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A 3‐year‐old, female, spayed, mixed breed dog developed progressive dyspnoea after exposure to waterproofing shoe spray. The dog developed severe hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, and was subsequently diagnosed with veterinary acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to chemical pneumonitis. Mechanical ventilation was initiated due to respiratory compromise. Severe hypercapnia persisted despite aggressive treatment. Unfortunately, the patient experienced cardiopulmonary arrest non‐responsive to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A postmortem examination was performed, revealing pulmonary haemorrhage, hyaline membrane formation and necrosis. These findings are supportive of a diagnosis of chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhalation of waterproofing shoe spray, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on Crotalinae envenomation‐induced wound swelling and severity and pain in dogs, and to describe the safety and complications of HBOT. Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded study (2017–2021). Setting: University teaching hospital, private veterinary practice. Animals: Thirty‐six client‐owned dogs presenting within 24 hours of a confirmed or suspected naturally occurring Crotalinae snake bite injury were enrolled between 2017 and 2021. Interventions: In addition to the standard of care treatment, dogs received 2 interventions with either HBOT (n = 19) or control (n = 16) within 24 hours of hospital admission. Dogs receiving HBOT were pressurized over 15 minutes (1 psi/min), maintained at a target pressure of 2 atmosphere absolute (ATA) for 30 minutes, and decompressed over 15 minutes. Control dogs received 1 ATA for 1 hour. Local wound swelling, wound severity score, and pain score were assessed at admission, before and after each intervention, and at hospital discharge. Measurements and Main Results: There was no significant difference in wound swelling (P = 0.414), severity score (P = 1.000), or pain score (P = 0.689) between HBOT and control groups. Pain decreased significantly over time regardless of the study intervention (P < 0.001). There were no major adverse effects associated with either study intervention. Conclusions: HBOT did not significantly alter the short‐term recovery from Crotalinae envenomation in this study population. However, the study might be underpowered to detect a significant treatment effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) was administered to a cat with no adverse effects. This case report postulates that ILE can be used for the treatment of carprofen toxicity in cats and supports the lipid sink theory as the main mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), clinical course, decontamination procedures, and outcome in dogs following grape or raisin ingestion. Design: Retrospective case series from 2005 to 2014. Setting: Three university veterinary teaching hospitals. Animals: One hundred thirty‐nine client‐owned dogs with known grape or raisin ingestion. Measurements and Main Results: Among dogs with biochemical data, the prevalence of AKI was 6.7% (8/120). The prevalence of AKI in the early presentation (3/67) and late (5/53) presentation groups were 4.5% and 9%, respectively. The prevalence of AKI was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.27). Four dogs (3.3%) were azotemic at presentation and 4 dogs (3.3%) had increases in creatinine of ≥26.5 µmol/L (0.3 mg/dL) at recheck (3 from the early and 1 from the late group). Vomiting was the most common clinical sign (18/139). One hundred twenty‐two dogs (88%) underwent gastrointestinal decontamination and significantly more dogs in the early group were decontaminated (P < 0.0001). Two dogs received continuous renal replacement therapy. One hundred thirty‐eight dogs survived and 1 died. Conclusions: The prevalence of AKI and mortality was low in dogs with confirmed grape or raisin ingestion. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, conclusions about the utility of gastrointestinal decontamination and other therapies cannot be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether heparinized saline (HS) would be more effective in maintaining the patency of central venous catheters (CVCs) in dogs compared to 0.9% sodium chloride. This was a prospective randomized blinded study conducted at a University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Methods: A total of 24 healthy purpose-bred dogs were randomized into two groups: a treatment and a control group. A CVC was placed in the jugular vein of each dog. Each dog in the treatment group had their CVC flushed with 10 IU/mL HS, while dogs in the control group had their CVC flushed with 0.9% sodium chloride every 6 h for 72 h. Immediately prior to flushing, each catheter was evaluated for patency by aspiration of blood. The catheter site was also evaluated for phlebitis, and a rectal temperature was obtained in each dog every 6 h. Prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) times were evaluated prior to the administration of any flush solution. Results: were then compared to values obtained 72 h later. Results All CVCs in both groups were patent after 72 h, which was demonstrated by aspiration of blood and ease of flushing the catheter. Two CVCs in the 0.9% sodium chloride group had a negative aspiration at hour 12 and 36, respectively. One CVC in the HS group had a negative aspiration at hour 18. Signs of phlebitis occurred in three dog: two in the 0.9% sodium chloride group and one in the HS group. No dog was hyperthermic (>103 °F). Two catheters were inadvertently removed by dogs in the HS group during the study. There were no significant differences in catheter patency, incidence of phlebitis, or incidence of negative aspirations between both groups. aPTT and PT values remained within the normal reference range for all dogs in both groups. Ultimately, 0.9% sodium chloride was as effective as 10 IU/mL HS in maintaining the patency of CVCs for up to 72 h in healthy dogs. Further evaluation in clinical patients is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate initial tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) in dogs presenting to an emergency room (ER) for acute hemorrhage. Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Thirty‐eight dogs with acute hemorrhage were enrolled between July 2009 and October 2010. Seventy‐eight normal dogs from a previous observational study were included to represent healthy controls (“no shock”). Interventions: Tissue oxygen saturation measurement was obtained at enrollment on dogs presented to the ER for acute hemorrhage. Baseline clinicopathologic (CBC, serum biochemical profile, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time) and physiologic (plasma lactate concentration, venous blood gas, blood pressure, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry) data were recorded from all patients with hemorrhage. An ER clinician blinded to the StO2 value guided patient management. Patient survival to discharge from the hospital in the study group was recorded. Once data collection was complete, 3 emergency and critical care clinicians blinded to the StO2 data retrospectively classified patients into 1 of 4 shock categories (no shock, mild, moderate, or severe shock). Measurements and Main Results: The historical group of healthy dogs had higher StO2 concentrations compared to the dogs classified with shock at all 3 levels (mild, moderate, and severe, P = 0.0006, <0.0001, and 0.0018, respectively); however, there was no statistical difference in StO2 between the levels of shock. A cut‐off StO2 value of 87.6% identified a patient as having shock (area under the curve: 0.824, 95% confidence interval 0.749, 0.899). Conclusions: Dogs with hemorrhagic shock have lower StO2 than a population of healthy dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective– To describe the clinical and laboratory features, treatment, and outcome of cats with a history of potpourri oil exposure. Design– Retrospective study. Setting– Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals– Six client-owned cats. Measurements and Main Results– The medical records of animals with oral or lingual ulceration and exposure to potpourri oil from January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed. Information obtained from the medical records included signalment, product to which the animal was exposed, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic test results, treatment, duration of hospitalization, and outcome. Six cats qualified for inclusion in the study; 3 were castrated males and 3 were spayed females. Age range was 0.3–3.6 years. All cats had severe oral and lingual ulceration. Additional clinical findings included hyperthermia, tachypnea, ptyalism, and lethargy. Treatment of these cats included IV fluids, analgesic therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and gastrointestinal protectants. Two of these cats received an esophagostomy tube for nutritional support. Duration of hospitalization was 0–5 days. All cats survived to discharge. Follow-up for 3 cats revealed complete healing of the oral ulceration. Conclusions– Potpourri oil toxicity should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any cat with oral and lingual ulceration. Prognosis for recovery is good with supportive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe resuscitation patterns of critically bleeding dogs, including those receiving massive transfusion (MT). Design: Retrospective study from three universities (2007-2013). Animals: Critically bleeding dogs, defined as dogs who received ≥ 25 ml/kg of blood products for treatment of hemorrhagic shock caused by blood loss. Measurements and Main Results: Sixty-nine dogs were included. Sources of critical bleeding were trauma (26.1%), intra/perioperative surgical period (26.1%), miscellaneous (24.6%), and spontaneous hemoabdomen (23.1%). Median (range) age was 7 years (0.5-18). Median body weight was 20 kg (2.6-57). Median pre-transfusion hematocrit, total protein, systolic blood pressure, and lactate were 25% (10-63), 4.1 g/dl (2-7.1), 80 mm Hg (20-181), and 6.4 mmol/L (1.1-18.2), respectively. Median blood product volume administered was 44 ml/kg (25-137.4). Median plasma to red blood cell ratio was 0.8 (0-4), and median non-blood product resuscitation fluid to blood product ratio was 0.5 (0-3.6). MT was given to 47.8% of dogs. Survival rate was 40.6%. The estimated odds of survival were higher by a factor of 1.8 (95% CI: 1.174, 3.094) for a dog with 1 g/dl higher total protein above reference interval and were lower by a factor of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.340, 0.915) per 100% prolongation of partial thromboplastin time above the reference interval. No predictors of MT were identified. Conclusions: Critical bleeding in dogs was associated with a wide range of resuscitation patterns and carries a guarded to poor prognosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tucker, Winner, Reeves, Cooper, Hall, Schildt, Brown and Guillaumin.)