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Children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) have a profoundly higher risk of death or injury than their peers when natural disasters occur. International policies call for inclusive disaster risk reduction education (DRRE) to help ameliorate this situation. This paper focuses on Indonesia, which has one the highest incidences of these disasters. A three-part structured literature review was undertaken regarding DRRE and children with SEND, followed by a questionnaire to in schools. Firstly, potential papers were screened against explicit criteria, yielding 23 papers for inclusion in the review. Secondly, these 23 papers were screened for identifiable DRR programmes, producing 12 items. Thirdly, evaluations of these 12 programmes were sought. The findings revealed that children with SEND were largely absent within the published research, the DRRE programmes, and all subsequent evaluations of the DRRE programmes. Questionnaire responses from 769 teachers from across Indonesia indicated that DRRE was often lacking, and that no programmes that were being used were accessible for all children. This is the first study to gain this insight and it concludes that there is a need for DRRE across mainstream, inclusive, and special schools, which has an inclusive and enagaing pedagogy that is accessible for all children.

We studied the breeding ecology of Whinchats Saxicola rubetra in four tiny (less than 10 breeding pairs) populations in nature reserves in the Dutch province of Drenthe. We focussed on reproductive rates (laying date, clutch size, hatchling number, breeding success), proportion of unpaired males and nestling diet. Breeding pairs appeared to cluster together, thereby leaving other seemingly suitable parts of the area unoccupied. Clutch size, nest and pair success were similar to or higher than those in other studies. Laying of first eggs peaked during 16–20 May and laying dates had not advanced since the 1950s, in contrast to many other songbirds. We found 34% of the males remained unpaired, limiting the population reproduction rate. Whinchats provided their nestlings primarily with beetles and caterpillars and feeding frequency appeared to depend on prey species. Higher feeding frequencies may lead to a higher risk of nest predation. Being single-brooded, Whinchat populations may be more affected by nest predation than populations of multi-brooded species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of the carapace protecting the body of boxfishes has been attributed an important hydrodynamic role in drag reduction and in providing automatic, flow-direction realignment and is therefore used in bioinspired design of cars. However, tight swimming-course stabilization is paradoxical given the frequent, high-performance manoeuvring that boxfishes display in their spatially complex, coral reef territories. Here, by performing flow-tank measurements of hydrodynamic drag and yaw moments together with computational fluid dynamics simulations, we reverse several assumptions about the hydrodynamic role of the boxfish carapace. Firstly, despite serving as a model system in aerodynamic design, drag-reduction performance was relatively low compared with more generalized fish morphologies. Secondly, the current theory of course stabilization owing to flow over the boxfish carapace was rejected, as destabilizing moments were found consistently. This solves the boxfish swimming paradox: destabilizing moments enhance manoeuvrability, which is in accordance with the ecological demands for efficient turning and tilting.

In this paper we discuss how online seminar participants experience dimensions of embodiment, virtual space, interpersonal relations, and temporality; and how interacting through reading-writing, by means of online technologies, creates conditions, situations, and actions of pedagogical influence and relational affectivities. We investigate what happens when seminar participants (mostly doctoral and postdoctoral level students) reflect phenomenologically on the meaning of a human experience (phenomenon) that fascinates them. In writing online, participants are engaged in a spatial complexity of virtual experience: the space of the text and the space of the computer screen--these yield access to a non-physical space lying somewhere between the here and the there. We propose that Blanchot's early work on the imaginal space of the text provides a way of perceiving and raising questions, and a new way of understanding the nature of scripture and orality in technologized contexts and relations of teaching and learning.

Expanding human pressure has reduced natural habitats globally and motivated strategies to conserve remaining natural habitats. Decisions about conservation on private lands, however, are typically made by local stakeholders who are motivated by the elements of nature they most highly value. Thus, national prioritization for conservation should be complemented by local analysis of species or habitats that most influence local landowner decisions. We demonstrate within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem how quantitative mapping of wildlife species that are highly valued by local residents can be integrated with indices of ecosystem integrity to prioritize private lands for conservation. We found that natural vegetation cover (NVC) comprised 81% of the private lands. Some watersheds have lost 6% of NVC since 2001 and developed lands now cover >40% of their areas. Locations high in ecological value, elk habitat, and grizzly habitat occurred in different biophysical settings. Consequently, only 2% of the NVC supports high levels of all three biodiversity measures and 26% of this area was within conservation easements. The remaining areas of high biodiversity value that are unprotected are priorities for conservation. We suggest that national-scale conservation planning will be most effective on private lands if additional within-ecoregion analyses are done on the elements of biodiversity that are most valued by local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat fragmentation in the southeastern Coastal Plain is widely regarded as a central issue in the management of black bear (Ursus americanus) populations. Further habitat loss and fragmentation, and increases in human density, may influence the persistence of black bears throughout this region. Therefore, tools to evaluate these impacts are needed to encourage and allow for an integrated, regional-scale approach to management. Stochastic patch occu¬pancy models (SPOMs) represent a group of metapopulation models that are based only on the occupancy status and size and distribution (i.e., connectivity) of habitat patches. Application of such models may provide wildlife managers and landscape planners with useful tools to evaluate the potential impacts of future land-use changes (e.g., construc¬tion of new highways) on the persistence of wildlife populations at a regional scale and to determine how those impacts may be mitigated (e.g., establishing corridors). We developed a SPOM for the area encompassing the entire range of the Florida black bear (U. a. floridanus) and applied the model to quantify colonization and extinction rates of habitat patches across the network. We adjusted interpatch distances using least-cost distance analyses to account for char¬acteristics of the landscape (i.e., roads and land-cover types) and their potential effects on dispersal among patches. The best-fitting model incorporated effects of land-cover type and roads, including type of road. Using the parameter estimates of the best model, we performed a 25-year simulation of patch incidence to assess the potential for natural recolonization of unoccupied patches and to identify patches that may become extinct over the 25-year period. The simulation predicted only limited population expansion but also predicted low potential for extinction, thus occupancy patterns exhibited high stability. To demonstrate the potential utility of our model to managers and landscape planners, we applied our models to hypothetical management scenarios. We demonstrated how our model could be used to guide restoration efforts by identifying those patches within an assemblage that, if restocked, would maximize recolo¬nization potential for surrounding patches. We also demonstrated how our model could be used to assess impacts on connectivity among existing bear populations resulting from changes in landscape structure and composition (e.g., highway upgrades). Additionally, we applied the parameter estimates of the best model, tested the validity of its ap¬plication, and performed simulations for the area encompassing the entire range of the federally threatened Louisiana black bear (U. a. luteolus) and populations of the American black bear (U. a. americanus) in Arkansas. Although SPOMs may prove to be a valuable tool for regional-scale management of black bears in the southeastern Coastal Plain, we caution that the methodology used to develop our model has not been attempted for large carnivores and the reliability of our predictions has not been thoroughly tested. Thus, we emphasize that our model should be used in conjunction with other available information and not provide the sole basis for making management decisions.

North Carolina’s U.S. Highway 64 is currently being expanded from a two-lane road to a four-lane divided highway from Raleigh to the Outer Banks. Concerns exist that collisions with vehicles may affect the demographics of wildlife populations and that potential disturbances and fragmentation associated with the highway may affect the ecological integrity of the landscape, particularly with regard to large carnivores. In response to these concerns, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) included three wildlife underpasses into the design of a 19.3- km section of the new U.S. Highway 64 in Washington County. The locations of the wildlife underpasses were determined based on a study by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission during 1999. Areas that received frequent wildlife use were identified based on surveys of track counts, ditch crossings, and infrared cameras. The resulting data were used in combination with a geographic information system (GIS) to identify travel corridors for wildlife. Once the locations of the wildlife underpasses were established, the University of Tennessee initiated research in 2000 to determine whether wildlife passageways can mitigate impacts from highways. We chose a wideranging carnivore, the American black bear (Ursus americanus), as the focus species of our study because of its dependence on regional landscapes. We developed an experimental study design that will allow for collection of data before and after highway construction on a treatment and a control area. During the pre-construction phase of the study, we have collected over 6,000 locations on a total of 35 bears to document home-range sizes, activity patterns, movements, and habitat use. We are also analyzing 337 DNA samples from hair collected at 140 barbed-wire hair traps to estimate population density and to determine genetic relatedness within and among the two populations. Finally, we are using 243 photographs of wildlife from infrared cameras to measure use of the areas where the highway underpasses will be constructed. Field data collection during the pre-construction period was completed in June 2001; post-construction data will be gathered and compared after the anticipated completion of the highway in 2004.

In this paper we explore the phenomenon of writing online. We ask, "Is writing by means of online technologies affected in a manner that differs significantly from the older technologies of pen on paper, typewriter, or even the word processor in an off-line environment?" In writing online, the author is engaged in a spatial complexity of physical, temporal, imaginal, and virtual experience: the writing space, the space of the text, cyber space, etc. At times, these may provide a conduit to a writerly understanding of human phenomena. We propose that an examination of the phenomenological features of online writing may contribute to a more pedagogically sensitive understanding of the experiences of online seminars, teaching and learning.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a social cognitive intervention program for Dutch aggressive boys and to compare it with a social skills training and a waitlist control group. Method: A randomized, controlled treatment outcome study with 97 aggressive boys (aged 9-13 years) was presented. An 11 session group treatment, a social cognitive intervention program (n = 42) based on Dodge's social information-processing theory, was compared with social skills training (n = 40) and waitlist control group (n = 15). Measures of aggressive behavior, self-control, social cognitive skills, and appropriate social behavior were completed before and after the group treatment and at 1-year follow-up. Results: The outcome of both treatment conditions indicated (1) a significant increase in appropriate social behavior, social cognitive skills, and self-control and (2) a significant decrease in aggressive behavior. There was a significant difference between treatment and no treatment and between the social cognitive intervention program and social skills trainingon various child, parent, and teacher measures. Conclusions: The expectation that focusing on the deficits and distortions in social cognitive processes (social cognitive intervention program) instead of merely focusing on social skills (social skills training) would enhance the effectiveness was supported on child, parent, and teacher measures. At 1-year follow-up, the mean effect sizes of the social cognitive intervention program and social skills training were 0.76 and 0.56, respectively. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2004;43(12):1478-1487. Key Words: aggressive behavior; self-control, social information processing, cognitive behavior therapy, social skills training.

Discusses how the pedagogical task of teaching involves cultivating pathic dimensions of the epistemology of teaching practice. Teacher knowledge is pathic in that teaching depends on the teacher's presence, relational perspectives, tact for knowing how to act in contingent situations, thoughtful routines and practices, and other aspects of knowledge that are pre-reflective, pre-theoretic, pre-linguistic, and non-cognitive. (SM)

Explores the experiential subtleties of the moral vocabulary of case in terms of responsibilities to children as parents and educators. Finds that for many parents and teachers caring means worrying. Relates these "moral sensibilities" to the sense of pedagogical responsibility. (CMK)

Background: Wound assessment is a critical part of the care of hospitalized infants in neonatal intensive care. Early recognition and initiation of appropriate treatment of wounds are imperative to facilitate wound healing and avoid complications such as secondary infection and wound dehiscence. There are, however, no validated tools for assessing surgical wounds in infants. Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and interrogate a tool for the assessment of surgical wounds. Specific aims for the tool included interrater reliability (give a consistent and dependable result independent of user) and test criterion validity (give an accurate assessment of the wound compared with an expert). Methods: This was an exploratory cohort study involving a structured wound tool applied by nursing staff to 40 surgical wounds. The wounds were also assessed by wound experts (a pediatric wound care nurse and a pediatric surgeon). Comparisons were made to elucidate estimates of reliability and validity. Results: The wound tool demonstrated interrater reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.775 (95% CI, 0.665-0.862) as well as criterion validity with rank correlation coefficient of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.34-0.76) to 0.71 (95% CI, 0.53-0.88). To obtain 100% sensitivity to distinguish mild from moderate-severe wounds, a low cutoff score was needed. Implications for Practice and Research: Wound assessment continues to be a subjective exercise, even with the utilization of a tool. Additional research is needed for strategies to support the assessment of surgical wounds in infants. Such tools are needed for future research, particularly when multiple institutions are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the relationship between reflection and action and its importance in teaching when time for reflection before decision making is rarely available. Describes anticipatory reflection, active or interactive reflection, recollective reflection, and mindfulness or tact. Emphasizes the importance of tact to teaching as the teacher develops perceptiveness and intuitive insights. (DK)