fourth day of fermentation. 3) The change trend of the content of petroleum ether extract in cigar leaves for the control group was not obvious, and the content of petroleum ether extract in the tobacco leaves for the test group decreased by 12.4% under the impact of the medium. 4) After fermentation, the relative content of saturated fatty acids for the control group and the test group all increased, while the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids all decreased. 5) After the addition of the medium, the diversity of bacteria on tobacco leaves changed significantly, the number of OTUs in tobacco leaves increased, and the bacterial community structure changed. This research indicates that after adding the medium to ferment cigar filler, the changes of bacterial community and dominant bacterial group on cigar tobacco leaves have impacts on the contents of chemical components in tobacco leaves, and the fermentation with the addition of medium has a positive effect on improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacillus subtilis spores have important biological applications; however, high spore-cell densities and sporulation efficiencies in fermentation is poorly reported. This study systematically analyzed the spore densities and formation efficiency of B. subtilis BSNK-5 in different culture substrates. A response surface regression equation was established based on the results of single factor and Box–Behnken experimental designs. The optimal medium formulation, as predicted from the equation, consisted of soluble starch at 3 g·L−1, soybean flour at 12 g·L−1, and MgSO4 at 5 g·L−1. The spore yield reached 2.43 × 109 CFU·mL−1, and the sporulation rate was 83.3%, which was nearly three times higher than before optimization using an optimized medium at 36 °C and 200 rpm for 60 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid-state fermentation medium conditions of Trichoderma reesei of high yield cellulase were optimized with natural agricultural products as the main raw materials by different test design methods, such as the Plackett-Burman (PB), steepest climbing, Box-Behnken (BB) and response surface method (RSM) analysis. The results showed that the optimal fermentation medium conditions for enzyme production were soybean meal 2.140%, wheat bran 1.88%, peptone 0.30%. Under these conditions, the cellulase activity of the fermentation broth could reach (42.62±1.30) U/mL. In the later stage of fermentation (5 d), with the large growth of mycelium, the cellulase activity increased continuously. The crude enzyme solution could degrade cellulose and hemicellulose in corn straw to produce fermentable sugars such as free glucose, xylose, arabinose and cellobiose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation medium composition and fermentation conditions of a strain of Bacillus subtilis suitable for oil recovery were optimized・ Through the shaker fermentation in the laboratory，the optimal medium of Bacillus subtilis were: sucrose 50 g/L NaNO3 3.4 g/L NH4C1 L 1 g KH2P04 2. 5 g/L,12H2O • NHPOq 30 g/L7H2O • MgSO4 0. 8 g/L. The yield of lip op ep tide was 4. 2 g/L and the surface tension was reduced to 25.15 mN/m; at the same time because in the oil production industry the cost per ton of NH4C1 is about 30% lower than that of NaN03 per ton the addition of NH4 Cl reduces the dosage of NaN03 and greatly reduces the fermentation cost. The optimal culture conditions were as follows: temperature 37 °C filling volume 150 mL/250 mL fermentation time 100 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to enhance the production of tacrolimus in Streptomyces tsukubaensis by strain mutagenesis and optimization of the fermentation medium. Results: A high tacrolimus producing strain S. tsukubaensis FIM-16-06 was obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis coupled with atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis.Then, nine variables were screened using Plackett–Burman experimental design, in which soluble starch, peptone and Tween 80 showed significantly affected tacrolimus production. Further studies were carried out employing central composite design to elucidate the mutual interaction between the variables and to work out optimal fermentation medium composition for tacrolimus production. The optimum fermentation medium was found to contain 61.61 g/L of soluble starch, 20.61 g/L of peptone and 30.79 g/L of Tween 80. In the optimized medium, the production of tacrolimus reached 1293 mg/L in shake-flask culture, and reached 1522 mg/L while the scaled-up fermentation was conducted in a 1000 L fermenter, which was about 3.7 times higher than that in the original medium. Conclusions: Combining compound mutation with rational medium optimization is an effective approach for improving tacrolimus production, and the optimized fermentation medium could be efficiently used for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Studies were conducted to obtain a complex enzyme preparation that allows efficient hydrolysis of the main plant nonstarch polysaccharides (cellulose, xylans, and pectin). The goal of the studies was to optimize the composition of a fermentation medium for the submerged cultivation of the new mutant strain T. reesei Co-44, a highly active producer of endo-carbohydrases. A concentrate of low molecular soy components was chosen as the inducer of the key carbohydrase biosynthesis by the strain. This concentrate provided the maximum (more than eightfold) increase in polygalacturonase activity and an increased level of endoglucanase and xylanase biosynthesis. After the cultivation of T. reesei Co-44 under optimized conditions, a complex enzyme preparation, Xylorizin K4, was obtained, and its physicochemical properties were studied. The presence of endopolygalacturonase (GH28) T. reesei in Xylorizin K4 was confirmed via electrophoresis and MALDI⎯TOF mass spectrometry. The studies show the potential of Xylorizin K4 application for the production of soy-protein concentrates to eliminate the main soybean nonstarch polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production of biological preparations for agriculture there are promising jet bioreactors with an external circulation ring, providing intense mixing of the medium along with a high degree of aeration. However, application of these bioreactors is limited by large shear loads on the microorganisms (microorganism cells) arising in the circulation pump. The article deals with one of the ways for solving this problem by using a lowcapacity pump for the circulation of the fermentation medium according to a non-standard scheme of medium jet aeration in order to intensify the mass exchange processes. There are presented results of physical simulation of the mixing parameters of flows in an aerator-jet mixer and their impact upon the intensity of metabolic processes in the circulation ring of a bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Formulation of bubble breakage description for Euler-Lagrange simulations. • Application of critical Weber number as breakage criterion. • Experimental data driven breakage model valid for a broad range of bubble diameters and turbulence spectra. • Validation of the breakage criterion for multiple liquid properties that represent biotechnological applications for the valorization of syngas. An experimental data driven model for the prediction of bubble breakage in gas–liquid multiphase reactors was developed which fulfills requirements of the Euler-Lagrangian (EL) framework for the analysis of individual bubbles. The critical Weber number (We crit) serves as the breakage criterion in combination with the minimum time between two consecutive breakage events. We crit indicates when the hydrodynamic forces acting on an individual bubble surmount its surface tension. Once the threshold is passed a binary bubble breakup event occurs, which results in the formation of daughter bubbles assigned to an M−shaped daughter size distribution (DSD). Optimum We crit values were obtained by minimizing the difference between simulated and measured Sauter mean diameters d 32. The latter were derived from bubble size distributions (BSDs) measurements that cover about 11 – 89 W m−3 power inputs. Using deionized water and a minimum timespan of 30 ms between two consecutive breakages We crit = 6.1 was determined. To extend the scope of the model, characteristic media compositions for so-called syngas fermentations with Clostridium ljungdahlii were investigated. To match surface tension and viscosity with those of fresh medium (FM) and late phase medium (LPM), two aqueous solutions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and glycerol were prepared. Notably, the breakage model managed to well predict the impact of altered fluid properties of FM and LPM without requiring further calibration. The sum of Sauter diameter deviation between simulations and experiments was only 0.21 and 0.40 mm for FM and LPM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural resources have been gaining importance in pharmaceutical and horticultural applications. A full factorial central composite design was used to study the interactive effect of three variables, i.e. D-mannitol, yeast extract and sodium chloride of the fermentation medium for maximizing anti-tyrosinase activity (75.5%) of a hypersaline actinobacteria, Kitasatospora sp. SBSK430. A quadratic model was found to fit the anti-tyrosinase activity R² = 0.948). Response surface analysis revealed that the optimum values of the medium components were 15 g/l D-mannitol, 5.6 g/l yeast extract and 1.2 g/l sodium chloride. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was enhanced 1.1-fold, using this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Poly‐ε‐L‐lysine is a natural homo‐polyamide of L‐lysine with excellent antimicrobial properties, which can be used as a novel preservative and has a wide range of applications. In this paper, the fermentation medium for ε‐PL production by Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 6#‐7 was optimized by Response Surface Methodology. The results of Plackett‐Burman design showed that glucose, yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 were the major influencing factors in ε‐PL production of S. diastatochromogenes 6#‐7. The optimal concentrations of glucose, yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 were determined to be 60, 7·5 and 7·5 g l−1 according to Box‐Behnken experiment and regression analysis, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the ε‐PL yield in shake‐flask fermentation was 0·948 ± 0·030 g l−1, which was in good agreement with the predicted value of 0·970 g l−1. The yield was improved by 43·1% from that with the initial medium. In 5 l jar‐fermenter the ε‐PL yield reached 25·5 g l−1, which was increased by 56·4% from the original medium. In addition, the fermentation time was reduced from 174 to 120 h. Significance and Impact of the Study: Medium optimization is a very practical and valuable tool for fermentation industry to improve product yield and minimize by‐products as well as reduce overall manufacturing costs. The response surface methodology is not new, but it is still a very effective method in medium optimization research. This study used ε‐polylysine fermentation as an example to demonstrate how the product yield can be significantly increased by medium optimization through surface response methodology. Similar approach can be used in other microbial fermentations such as in pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and energy industries. As an example, ε‐polylysine is one of a few newly approved natural food‐grade antimicrobials for food and beverages preservations. Yield improvement is economically beneficial to not only ε‐polylysine manufacturers but also to their users and consumers due to lower costs and price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacterial cellulose had been proven to be a very versatile natural polymer produced by bacteria. One of the major constraints in producing bacterial cellulose is the high cost of fermentation medium. This study examines the potential use of papaya juice as a lowcost fermentation medium for the production of bacterial cellulose. The fermentation of Acetobacter xylinum 0416 was carried out under static fermentation with an initial pH of 5.5, a temperature of 28±1°C and a fermentation period of 5 days using different juice extracted from ripe and unripe papaya. The highest production of bacterial cellulose was detected in ripe papaya pulp juice with a total weight of 35.37 g/l. Juice obtained from various parts of the fruit produced bacterial cellulose between 3.33 g/l and 16.10 g/l. By referring to the standard medium (Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium), ripe papaya pulp juice shows the highest potential to be used as an alternative for the production of bacterial cellulose. This is due to its high glucose concentration that provide suitable conditions for A.xylinum 0416 to grow and produce bacterial cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi was known as controlling agents to pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxysporum. This research was aimed to select endophytic fungi from pepper which produced secondary metabolites and have beneficial effect in controlling seed borne pathogen especially Fusarium sp. Four isolates was obtained, i.e. CECL 19, CECL 28, CECL 38, and CECL 40; and further examined in 3 media fermentation, i.e. yeast glucose broth, potato dextrose broth, and potato dextrose yeast broth. Metabolites of endophytic fungi was tested in vitro for its inhibition effect on the growth of Fusarium sp. The result showed that the type of fermentation medium was significantly determining the ability of endophytic fungi in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium sp. Medium PDA and DEC was determined as the best medium to optimize metabolite production of CECL 28 and CECL 18, respectively. Metabolite compound produced by CECL 28 has been effective to inhibited Fusarium sp.

The aim of the present study was to optimize various cultural conditions for die production of antibacterial metabolites by Streptomyces coelkoflavus BC 01 isolated from mangrove soil, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The effect of various factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, different concentrations of NaCI and K2HPO4, different temperature, pH, incubation time and agitation on antibacterial metabolites production were studied. The production of antibacterial metabolites by the isolate Streptomyces coelkoflavus BC 01 was greatly influenced by the cultural conditions. Glucose (1.2%) and soya bean meal (1%) seemed to be the best carbon and nitrogen source respectively, followed by NaCI (1%) and K2HPO4 (0.25%). Maximum production of antibacterial metabolites was observed at a temperature of 30 °C, with pH 7.2, at 160 rpm for 96 hrs. These optimized parameters can be further useful to design a fermentation medium to achieve maximum yield of antibacterial metabolites from Streptomyces coelicoflavus BC 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Fermentation of the industrial vitamin B12 by Pseudomonas denitrificans usually utilizes sucrose or maltose as the sole carbon source, which results in increased medium costs. In order to decrease the fermentation cost, it is crucial and essential to employ a low-cost and convenient raw material as an alternative medium substrate for industrial vitamin B12 production. RESULTS The results obtained in chemically defined medium showed that glutamate and sucrose were favorable for cell growth and vitamin B12 biosynthesis of P. denitrificans. Due to containing a mass of ingredients such as sucrose, glutamate and betaine, beet molasses was consequently chosen as the main medium substrate for industrial P. denitrificans fermentation in a 120 000 L fermenter. Vitamin B12 production reached 181.75 mg L-1. CONCLUSIONS Beet molasses is a by-product of the sugar industry and is thus very inexpensive, and it was proved that beet molasses was an efficient and economical medium substrate for industiral vitamin B12 fermentation by P. denitrificans. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research was to optimize the production of urate oxidase through mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis. The organism was subjected to ultra violet irradiation and chemical mutagenesis. The strain was chemically mutated by using ethyl methane sulfonate and ethidium bromide. 2- thiouric acid was used as a selective marker to identify the UV and chemically mutated Bacillus subtilis. Ethyl methane sulfonate treated B. subtilis (180 minutes dose) was proved to be the best for optimum production of urate oxidase by 3 log kill/survival curve. Fermentation medium was also optimized, it was found that substrate concentration (0.5%), fermentation period (36 h), pH (8.5), temperature (35°C), inoculum size (3%) enhanced the activity (42.77 ± 0.36 U/mL) of mutant derived enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study, we have investigated the importance of fermentation media on grain formation and the microbial characteristics of sugary kefir. The sugary kefir grains were fermented in brown sugar, cow''s milk or goat''s milk. Using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we identified the microorganisms present in both the grains and filtrate and then evaluated their distribution. The structure of the grains was also observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The identification results indicated that there were remarkable changes in microbial ecological profiles of the sugary kefir grains and their filtrates when brown sugar and milk were compared as fermentation media. Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus mali and Lactobacillus hordei) were found in the grains fermented using brown sugar. However, four species, named Leu. mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum and Enterococcus faecalis, were identified in the grains fermented using either cow''s or goat''s milk. The size and structure of the kefir grains were also significantly influenced by the culture medium. We hypothesize that the grains originally may contain many different microorganisms and the identified changes are an adaption to each specific medium during grain formation and growth. The distribution of strains thus may vary depending on the carbon and energy sources available for grain fermentation and these microbial changes will further affect the granulation and growth of the grains. This study is important to our understanding of the mechanism of kefir grain formation and growth because it explores the relationship between fermentation media and kefir microorganisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fermentation of biomass derived synthesis gas to ethanol is a sustainable approach that can provide more usable energy and environmental benefits than food-based biofuels. The effects of various medium components on ethanol production by Clostridium ragsdalei utilizing syngas components (CO:CO) were investigated, and corn steep liquor (CSL) was used as an inexpensive nutrient source for ethanol production by C. ragsdalei. Elimination of Mg, NH and PO decreased ethanol production from 38 to 3.7, 23 and 5.93 mM, respectively. Eliminating Na, Ca, and K or increasing Ca, Mg, K, NH and PO concentrations had no effect on ethanol production. However, increased Na concentration (171 mM) inhibited growth and ethanol production. Yeast extract (0.5 g l) and trace metals were necessary for growth of C. ragsdalei. CSL alone did not support growth and ethanol production. Nutrients limiting in CSL were trace metals, NH and reducing agent (Cys: cysteine sulfide). Supplementation of trace metals, NH and CyS to CSL (20 g l, wet weight basis) yielded better growth and similar ethanol production as compared to control medium. Using 10 g l, the nutritional limitation led to reduced ethanol production. Higher concentrations of CSL (50 and 100 g l) were inhibitory for cell growth and ethanol production. The CSL could replace yeast extract, vitamins and minerals (excluding NH). The optimized CSL medium produced 120 and 50 mM of ethanol and acetate, respectively. The CSL could provide as an inexpensive source of most of the nutrients required for the syngas fermentation, and thus could improve the economics of ethanol production from biomass derived synthesis gas by C. ragsdalei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aeration and agitation are important variables to ensure effective oxygen transfer rate during aerobic bioprocesses; therefore, the knowledge of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (k L a) is required. In view of selecting the optimum oxygen requirements for extractive fermentation in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), the k L a values in a typical ATPS medium were compared in this work with those in distilled water and in a simple fermentation medium, in the absence of biomass. Aeration and agitation were selected as the independent variables using a 22 full factorial design. Both variables showed statistically significant effects on k L a, and the highest values of this parameter in both media for simple fermentation (241s−1) and extractive fermentation with ATPS (70.3s−1) were observed at the highest levels of aeration (5vvm) and agitation (1200rpm). The k L a values were then used to establish mathematical correlations of this response as a function of the process variables. The exponents of the power number (N 3 D 2) and superficial gas velocity (V s) determined in distilled water (α =0.39 and β =0.47, respectively) were in reasonable agreement with the ones reported in the literature for several aqueous systems and close to those determined for a simple fermentation medium (α =0.38 and β =0.41). On the other hand, as expected by the increased viscosity in the presence of polyethylene glycol, their values were remarkably higher in a typical medium for extractive fermentation (α =0.50 and β =1.0). A reasonable agreement was found between the experimental data of k L a for the three selected systems and the values predicted by the theoretical models, under a wide range of operational conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the hope of developing a vaccine against Clostridium difficile based on its toxin(s), we have developed a fermentation medium for the bacterium that results in the formation of Toxin A and contains no meat or dairy products, thus obviating the problem of possible prion diseases. Particular preparations of hydrolyzed soy proteins, especially Soy Peptone A3, have been found to replace both the meat/dairy product tryptone in the preparation of working cell banks and seed media, and NZ-Soy BL4 does the same in the fermentation medium. These replacements yield even higher toxin titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have developed a fermentation medium for Clostridium tetani that results in the formation of tetanus toxin and contains no meat (e.g., beef heart infusion) or dairy (e.g., casein digest) products, thus obviating the problem of possible prion diseases. Particular preparations of hydrolyzed soy proteins, especially Quest Hy-Soy®, have been found to replace both the meat extract and casein digest components of traditional tetanus toxin production media and to yield even higher toxin titers. The comparison of the traditional versus the new medium has been carried out repeatedly by us and the superiority of our medium has been consistently observed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a medium has been devised. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]