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The contribution of the polymorphic markers of the CHRNA5/A3, CYP2A6, NQO1, XPC, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, XPA genes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been assessed. For this purpose, analysis of the gene polymorphisms in case/control groups in Tatar population has been performed. The CHRNA5 (rs16969968) (P = 0.0001, OR = 2.24), CHRNA3 (rs1051730) (P = 0.0001, OR = 2.72) were associated with significantly high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in recessive model. The disease risk was higher in homozygous carriers of normal allele of CYP2A6 (del) (P = 0.00001, OR = 2.77). Analysis showed an association of the NQO1 (rs1131341), XRCC1 (rs25487), XRCC3 (rs861539), XPC (rs2228001) and XPA (rs1800975) (P = 0.000001, OR = 2.67; P = 0.00001, OR = 0.51; P = 0.0003, OR = 1.76; P = 0.0004, OR = 0.54 and P = 0.007, OR = 0.74) in additive model with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We found a significant gene-by-environment interaction of smoking status and XPA (rs1800975) (Pinteract = 0.002); rs16969968, rs1051730 of CHRNA3/5 genes were significantly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease only in smokers. The relationship between the CYP2A6(CYP2A6*4) and smoking pack-years was found (P = 0.0019). The TT genotype of XRCC3 (rs861539) were associated with decreased of lung function parameters: vital capacity % (P = 0.0487), forced vital capacity (%) (P = 0.0032) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%) (P = 0.02). The relationship between the XPA (rs1800975) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%) (P = 0.0028) was found.

Recently, it was shown that pacemaker f/HCN channel might be permeable not only for Na+ and K+, but also for calcium ions. Pacemaker channel HCN2 was expressed in ovarian cell culture of Chinese hamster. In the patch clamp experiments the calcium current with low amplitude 0.06±-0.87 nA and open probability 0.48% (±3.02 at -110 mV, n = 6, Ca2+ 2 mmol) was measured. HCN2-Ca2+ current significantly activated with cyclic adenosinemonophosphate by increasing of open probability and inhibited by specific If-blocker ivabradine. The calcium ion current was also shown in f-channels of neonatal rats ventriculocytes. Thus, the calcium ions conduction through HCN2 and native f-channel at physiological concentrations of extracellular fluid and physiological membrane potentials of cardiomyocytes was demonstrated.

Tachyarrhythmias (TA) - dangerous postoperative complications of coronary artery bypass grafting, threatening the lives of patients and found, according to different authors, in 13-40% of cases. VFS - an antiarrhythmic drug that belongs to a class 1C, is effective in the treatment and prevention of a variety of cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of the work was to study the clinical efficacy of VFS CHD patients with a history of tachyarrhythmias during the perioperative period of coronary bypass surgery, as well as its comparison with other antiarrhythmic drug (amiodarone). Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 218 patients with coronary heart disease at baseline with a history of tachyarrhythmia (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or premature ventricular high grade (IV and V class on classification of Lown B. and Wolf M. in the modification of Ryan M.). Shown that the VFS is more effective than amiodarone, both in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias when high gradation.

The contribution of the polymorphic markers of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP1 (-1607G > GG, rs1799750; -519A > G, rs494379), MMP2 (-735C > T, rs2285053), MMP3 (-1171 5A > 6A, rs35068180), MMP9 (-1562C > T, rs3918242; 2660A > G, rs17576), MMP12 (-82A > G, rs2276109), the disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 ADAM33 (12418A > G, rs2280091; 13491C > G, rs2787094), the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP2 (-418G > C, rs8179090), TIMP3 (-1296T > C, rs9619311) genes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been assessed. For this purpose, PCR-RFLP analysis of the gene polymorphisms in case (N = 391) and control (N = 514) groups has been performed. The 6A6A genotype of the MMP3--1171 5A > 6A polymorphism was associated with significantly high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 2.490, Padj = 0.003979, Pcor = 0.0358 adjusted for age, sex, smoke pack-years, ethnos). Analysis showed an association of the G-G haplotype of 13491C > G and 12418A > G ADAM33 gene polymorphisms (OR = 0.39, Padj = 0.0012, Pcor = 0.006)with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We found a significant interaction of the smoking status and ADAM33 12418A > G (Pinteraction = 0.026) and TIMP3--1296T > C (Pinteraction = 0.044). The relationship between the GG genotype of the ADAM33 13491C > G and emphysema risk was found (OR = 1.74, Padj = 0.013, Pcor = 0.117). Severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was modified by MMP9 -1562C > T in additive model (OR = 1.883, Padj = 0.028, Pcor = 0.252). The MMP3, MMP9, ADAM33, TIMP3 genes polymorphism may be an important risk factor for the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, important gene and environmental interactions were determined.

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease that is caused by the complex interaction of environmental influences and genetic susceptibility. The first genome-wide association study of bronchial asthma discovered a significant association between SNPs within 17q12-21 genomic region and childhood bronchial asthma in individuals of European descent. Association with this genomic region was then replicated in a number of independent samples of European and Asian descent. Here we report results of the first genome-wide association study of bronchial asthma in the Volga-Ural region of Russia. The present study includes 358 unrelated patients with physician-diagnosed bronchial asthma and 369 disease-free control subjects of different ethnic origin (Russians, Tatars and Bashkirs). Genotyping of DNA samples was carried out using the Illumina Human610 quad array as a part of GABRIEL project (contract from the EC No LSHB-CT-2006-018996). After QC filtering procedures, a final set of 550915 SNPs genotyped in 330 cases and 348 controls was tested for association with bronchial asthma. Five markers on chromosome 17q12-21 showed statistically significant association with bronchial asthma (p < or = 4.79 x 10(-7)). SNP rs7216389 with the strongest evidence for association (p = 1.01 x 10(-7)) is located within the first intron of the GSDMB gene. Evidence for association was stronger with childhood-onset asthma (p = 1.97 x 10(-6) for SNP rs7216389) compared to late-onset asthma (p = 1.8 x 10(-4) for SNP rs7216389). Our replication study using three SNPs within GSDMB gene confirmed association with only childhood-onset asthma. In summary, these results suggest an important role for genetic variants within 17q12-q21 region in the development of bronchial asthma in the Volga-Ural region of Russia.

Vascular endothelium is not simply a barrier between blood and extra vascular bed but is a source of large number of mediators regulating various functions of the body among which nitrous oxide appears to be one of most important. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) develops in a number of processes: diabetes mellitus, smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia. ED promotes increase of rate development of cardiovascular diseases. One of most well known markers of ED is microalbuminuria (MAU). Drug and nondrug means are used for the treatment of ED. Calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors both separately and as components of combination therapy are able to maximally diminish MAU.

Recently the pleiotropic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors which lay beyond their pure antihypertensive effects are widely discussed. Antiproliferative, antiatherosclerotic, antiproliferative and antiarrhythmic properties, as well as positive effects on hemostasis and endothelial function allows angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to occupy very important position among other cardiovascular medications and to have a number of indications: arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy and patients with high risk of cardiovascular disease.

In this study, frequencies of the polymorphic variants of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, CAT, GPX1, NQO1, SOD1, and SOD3 were examined in three ethnic groups of healthy subjects from the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs). An association of these markers with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was tested. Interethnic differences relative to the distribution of the polymorphic variants of the GSTP1 locus Ile105Val and the NQO1 locus 609C/T were revealed. Relative to the genotype distribution at the Ile 105Val locus of the GSTP1 gene, ethnic group of Bashkirs was found to be statistically significantly different from Tatars (chi2 = 8.819; d.f. = 2; P = 0.012). Relative to the genotype frequency distribution pattern at the NQO1 locus 609C/T, the group of Bashkirs differed from Russians (chi2 = 8.913; df. = 2; P = 0.012). An association of genotype Val/Val of the GSTP1 Ile105Val locus with the risk of COPD in Russians (chi2 = 5.25; P = 0.022; Pcor = 0.044; OR = 4.09), and of the GSTP1 haplotype *D in Tatars, was demonstrated (chi2 = 11.575; P = 0.0014; Pcor = 0.0042; OR = 3.178). Genotype TT of the CAT -262C/T locus marked resistance to the COPD development in Russians (chi2 = 6.82; P = 0.0098; Pcor = = 0.0196; OR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.119 to 0.77). The risk for COPD in the ethnic group of Tatars was associated with the CAT haplotype (-262)C(1167)T (chi2 = 6.038; P = 0.0147; Pcor = 0.044; OR = 1.71). Analysis of the NQO1 haplotypes at the 465C/T and6009C/T loci showed that haplotype 465C/609T was associated with COPD in Russians (chi2 = 4.571; P = 0.0328; Pcor = 0.01; OR = 1.799). It was demonstrated that Gly allele of the Arg213Gly polymorphic locus of the SOD3 gene marked the risk for COPD in the ethnic group of Tatars (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.22 to 4.1). Thus, GSTP1, CAT, NQO1, and SOD3 polymorphisms play an important role in the development of COPD among the population of Bashkortostan.

Methodology of building up a managerial system for a sanatorium and spa facility is proposed based on the integration of known general scientifically-grounded approaches, each concerned with a selected aspect of the system. Taken together, they give a complete picture of the mechanisms underlying functioning of the system and help to increase efficiency of its operation.

The objective of this study was to consider natural conditions and mechanisms of formation of mineral water sources in the Republic of Baskortostan. A map showing their location within the bounds of the Republic lying at the junction of Europe and Asia is presented. The distribution of mineral water springs is highly non-uniform and dictated by the landscape patterns, climatic, geologic and tectonic history of the territory, its climatic and hydrological conditions. It is concluded that most part of Bshkortostan has very promising prospects for the further development of its spa and resort complex.

To assess the role that polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 genes play in genetic predisposition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the allele and genotype distributions of CYPIA1 (2455 A/G, 3801T/C) and CYP1A2 (-2464T/delT, -163C/A) genes were studied in Tatar and Russian COPD patients and in cases of healthy individuals (Russian, Tatar and Bashkir), residents of Bashkortostan. It was shown that the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes haplotypes frequency distribution patterns do not differed between Tatars and Russians ethnic groups (chi2 = 0.973, df = 3, p = 1.00 and chi2 = 1.546, df = 3, p = 0.92, respectively). Analysis of the the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes haplotypes revealed statistically significant differences in the haplotypes frequency distributions between Bashkirs versus Russians and Tatars (chi2 = 12.328, df= 3,p = 0.008; chi2 = 9.218, df=3, p = 0.034, respectively for CYP1A1 gene and (chi2 = 18.779, df=3, p = 0.0001, chi = 14.326, df=3, p = 0.003, respectively for CYP1A2 gene). The (-2467)delT allele and CYP1A2*1D haplotype of CYPIA2 gene was associated with higher risk of COPD in Tatar ethnic group (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.24-2.71, chi2 = 9.48, p = 0.003 and chi2 = 9.733, p = 0.0027, Pcor = 0.008; OR = 3.908, 95% CI 1.56-10.19, respectively). On the other hand the CYP1A2*1A haplotype had protective effect (chi2 = 6.319, p = 0.0127, Pcor = 0.038; OR = 0.6012, 95% CI 0.402-0.898). But at the same time we did not find any differences in the genotypes and haplotypes frequency distributions of the CYP1A2 gene within the patients and healthy groups in Russian ethnic group. We also did not find any association of CYP1A1 gene with COPD in ethnic groups of Bashkortostan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of the cytokines genes in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL1B, IL1RN, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL8 H IL10 were investigated in COPD patients (N = 319) and healthy individuals (N = 403) living in Ufa, the Republic of Bashkortostan. We observed that IL1RN*2/IL1RN*2 genotype of ILRN gene was associated with susceptibility for COPD (9.8% vs. 4.67%; chi(2)= 5.45, df= 1, P = 0.02; OR = 2.21). Analysis of the LTA gene polymorphic locus A252G showed that in patients with COPD, the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher than that in the control group (7.84% vs. 3.72%; chi(2) = 5.00, df= 1, P = 0.025). The increase of this genotype was significant in case of stage IV of COPD (11.18% vs. 4.79%; chi(2) = 3.075, df= 1, P = 0.07). Frequency of genotype combination TNFA-308 G/G and LTA252 A/A significantly decreased in COPD group (38.55% vs. 46.93% in control group; chi(2) = 8.82, df= 1, P = 0.0039). The frequency of GG genotype of the IL6 gene was higher in the patients with stage IV of COPD (43.75% vs. 31.54%, chi(2) = 4.14, P = 0.041). Our results indicate that the genotype frequency of the T(-511)C, T3953C of IL1B, G(-308)A of TNFA, G(-1 74)C of IL6, A(-251)C of IL8 and C(-627)A of ILl0 genes polymorphisms was similar in COPD and healthy control groups.

The chemiluminescence examination methods have been limited in use due to a lack of standard techniques for the preparation and storage of biological samples. The methods of sampling the blood and the conditions of its storage and transportation as well as other factors essentially affect the functional state of cells through activating them. The suggested technique keeps the values of blood chemiluminescence stable for 2 hours in measurements of spontaneous chemiluminescence and for 6 hours in measurements of stimulated chemiluminescence. For the purpose, whole blood is mixed, in test-tubes, with a 0.27% solution of disodium EDTA. It is stored in refrigerator at 0 to 5 degrees C. Blood is diluted by Henk solution and luminol for measurements.

The authors studied the effect of decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants (common barberry, sandy immortelle, common maize, spotted milk thistle) on free-radical oxidation (FRO) in model systems in vitro and in experiments in vivo on nonbred albino mice. In various model systems (in which active forms of oxygen are generated and lipid peroxidation takes place) the plants under study suppressed as well as intensified the processes of lipid peroxidation, depending on the concentration of the phytopreparation and the type of the model systems. In in vivo experiments the drugs of plant origin suppressed lipid peroxidation, reducing the parameters induced by iron and chemoluminescence and the malonic dialdehyde level in the liver.

Influence of ionolum--vitamin E analog on differentiation, proliferative activity, cell death and content of products of lipid peroxide oxidation in chick embryo cardiac muscular tissue was studied in normal embryogenesis and in myocardial hypertrophy development. Administration of antioxidant to chick embryo was shown to result in intensified and prolonged proliferation, delayed differentiation and reduced cardiomyocyte death index both in normal histogenesis and in myocardial hypertrophy development. Use of the drug leads to viability increase in embryos exposed to extreme environmental factor action.

Comparative analysis of cardiac muscular tissue reactivity in myocardial hypertrophy development in experimental and clinical conditions was performed. Stereotyped reactions to overload were distinguished at intracellular, cellular and tissue levels. Cardiac muscular tissue vital activity was estimated through criteria of "chronos", "morphos", "quantum" and "turnover". It was shown that disruption of genetically determined correlation between processes of proliferation, differentiation and death of cardiomyocytes was a common regularity of cardiomyogenesis in formation of myocardial hypertrophy.

The content of DNA and proteins has been studied morphometrically in intraoperative biopsies of patients of different ages with congenital heart diseases and rheumatic mitral stenosis. Hemodynamic hyperfunction provoked premature polyploidy of cardiomyocytes nuclei in children with congenital vitium cordis. In cardiomyocytes of 20-50-year-old patients with acquired vitium cordis polyploidy with an increasing age does not occur, but a decline in protein synthesis and intracellular edema are observed.

The paper deals with the contribution of risk factors to the spread of coronary heart disease (CHD) among males living in various cities and towns of Russia, CIS countries and Baltic states. The examination of random representative samples of male populations established that risk factors, such as age, arterial hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and smoking (p < 0.05), make a significant contribution to the spread of CHD, including acute CHD. Age, arterial hypertension, and body weight (p < 0.01) also make a substantial contribution to the development of CHD. The risk factors play a greater role in the spread of CHD in Tallinn, Alma-Ata, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk than in Moscow and Ufa, but in the spread of acute CHD in Tallinn, Kaunas, Ufa, and Alma-Ata than in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The paper describes the data obtained by Soviet and American physicians who took part in the treatment of patients burnt in the Bashkiria accident (an outburst of petroleum products). It was established that in deep burns bioelectrostimulation combined with early necrectomy and autodermoplasty yielded the best therapeutic results.

The method of daily ration reproduction was used to study the actual nutrition of 25% of male subsampling comprising 674 subjects, during the epidemiological investigation of unorganized male population in a region of Ufa. The results of the study have shown that the caloric value of their nutrition does not exceed the established standards and is diminished with age. Protein consumption meets the physiological requirements, animal proteins prevail in their structure. Carbohydrate consumption is low, mainly at the expense of starch, while the share of sugar is high. Fat consumption exceeds the values recommended, mainly at the expense of saturated fatty acids. Cholesterol consumption is excessive. The established nutrition imbalance of the main food substances has evidenced the atherogenic character of the population nutrition, prevalence of animal food products in its structure, that should be taken into consideration when measures for the prevention of coronary heart disease are elaborated.