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In this work, a comparative analysis was carried out by using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) as an electron transport layer (ETL). This numerical analysis was conducted using SCAPS-1D software, which stands for solar cell capacitance simulator-1 Dimensional. The two device structures were: FTO/TiO2/N719/ MoO3 and FTO/WS2/N719/MoO3. For TiO2 ETL-based devices, the PCE was 11.42%, with J sc, V oc, and FF values of 18.50 mA cm−2, 0.872 V, and 70.75%, respectively. By contrast, WS2-based devices achieved a PCE of 14.23% with J sc, V oc, and FF values of 20.86 mA cm−2, 0.880 V, and 77.43%, respectively. Based on the above-mentioned data, WS2 has better PV performance of the solar cell. WS2 exhibits high electron mobility, chemically stable, tunable bandgap, therefore a promising candidate to replace TiO2 as an ETL in future designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements for the chemical to act as a primary explosive, its importance, and the hazards associated with heavy‐metal‐based primary explosives are all well‐stated in this review. In addition, it outlined the limitations of the heavy‐metal‐free primary explosives already in use. This analysis underlines the importance of green primary explosives with updated information. It summarizes the possible candidates of metal‐free new generation green primary explosives, including their preparation routes, energetic properties, applications, and comparisons to traditional primary explosives. Furthermore, this analysis also aims to discuss the necessity for metal‐free primary explosives as well as the significant problem of replacing traditional primary explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]