Search

Green spear yield of 16 asparagus cultivars originating from six countries was assessed from 2011 to 2013. There were considerable differences in total, marketable and early yields between the cultivars. The quality of harvested spears also varied remarkably. On average, the highest mean total and marketable yields from 3 years of investigation came from Dutch cultivars ‘Gijnlim’ and ‘Cumulus’ and German cv. ‘Mondeo’. The lowest yields were found in New Zealand cultivars ‘Pacific Challenger’ and ‘Pacific 2000’. The greatest mean marketable spear weight was recorded for ‘Cumulus’, whereas the smallest spear weight was obtained from ‘Pacific 2000’, ‘H666’ and ‘NJ 953’. Cultivars ‘Gijnlim’, ‘Cumulus’ and ‘Mondeo’ produced the highest early yields, while ‘Pacific 2000’ and ‘Pacific Challenger’ produced the lowest.

Enzymatic solid-state fermentation can improve the nutritional quality of feed materials. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal (RSM) with carbohydrase/s and phytases in various combinations. RSM was fermented for 24 h at 25 °C with eight commercial preparations and mixtures thereof to prepare eleven products (PHYL—liquid-6-phytase; RON NP—6-phytase; RON HI—6-phytase; RON R—α-amylase; RON WX—β-xylanase; RON VP—β-glucanase; RON A—α-amylase, β-glucanase; RON M—xylanase, β-glucanase; RON NP+M; RON NP+A; RON NP+M+R). Afterward, the enzymes were deactivated at 70 °C within 15 min, and the biomass was dried for 24 h at 55 °C. Carbohydrase and/or phytase additives did not positively affect crude or true protein content or reduce crude fiber (p > 0.05). Among the products after fermentation, a significant reduction in the content of the raffinose family oligosaccharides, glucosinolates, and phytate was found. In the presence of phytase, the phytate reduction was more significant (p < 0.01) than that in the presence of carbohydrases only. The addition of carbohydrases together with phytases did not improve the results in comparison with phytases alone (p > 0.05). The most valuable effect was found for liquid-6-phytase (PHYL).

This work investigated the effect of a plant-based phenolic supplement on the color, myoglobin forms, lipid oxidation, and antioxidative status of fresh and stored (10 days at 4 °C) meat (Longissimus thoracis et lumborum), as well as the antioxidative status of the blood and liver. The sensory quality of the meat was also evaluated for color, aroma, texture, juiciness, and palatability. Twenty-four finishing pigs, divided into two groups, were fed a basal diet and a diet with a phenolic supplement (0.1%). The supplementation increased the redness of the meat (+36% for a* and +28% for redness index), the myoglobin (Mb) content (+7%), the antioxidant activity, and the juiciness. The treatment increased the antioxidant status of meat, reflected by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total glutathione (GSH + GSSG). The catalase and SOD activities and GSH + GSSG of the blood and liver were also elevated in the supplemented samples when compared to the control group. A significant effect of time was observed for all tested parameters (pH, color attributes, Mb forms, the antioxidant activity, lipid oxidation) except for the Mb content. For the stored samples, only TBARSs (thiobarbituric acid reagent substances) were affected by the diet. The slope of the plot for TBARS changes with time was significantly different between the control and treated groups (p = 0.017), which indicated a significant effect of dietary supplementation. A higher rate of lipid oxidation was observed in the control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the text, I was looking for possible categories of analysis and meanings of the term „subjectivity” in the message (content) of the old and new versions of the novel about Mr. Kleks's academy. I was interested in the similarities and differences between the mentioned concepts and the meanings given to them. The research was conducted on a sample of two novels, i.e. by Jan Brzechwa entitled Mr. Kleks Academy and Mr. Kleks. New Beginning. We used archive search method and qualitative content analysis Conclusions - the research showed many similarities in the interpretation of the category of subjectivity (subjectivity as the goal of upbringing and the educational relationship), the differences concerned the meanings given to the concept. They resulted from social, cultural and political changes that changed the shape of contemporary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of Agaricus bisporus spent mushroom substrate (A-SMS) enriched with selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and photosynthetic parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) of the ‘Skindel’ cultivar. The growing medium for the cultivation of lettuce consisted of A-SMS (10%) and commercial peat (90%). It was further enriched with Se and Zn concentrated at five levels, i.e. 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mmol·L–1 to obtain six growing medias. Se was added to the growing medium in the form of sodium selenite and sodium selenate at a 1:1 ratio, whereas Zn was added in the form of zinc nitrate hexahydrate. Lettuce was grown under controlled conditions in growth chambers. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design in three replicates. The results indicated that the A-SMS added to the growing medium increased both the yield of lettuce and its biological value by increasing the content of Se and Zn. Consumable percent recommended daily allowance and safe hazard quotient for lettuce biofortified with Se and Zn were achieved. The experiment also showed that the addition of Se + Zn did not negatively affect photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, which proved that these elements did not have toxic effect on lettuce in agronomic perspective.

This study aims to determine how different doses of phytase in diets including extruded soya and lupine seeds affect fatteners’ performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profile. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatment groups. The control group was offered a diet without phytase, whereas the Phy100 and Phy400 groups were provided with 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of their diet, respectively. The animals from both experimental groups were characterized by a significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and lower feed efficiency in the starter period than the control group. Unfortunately, their meat had lower (p < 0.05) fat content, gluteal muscle thickness, and water-holding capacity. In the meat, a higher phosphorus content (p < 0.05) was found, and in the bones, a higher calcium (for Phy400) content was found when phytase was added to the pigs’ diet. The pigs from the Phy100 group tended to have higher mean backfat thickness and C18:2 n-6 content in their fat, but lower C22:5 n-3 content, than the other groups. A higher dosage of phytase is not necessary for the diets of fatteners with extruded full-fat soya and lupin seeds.

The aim of this study was to determine how different doses of phytase in diets with extruded soybean seeds and rapeseed meal affected pigs’ growth performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profiles. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatments by sex and body mass. Pigs were divided into starter (25 days), grower (36 days), and finisher (33 days) periods and fed with mash diets. No phytase was used in the control group diet, whereas in Phy1 and Phy2, 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of mixture were used, respectively. The feed conversion ratio and meat color were significantly correlated with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no effect on the growth of pigs, but total phosphorus was significantly increased in the bones and meat of the pigs. The enzyme additive reduced the C22:4 n-6 acid content in the meat, whereas other results were not significantly affected. The data suggest that the addition of phytase at a dosage of 100 g/ton to diets with extruded full-fat soya seeds and rapeseed meal can be valuable, as it reduces the FCR and increases the P content in the meat and bones.

This study aimed to assess the applicability of eleven different products of solid-state fermentation of rapeseed cakes with commercial enzyme additives. Ground rapeseed cakes were mixed with water (1:2) and the enzymatic preparation (0.1%) according to the different variants and fermented at 25 °C for 24 h under anaerobic conditions. For fermentation, different enzymes were used: (1) α-amylase, (2) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, (3) endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (4) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (5) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (6) 6-phytase, (7) RONOZYME HiPhos 6-phytase, (8) liquid exogenous-6-phytase; and mixed combinations: (9) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, (10) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, and (11) α-amylase, endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase. After fermentation, the crude protein content in the products was similar, but the true protein content was significantly higher than in nonfermented rapeseed cakes (p < 0.05). Fermentation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of phytate phosphorous, raffinose family oligosaccharides, and glucosinolates in the products. In the next step, the most advantageous fermentation product obtained using liquid exogenous-6-phytase was selected in terms of nutritional value, produced on the technical scale, and incorporated into the diets for broilers. Six diets containing 12, 17, or 22% raw or fermented rapeseed cakes, respectively, were prepared. Up to 22% fermented rapeseed cakes did not adversely affect broiler production rates. Replacing raw rapeseed cakes with fermented products improved body weight gain in the grower phase, lowered feed intake in the finisher phase, and lowered the feed conversion ratio in all periods. A level of 22% of naturally fermented rapeseed cakes with liquid exogenous-6-phytase in the diet of broilers could be recommended.

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of emulsifier and/or carbohydrase additives on the production performance of growing pigs offered a diet with a high proportion of white lupine seeds cv. Butan. The experiment involved 49 Naïma × P76 male piglets with an initial body weight of 10.5 kg divided into seven groups. The control group was fed a diet without any additives, whereas the remaining groups received diets with the addition of emulsifier, β glucanase, and β-xylanase separately or in combination. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of crude protein were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by all additives, although no significant differences were observed in dry matter and ether extract digestibility (P > 0.05). Both to the performance results and ammonia concentration, pH, and digesta viscosity (P > 0.05), were not different when these feed additives were used. The most promising effects on nutrients digestibility and performance were obtained were emulsifier, β-glucanase and their blend were added to the feed mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral bone composition (dry matter, bones ash, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, Mg, and Cu) and Pb levels of tibiotarsi of seven White-Tailed Sea Eagles were assessed. Lead intoxication in different bird species including waterfowl and raptors is being studied worldwide. The bones were analyzed for Pb by mass spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS Elan DRC II) and for bone composition by Atomic Emission Spectrometer (Agilent 4100 Microwave Plasma). Pb levels ranging from 3.54 µg/g to 74.6 µg/g DM suggest that some of the investigated birds might have been intoxicated by Pb. Results of this analysis were divided into two groups of bones, with bone Pb levels higher and lower than Pb toxicity levels, and mineral bone compositions of both groups were compared. The present study shows the differentiation of bone mineral composition among seven examined White-Tailed Sea Eagles, considered a specific species in raptors. Pb intoxication may not have a major influence on mineral bone composition in raptors. It also suggests that assessing bone composition of raptor bones may help finding the possible cause of their deaths.

Dogs are a good starting point for the description and anatomical analysis of turbinates of the nose. This work aimed at summing up the state of knowledge on the shape of the nasal cavity and airflow in these domestic animals and dealt with the brachycephalic syndrome (BOAS) and anatomical changes in the initial airway area in dogs with a short and widened skull. As a result of artificial selection and breeding concepts, the dog population grew very quickly. Modern dog breeds are characterized by a great variety of their anatomical shape. Craniological changes also had a significant impact on the structure and physiology of the respiratory system in mammals. The shape of the nasal cavity is particularly distinctive in dogs. Numerous studies have established that dogs and their olfactory ability are of great importance in searching for lost people, detecting explosives or drugs as well as signaling disease in the human body. The manuscript describes the structure of the initial part of the respiratory system, including the nasal turbinates, and compares representatives of various animal species. It provides information on the anatomy of brachycephalic dogs and BOAS. The studies suggest that further characterization and studies of nasal turbinates and their hypertrophy are important.

The aim of the study was to investigate how the extrusion of faba bean seeds (var. Albus) and/or the addition of protease to pigs’ diets affected the animals’ growth parameters, digestibility of nutrients, selected physiological parameters of the digestive tract, and biochemical blood parameters. A 28-day experiment was conducted on 32 pigs weighing 9 ± 0.2 kg. The animals were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of extrusion (raw or extruded) and effects of protease supplementation (0 and 0.05%). Extrusion reduced the levels of neutral detergent fibre, trypsin inhibitor, phytate-P, and resistant starch but did not improve the digestibility of protein and dry matter in faba bean seeds. The pigs’ growth performance, ileal digestibility, enzyme activity, and morphometric parameters of the ileum were not significantly affected by extrusion, except for a higher feed intake between the 15th and 28th day of the experiment. The protease supplementation gave comparable results as the diet without protease, except the feed conversion ratio (in the periods of 15–28th day and 0–28th day), which was higher than in the groups without protease. The extrusion and protease increased acetate and acetoacetate contents in the cecal digesta, but propionate, butyrate, and isovalerate concentrations in the digesta of the pigs in this group were lower. Thanks to protease supplementation, protein and oil levels in the diet were reduced, which cut the cost of feed mixtures. The extrusion and protease additive combined together did not improve the pigs’ growth performance in this experiment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of raw and Candida utilis-fermented yellow (YL) and narrow-leaved lupine (NL) seeds on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AID) of protein and amino acids in pigs and the metabolic activity of their intestinal microflora. Five cross-bred castrated 25-kg barrows were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and housed individually in metabolic cages. They were fed five semi-synthetic diets containing only one source of protein: soybean meal (SBM), raw or fermented yellow lupine seeds (RYL or FYL), raw or fermented narrow-leaved lupine seeds (RNL or FNL). The study period consisted of six-day adaptation to the diet and one-day collection of digesta, which was sampled for microbial and chemical analyses. The AID coefficients of protein and amino acids were calculated with the marker method with TiO2. One-way (feed effect) and two-way (variety effect, fermentation effect) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan’s test at p < 0.05 were applied. The digesta from the SBM and FNL variants had significantly higher (p < 0.05) AID coefficients of protein, asparagine, threonine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, and tyrosine, whereas the SBM variant was characterized by the lowest AID of cystine and the highest AID of alanine and methionine (p < 0.05). The ileal digesta of the pigs fed with FYL contained more bacteria, whereas the count of yeast was higher in the FNL variant. The digesta of the pigs from the FNL and RYL variants had the highest count of moulds (p < 0.05), whereas the digesta in the FYL, SBM, and RNL variants had almost no moulds at all. The ileal dry matter content was significantly lower in SBM group. The lowest pH was noted in the RYL variant (p < 0.05). The content of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids in the ileal digesta of the SBM variant was the lowest (p < 0.05). Fermentation significantly improved the AID of protein, asparagine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and arginine, increased the counts of total bacteria and yeast, the pH value, and isobutyrate and isovalerate concentrations, but decreased the dry matter and ammonia content (p < 0.05). The digesta of the NL variants was characterized by higher AID of asparagine, threonine, serine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and arginine, and higher counts of LAB and moulds but lower total bacteria count than in the YL variants. The ileal pH was lower in the YL variants, where higher isobutyrate and butyrate concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed. To sum up, fermentation increased the counts of the ileal microbiota and improved the digestibility coefficients of protein and some amino acids. The narrow-leaved lupine seeds resulted in more positive changes in the digesta of growing pigs than yellow lupine.

This study was conducted to study the influence of plant density and irrigation on the content of phenolic compounds, i.e., phenolic acids and flavonols in cv. 'Sevilla' cauliflower curds. Levels of phenolic acids and flavonols were in the range of 3.0-6.2 mg and 25.4-87.8 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively, depending on plant density and irrigation. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid was detected in the highest amount, followed by p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. Of the two flavonols detected, the levels of quercetin were higher than those of kaempferol. The content of the detected phenolic acids (with the exception of ferulic acid) and both flavonols increased with increasing plant density. Furthermore, the concentration of phenolic compounds (with the exception of ferulic acid) was significantly higher under irrigation.

Enzymatic solid-state fermentation can improve the nutritional quality of feed materials. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal (RSM) with carbohydrase/s and phytases in various combinations. RSM was fermented for 24 h at 25 °C with eight commercial preparations and mixtures thereof to prepare eleven products (PHYL—liquid-6-phytase; RON NP—6-phytase; RON HI—6-phytase; RON R—α-amylase; RON WX—β-xylanase; RON VP—β-glucanase; RON A—α-amylase, β-glucanase; RON M—xylanase, β-glucanase; RON NP+M; RON NP+A; RON NP+M+R). Afterward, the enzymes were deactivated at 70 °C within 15 min, and the biomass was dried for 24 h at 55 °C. Carbohydrase and/or phytase additives did not positively affect crude or true protein content or reduce crude fiber (p > 0.05). Among the products after fermentation, a significant reduction in the content of the raffinose family oligosaccharides, glucosinolates, and phytate was found. In the presence of phytase, the phytate reduction was more significant (p < 0.01) than that in the presence of carbohydrases only. The addition of carbohydrases together with phytases did not improve the results in comparison with phytases alone (p > 0.05). The most valuable effect was found for liquid-6-phytase (PHYL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to: (1) provide controlled fermentation of narrow-leafed lupine seeds; (2) monitor seed composition, and (3) determine the influence of fermentation on the performance, gut environment and physiology, and selected blood metabolic parameters, in young pigs. Firstly, the effect of 24 h lupine seed fermentation by bacteria and yeast on seed chemical composition was determined. It increased contents of crude protein, crude fiber and ash, but reduced nitrogen-free extractive levels. The amino acid profile of fermented lupine (FL) was similar to that of raw lupine (RL) seeds, whereas the contents of oligosaccharides and P-phytate decreased significantly, in contrast to alkaloids. In fermented feed, pH dropped from 5.5 to 3.9. In the 28-day experiment, 24 male pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a soybean meal diet (SBM), whereas in the experimental diets, 50% of SBM protein was replaced by RL or FL. Afterwards, eight pigs from each group were euthanized and their digesta and blood samples were collected. The FL use did not affect pigs’ performance, nor their metabolic, microbial and most gastrointestinal tract parameters, but influenced crypt depth. Fermentation affected concentrations of short chain fatty acids and p-cresole in the proximal colon segment. In the small intestine, the levels of acetate and butyrate decreased, and, in the caecum, the propionate level decreased. Fermentation significantly lowered the pH of the middle colon digesta and ammonia contents compared to RL. A part of SBM may be successfully replaced by RL and FL in young pigs’ diets.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by 15% raw or fermented rapeseed cake (RRC or FRC) to broilers’ diets on growth performance, nutrient utilization, methane emission, and breast muscle fatty acid (FA) composition. A total of 420 one-day-old female Ros 308 broilers were used in three independent experiments (300 birds in the first experiment and 60 in the second and third experiments). In each trial, three treatments were set up: a control group (without rapeseed), and diets replaced soybean meal with 15% addition of RRC or FRC. Birds fed the FRC diet experienced no effect (p > 0.05) on performance or nutrients utilization. Methane emission and total methanogen population in the ceca was decreased (p < 0.05) with the FRC diet. The concentrations of n-3 and n-6 FAs in the breast tissue of fourteen-day-old birds were not affected (p > 0.05) by FRC. However, the n-6/n-3 ratio in the breast muscle of 28-day-old birds was reduced (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the replacement of SBM by FRC in the broiler diets did not show any unfavorable effects on performance or nutrient utilization. Furthermore, the breast meat FA profile was improved, methanogen counts significantly decreased, and methane emission was limited.

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of European soy seeds. A mycological and toxigenic screening was carried out on 18 varieties of soy seeds harvested in Poland. Moreover, the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by raw soybean seeds was analysed in terms of its effect on young pigs’ performance (body weight gain, feed intake, feed utilisation) along with apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and crude protein in the diets. In a 28-day trial, 48 male pigs were tested using a marker method with TiO2. In their diets, SBM was replaced by soy seeds in the amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. In the last 3 days of the experiment, samples of excreta from each animal separately were collected three times per day. The chemical composition of soybean seeds differed in terms of their contents of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and raffinose family oligosaccharides, as well as the trypsin inhibitor activity. Seeds were also contaminated with fungi, yeast and mycotoxins, mainly zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. The ATTD of crude protein ranged from 70.6% to 77.6% and that of dry matter from 93.5% to 94.6%, with no differences between the groups being found (p > 0.05). Pigs’ performance parameters were reduced strongly with increasing amounts of raw seeds in the diets (p < 0.05). The results indicate that only a 5% addition of raw soy seeds in pigs‘ diet is recommended.

The eff ect of 24-hour fermentation of lupin seeds by different yeast strains on their chemical composition was determined. After fermentation, the mass fraction of proteins increased and their in vitro digestibility and biological activity significantly improved. The amino acid profi le of fermented products was similar to that of raw lupin seeds. The significant reduction in the mass fraction of oligosaccharides and phytate, but not of alkaloids was found. The pH level of fermented products decreased as a consequence of the increase of lactic and propionic acid mass fractions. The most favourable changes in the Chemical composition of blue lupin seeds were obtained in fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker’s yeast and Fermivin 7013 strain.

The aim of the research was to determine the influence of biostimulants amino acids and amino acids + Ascophyllum nodosum filtrate on two broccoli cultivars ‘Agassi’ and ‘Tiburon’ and their response to soil drought. The plants were watered with Ascophyllum nodosum filtrate before planting and sprayed with amino acids after planting three times. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were performed before, during and after stress. They showed a considerable difference in cultivars’ response to stress, with ‘Agassi’ being more sensitive. Application of biostimulants enhanced the tolerance to drought stress. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII was unchanged, whereas the quantum yield of electron transport and photochemical fluorescence quenching values increased and the non-photochemical fluorescence quenching decreased. Moreover, the apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate rose. Chlorophyll content index was affected by the cultivar and application of biostimulants.

The growth and physiological responses of the rats to diet supplemented with raw and Candida utilis-fermented yellow and blue lupin seeds were determined. The diets containing soya bean meal, raw and fermented blue and yellow lupin were administered to eight rats in each diet group for four weeks. Yellow lupin seeds in the diets of rats improved significantly (p

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of novel appAT1 and appAT2 phytase inclusion at 250 phytase units (FTU)/kg on weaned piglet performance, the apparent total tract digestibility of P and Ca, and bone mineralization. Piglets (48 males) were randomly divided into four treatment groups: a positive control (PC), with recommended levels of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), a negative control (NC) deficient in P and Ca, and two experimental groups with NC diets supplemented with phytase derived from the appA gene of Escherichia coli. Diets fed in a mashed form were divided into prestarter (0−21 days) and starter (22−42 days) periods. During the whole period of the study, the experimental diets improved (p < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the NC diet. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the dry matter and crude protein was not significantly different among the diets. Phytase-supplemented diets improved the ATTD of P (p < 0.05) and the ATTD of Ca (p < 0.05). Bone ash content in the third metacarpal and P and Ca content were improved among the phytase supplemented diets compared to the NC diet.

This study reconstructs the major biographical themes in the stories of daughters of alcohol-dependent women relating to their mothers. In particular, the article concerns the daughter's experience of the mother's alcoholic disease, the phenomenon of violence in the family and the change in the mother's behaviour during attempts at addiction treatment. The research sample consisted of ten letters from adult daughters of alcoholic mothers written to their mothers as a part of the treatment of co-dependency and published in the daily press and on portals addressed to adult children of alcoholics. A biographical approach (a thematic type) was used in the research study. The analysis and interpretation of the letters based on their content revealed that alcoholic mothers managed to keep the family unaware of the disease for a long time, usually until the child's early adolescence or adulthood, especially when non-drinking fathers compensated for the lack of maternal care. The mother's exclusion from housework contributed to the emergence of the phenomenon of parentification (instrumental and emotional) among the daughters, who took over a significant part of the parental duties - they showed mechanisms characteristic of the family heroine and the supporter. During the alcoholic binges, the mothers used drastic forms of physical and psychological violence against their daughters and husbands. Such violence often extended into the children's adult life. Addicted women did not attempt treatment for a long time due to internal barriers (in their consciousness), and they did not identify with the image of an alcoholic (perceived by them and representatives of social services in a stereotypical way). They hid and ignored their problem, despite receiving support from their life partners and daughters in the recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine how different doses of phytase in diets with extruded soybean seeds and rapeseed meal affected pigs' growth performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profiles. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatments by sex and body mass. Pigs were divided into starter (25 days), grower (36 days), and finisher (33 days) periods and fed with mash diets. No phytase was used in the control group diet, whereas in Phy1 and Phy2, 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of mixture were used, respectively. The feed conversion ratio and meat color were significantly correlated with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no effect on the growth of pigs, but total phosphorus was significantly increased in the bones and meat of the pigs. The enzyme additive reduced the C22:4 n-6 acid content in the meat, whereas other results were not significantly affected. The data suggest that the addition of phytase at a dosage of 100 g/ton to diets with extruded full-fat soya seeds and rapeseed meal can be valuable, as it reduces the FCR and increases the P content in the meat and bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Plants store phosphorus mainly in phytate form, which is slightly digestible by pigs due to the lack of native phytase. Some thermal processes, such as extrusion and exogenous phytase additives, can reduce phytate content in the diet, but the effectivity of the enzyme in diets including processed and unprocessed legume seeds needs to be better recognized. This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of two phytase dosages to a diet containing raw lupine seeds and full-fat extruded soya seeds on the performance of growing pigs in terms of their carcasses, pork quality, and bone mineralization. Phytase significantly improved the pigs' growth and feed utilization in the starter period and affected some meat, fat, and bone parameters. Higher phytase dosages did not improve the pigs' performance, but only increased calcium deposition in their bones. This study aims to determine how different doses of phytase in diets including extruded soya and lupine seeds affect fatteners' performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profile. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatment groups. The control group was offered a diet without phytase, whereas the Phy100 and Phy400 groups were provided with 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of their diet, respectively. The animals from both experimental groups were characterized by a significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and lower feed efficiency in the starter period than the control group. Unfortunately, their meat had lower (p < 0.05) fat content, gluteal muscle thickness, and water-holding capacity. In the meat, a higher phosphorus content (p < 0.05) was found, and in the bones, a higher calcium (for Phy400) content was found when phytase was added to the pigs' diet. The pigs from the Phy100 group tended to have higher mean backfat thickness and C18:2 n-6 content in their fat, but lower C22:5 n-3 content, than the other groups. A higher dosage of phytase is not necessary for the diets of fatteners with extruded full-fat soya and lupin seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the applicability of eleven different products of solid-state fermentation of rapeseed cakes with commercial enzyme additives. Ground rapeseed cakes were mixed with water (1:2) and the enzymatic preparation (0.1%) according to the different variants and fermented at 25 °C for 24 h under anaerobic conditions. For fermentation, different enzymes were used: (1) α-amylase, (2) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, (3) endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (4) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (5) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (6) 6-phytase, (7) RONOZYME HiPhos 6-phytase, (8) liquid exogenous-6-phytase; and mixed combinations: (9) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, (10) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, and (11) α-amylase, endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase. After fermentation, the crude protein content in the products was similar, but the true protein content was significantly higher than in nonfermented rapeseed cakes (p < 0.05). Fermentation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of phytate phosphorous, raffinose family oligosaccharides, and glucosinolates in the products. In the next step, the most advantageous fermentation product obtained using liquid exogenous-6-phytase was selected in terms of nutritional value, produced on the technical scale, and incorporated into the diets for broilers. Six diets containing 12, 17, or 22% raw or fermented rapeseed cakes, respectively, were prepared. Up to 22% fermented rapeseed cakes did not adversely affect broiler production rates. Replacing raw rapeseed cakes with fermented products improved body weight gain in the grower phase, lowered feed intake in the finisher phase, and lowered the feed conversion ratio in all periods. A level of 22% of naturally fermented rapeseed cakes with liquid exogenous-6-phytase in the diet of broilers could be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Analyses in this paper are concerned with one of the biggest avian raptors distributed widely across Eurasian territory. The White-Tailed Sea Eagle is considered one of the most important protected species of wetlands including plains and seashores. Monitoring heavy metal toxicity in raptors may contribute to the prevention of intoxication in other species, including humans. Researching their biology and different environmental connections may help protect the whole habitat. In the paper, the results of the analysis of the mineral composition of long bones collected from seven White-Tailed Sea Eagles are presented. Specimens came from the territories of Western Poland. It is the first paper describing the bone composition of this species. Mineral bone composition (dry matter, bones ash, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, Mg, and Cu) and Pb levels of tibiotarsi of seven White-Tailed Sea Eagles were assessed. Lead intoxication in different bird species including waterfowl and raptors is being studied worldwide. The bones were analyzed for Pb by mass spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS Elan DRC II) and for bone composition by Atomic Emission Spectrometer (Agilent 4100 Microwave Plasma). Pb levels ranging from 3.54 µg/g to 74.6 µg/g DM suggest that some of the investigated birds might have been intoxicated by Pb. Results of this analysis were divided into two groups of bones, with bone Pb levels higher and lower than Pb toxicity levels, and mineral bone compositions of both groups were compared. The present study shows the differentiation of bone mineral composition among seven examined White-Tailed Sea Eagles, considered a specific species in raptors. Pb intoxication may not have a major influence on mineral bone composition in raptors. It also suggests that assessing bone composition of raptor bones may help finding the possible cause of their deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest of consumers, as well as the food and feed industry in legumes is constantly increasing. However, the use of legume seeds is limited by the fact that they contain various non-nutritive compounds such as raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). On the other hand, RFO compounds are considered prebiotic substances improving health and growth of organisms. Our study consisted in the long-term monitoring of RFO contents in seeds of several legumes cultivated in Poland. The seeds of pea (25 cultivars), faba bean (5 cultivars), and lupins (41 cultivars) were harvested between 2013 and 2019, whereas soybean seeds (27 cultivars) were harvested between 2015 and 2019. The analysis showed that the content of RFOs in soybean seeds ranged from 33.75 to 69.30 mg per g dry matter (DM), 57.23 to 130.38 mg/g DM in lupin seeds - 52.03 to 80.60 mg/g DM in pea seeds, and from 32.15 to 65.17 mg/g DM in faba bean seeds. Yellow lupin seeds had the highest total RFO contents in DM, whereas faba bean and soybean seeds showed the lowest RFO contents. Stachyose was the dominant oligosaccharide in all soybean and lupin seeds, while verbascose was the dominant oligosaccharide in most pea and faba bean seeds. Some pea cultivars contained more stachyose than verbascose. Crop species, cultivar, growing environment, and processing methods determine the suitability of individual seeds for the feed and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of Agaricus bisporus spent mushroom substrate (A-SMS) enriched with selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and photosynthetic parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) of the ‘Skindel’ cultivar. The growing medium for the cultivation of lettuce consisted of A-SMS (10%) and commercial peat (90%). It was further enriched with Se and Zn concentrated at five levels, i.e. 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mmol·L–1 to obtain six growing medias. Se was added to the growing medium in the form of sodium selenite and sodium selenate at a 1 : 1 ratio, whereas Zn was added in the form of zinc nitrate hexahydrate. Lettuce was grown under controlled conditions in growth chambers. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design in three replicates. The results indicated that the A-SMS added to the growing medium increased both the yield of lettuce and its biological value by increasing the content of Se and Zn. Consumable percent recommended daily allowance and safe hazard quotient for lettuce biofortified with Se and Zn were achieved. The experiment also showed that the addition of Se + Zn did not negatively affect photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, which proved that these elements did not have toxic effect on lettuce in agronomic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Upbringing / Wychowanie w Rodzinie is the property of Family Upbringing Editorial Board / Redakcja czasopisma Wychowanie w Rodzinie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation / Resocjalizacja Polska is the property of Pedagogium Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rearing of piglets is the most difficult period in the pigs' production because of their poorly developed digestive system and the low activity of digestive enzymes. Problems in nutrition and stress cause some disorders in the functioning of the digestive system leading to diarrhea and the mortality of piglets. Starting in 2006 in the EU, a total ban on antibiotics in their use as growth promoters was introduced. Since then, new and safe feed additives have been sought in order to replace antibiotics. Organic and inorganic acids as well as their salts were recognized as effective and safe additives. Due to their properties, they can improve feed palatability and digestibility, reduce the buffer capacity of feed, impact the development and functioning of the pig's digestive system and improve the health and growth parameters. However, the effectiveness of acids is related to their qualitative and quantitative share in the feed additive. In this review, some strategies for using organic acids, their mixtures and also some new multi-component products will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conducted research, I was interested in the assessment of selected aspects of distance learning by parents of pupils in grades 1-3 of primary schools, on which I focused my attention in the under-taken research. Their aim was to diagnose the needs and expectations of parents regarding distance learning in the future, based on their experiences during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative interviews conducted on 157 people, and supplemented by the analysis of the "Librus" distance learning reports. They showed that parents did not question the purposefulness of introducing distance learning model, but were critical of the forms of its administration, especially when lessons were not conducted online. Parents were very reluctant to send tasks to students via the Electronic Journal by teachers and the requirement to fill them in and send them back for evaluation. The teacher's involvement in conducting online lessons, while activating students, was assessed positively. In the case of such young children, parents were disturbed by the lack of care in day-care centres, the closure of schools and the need to educate children at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the text offered to the reader I made an attempt to re-read the central claim presented in the work of S. de Beauvoir titled The Second Sex through the prism of lessons identified for modern upbringing. The central thesis can be described as follows: the differences between genders are socially and culturally conditioned, yet determined by belonging to biological sex; maternal instinct is culturally shaped; the mother's attitude towards the child depends on its biological sex; housework is limiting women's potential and focus on outlook causes fear of old age. The direction of change set by de Beauvoir is the androgynous upbringing of women, changing the model of marriage, conscious motherhood, women's professional work, and creation of feminine cultural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal with 5% of raw soybean seeds on the growth, feed consumption and utilization of growing pigs, also the carcass and pork quality. The growth experiment was conducted on 120 pigs of approx. 18.5 kg allocated to two dietary treatments. The animals from the control treatment (CON) were offered a diet with soybean meal, and the experimental group (EXP) was given 5% raw soybean seeds (NON-GMO, Augusta var.) instead of SBM. The experiment lasted 88 days. After the experiment, eight pigs from each group were euthanized and meat samples were collected. No diet effects on the animals' performance and carcass quality were observed (P>0.05). The experimental diet affected (P<0.05) meat color, and also meat composition (higher water content and lower intramuscular fat content). The composition of fatty acids in the meat did not differ significantly, except for higher C16:1 content in the EXP group. The introduction of 5% raw soybean seeds into the diets did not impact animal performance, but it reduced some indices of the pork quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the educational aspects of video game Minecraft in primary education. It is based on a systematic review and interviews conducted with fourteen players of the aforementioned game as well as an analysis of interviews with the creator of Young Programmer Academy and an educator of an IT class. The statements of users (players) and educators point to the potential uses of the game in learning and acquiring social skills. In the game, students create their own worlds, develop their imagination and spatial thinking, gain knowledge about the basics of technology, physics and chemistry, as well as enrich their knowledge about nature. Probably for those reasons the game is popular in Norwegian and Swedish schools, where units based on Minecraft are often incorporated by teachers into their lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to determine the affectivity of 4 different eubiotic preparations on the growth performance of pigs, microbial status, the integrity of intestinal mucosa, and some blood parameters. The experiment was conducted for 28 days on 48 male piglets allocated to six dietary treatments. Group 1 was offered a diet without eubiotic; 2 – a diet with acids mixture; 3 – phytobiotic, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and yeast; 4 – probiotic, MCFA, and yeast; 5 – phytobiotic, probiotic, acids mixture, and sodium butyrate; 6 – phytobiotic, probiotic, MCFA, and sodium butyrate. The average daily weight gains and feed intake were recorded. Blood samples, digesta samples, and ileal tissue samples were collected for studies. There was no significant difference in gain, feed intake, or FCR among the treatments as well as in the ileal and caecal pH value, microbial content, and total SCFA content in caecal digesta. Ammonia content in ileal digesta was significantly higher in comparison with other groups and in caecal digesta was significantly higher in group 6 in comparison with groups 1 and 2. Villi height was significantly higher (P<0.05) in groups 2, 3 and 6 compared to the control. Villi height to crypt depth ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in groups 5 and 2, but the most promising effects seem to be from combinations 3 and 4. In comparison with control: in groups 2, 3 and 5 higher ALT, glucose and triglyceride; in groups 3, 4 and 5 higher total protein and cholesterol; in group 4 higher albumin and in group 6 higher BUN, were found. Generally, used eubiotic preparations affected gut morphology and some blood parameters but did not affect microbiota, pig growth or feed utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affectivity of extrusion process of pea seeds on nutrients digestibility or growth performance of pigs was analysed. The first study was conducted on 30 male pigs allocated to three dietary treatments for 28 days. The control animals were offered a basal diet whereas the experimental groups received basal diets mixed with raw or extruded pea seeds in the proportion of 75:25 (w/w). The apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities were determined using the difference method with titanium dioxide. The second semi-practical experiment was conducted on 60 pigs (29 ± 0.3 kg) and lasted 75 days. The growth performance of the pigs receiving control diet with soyabean meal (SBM) or diets where SBM was replaced with raw or extruded pea seeds mixed with rapeseed meal (RSM) was analysed. The extrusion of pea seeds significantly reduced the content of resistant starch, phytate-P, crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre levels, and trypsin inhibitor activity. Extrusion only enhanced (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein, and improved the apparent ileal digestibility of Asp, Glu and Cys (P < 0.05). The inclusion of pea seeds with RSM into the diet of growing pigs reduced their daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but not during finishing phase and during the whole time of experiment. The final body weight of pigs receiving pea seeds and RSM was lower in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, extrusion significantly influenced the chemical composition of pea seeds but it did not improve the production results of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The usefulness of Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces lactis to the fermentation of high alkaloid lupin seeds was examined. Seeds were mixed with water and sterilized at 121 °C for 20 min. After cooling, the mixture was inoculated with yeast and fermented for 48 or 72 hr at 30 °C. After enzymes deactivation samples were dried. Fermentation increased the content of crude protein (p < .05) and affected the amino acid profile of the protein (p < .05). There was no yeast strain effect on the crude protein content, but the true protein content was higher (p > .05) after K. lactis and S. cerevisieae fermentation. After 72 hr fermentation the content of crude protein was significantly higher but several necessary amino acids content was lower in comparison with 48 hr fermentation time. Fermentation reduced (p < .05) phytate, raffinose family oligosaccharide content and also alkaloid content in the final products. Fermentation process increased total and lactic acid bacteria count, the number of yeasts and molds as well as the number of coliform bacteria. The three yeast strains used were not fully suitable for the fermentation of high alkaloid lupin seeds. Candida utilis strain was found as the most favorable because of better chemical and microbial characteristic of fermented products. Practical applications: The present study reports, that the fermentation process increased protein content and partially improved quality microbial and antinutritional character of seeds by reducing raffinose family oligosaccharides, phytate content, and alkaloids Taking this into account, fermented lupin seeds could be recommended as an alternative, protein‐rich component of diets for animals and people. However, it should be remembered that lupin is a potential allergen and its status after fermentation has not yet been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science, Nature, Technologies / Nauka, Przyroda, Technologie is the property of Science Nature Technologies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of probiotic bacteria, prebiotics, phytobiotics and their combinations on performance and microbial activity in the digestive tract of growing pigs. The experiment was conducted over 28 d on 48 male pigs of about 12 kg body weight (BW), which were allocated to following treatments.: (1) Control Group (Con) without additive, (2) Group I, addition of a prebiotic (inulin), (3) Group Ph, a phytobiotic (herbal water extracts), (4) Group P, a probiotic composed of four strains of lactic acid bacteria, (5) Group PhP, phytobiotic and probiotic bacteria and (6) Group PhPI, a phytobiotic, probiotic bacteria and a prebiotic. Animal performance was recorded and at d 28 six pigs from each group were euthanised to collect digesta samples. In all groups except for Group I, diarrhoea incidents were observed. Groups Ph and P had significantly higher daily gains and final BW, and Group Ph utilised feed better than other groups. The pH of ileal digesta was significantly lower in Group PhPI. In the caecal digesta of Groups I, P and PhP, the pH level was lower than in the other groups but dry matter contents was significantly higher in Groups Con and I. The short-chain fatty acids and particular acid content differed significantly only in the colonic digesta. The yeast and mould numbers in caecal digesta was highest in Group Con. No treatment effects were observed for the number of lactic acid bacteria, coli group bacteria orClostridium. However, the observed significantly higher number of total bacteria suggests that a multi-component eubiotic treatment changes the bacterial composition and distribution more effectively. Our findings indicated that all used additives changed the intestinal microflora, but the multi-component eubiotics were not beneficial as feed additives offered separately. Moreover, supplementation of phytobiotics and probiotic bacteria also improved the animal performance significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to study the influence of plant density and irrigation on the content of phenolic compounds, i.e., phenolic acids and flavonols in cv. 'Sevilla' cauliflower curds. Levels of phenolic acids and flavonols were in the range of 3.0-6.2 mg and 25.4-87.8 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively, depending on plant density and irrigation. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid was detected in the highest amount, followed by p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. Of the two flavonols detected, the levels of quercetin were higher than those of kaempferol. The content of the detected phenolic acids (with the exception of ferulic acid) and both flavonols increased with increasing plant density. Furthermore, the concentration of phenolic compounds (with the exception of ferulic acid) was significantly higher under irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to provide a controlled fermentation process of blue lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius, cv. Neptun), monitor the changes in seed composition and determine the influence of the fermentation on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids in growing pigs, compared with raw lupin seeds. The fermentation with bacteria and yeast was conducted for 24 h at 25ºC under aerobic conditions. Seed fermentation increased the contents of CP, fibre, fat and ash and most of the analysed amino acids but reduced the levels of the nitrogen-free extractives. Furthermore, fermentation decreased the contents of raffinose family oligosaccharides and phytic acids but increased the alkaloid content. The AID was estimated on three barrows (mean initial body weight 25 kg), surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The pigs received three diets, each for 6 d, within three experimental periods (3 × 3 Latin Square design). The diets contained soybean meal (Group SBM), raw lupin seeds (Group RL) or fermented lupin seeds (Group FL) as solely protein sources. Fermentation had a positive impact on the AID of CP and methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine (p < 0.05). Feeding raw or fermented lupin seeds did not affect the microbial status of the ileal digesta. Moreover, ammonia content in the caecal digesta did not differ between Groups RL and FL, although it was significantly higher than in Group SBM. It can be concluded that the fermentation process modified the chemical composition of nutrients in seeds, which can influence the digestibility and utilisation of the fermentation product in animal diets compared to raw seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological processes used in feed and food production can change the composition and properties of products obtained, what affect the availability and nutrients absorption in animals. Lactic acid fermentation of legumes significantly reduces the content of raffinose family oligosaccharides, phytate and alkaloids, and increase the digestibility of feed. On the other hand yeast improves feed consumption, absorption of nutrients. The aim of the study was to optimize the fermentation process lupine seeds cv. Neptun towards obtaining a product with the most preferred chemical composition and high nutritional value. The subject of the study were the seeds of blue lupine Lupinus angustifolius var. Neptun, which were subjected to fermentation. The process of fermentation of lupine seeds was carried out in aerobic conditions using dried yeasts (S. cerevisiae) and bacterial preparations - POLMASIL EXTRA (preparation), and ADISIL (monobacterial preparation). In order to determine the optimum fermentation conditions, the following environmental factors were modified: temp. 25 and 30°C, time 24 h and 48 h, as well as the type of inoculants introduced. In raw lupine seeds and those subjected to fermentation, the content of the primary nutrients, content of some amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine), and content of anti-nutritional factors (phytic phosphorus, alkaloids, oligosaccharides from the raffinose family - RFOs) were determined. The polybacterial preparation, together with the yeasts, affected the increase of crude protein and ether extract and decreased the content of NFE, crude fibre and phytic phosphorus in the resulting lupine product. Increasing the temperature of the combined fermentation process affected the lowering of the content of general protein, methionine, and contributed to an increase in the content of crude fibre, crude ash and phytic phosphorus. Prolonging the combined fermentation to 48 hours only resulted in an increase of crude fibre at a decrease of NFE. The changes introduced in the parameters of the combined fermentation process did not significantly affect changes in the content of anti-nutritional substances besides the content of phytic phosphorus. RFOs were completely degraded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]