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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the study is to develop methodological support for assessing the economic efficiency of investment when implementing projects for mineral deposits development, including investments in coal deposits development. Specific features of the content of these projects implementation process have been considered both in terms of investment result and its components, and in terms of composition and investment structure, which affect the methodology used and the corresponding methods of efficiency indicators calculation. The author’s approach and specific formulas for assessing the economic efficiency of investment when implementing projects for mineral deposits development have been outlined and substantiated. The projects are based on the use of newly created value indicator such as internal income of enterprises and organizations as a result of investment and investment activity. In its economic content it corresponds to the country’s internal national income indicator, which is the financial basis for the functioning and existence of the state. The formulas for calculating the indicators of economic efficiency of investments and capital investments in development and exploitation of mineral deposits of specific investors without considering the costs of production and social infrastructure have been given.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Net Smelter Return (NSR) is a mine's net revenues less off-site costs. Three procedures for computation of the NSR of polymetallic mineralization are in common use: calculated values, "soft" estimates, and "mine-specific" estimates. Calculated NSRs are the actual NSRs realized by a mine. The calculated NSR of a block of mineralization is not an inherent property of that mineralization: it will depend on who mines it. Calculated NSRs provide the basis for legal obligations such as financial reporting and royalty payments to outside parties. However, recipients of NSR royalties find it difficult to audit what they are paid. Thus, to avoid lawsuits, royalty payments should be based on Gross Revenues (GRRs) rather than NSRs. Soft estimates of NSRs, based on statistical analysis of comparable situations, can be used in exploration to clarify assays of complex mineralization. Mine-specific NSRs are increasingly used by mines to specify cut-off grades. However, NSRs were devised for accounting purposes and they cannot be used as the only basis for distinguishing ore from waste. This paper proposes that the use of "Net NSRs," which include on-site costs as well as off-site costs, would be preferable for grade control. The use of Net NSRs would also permit grade-control geologists to function as the mine gate-keepers: alert to changes in profitability and environmental and health issues, both at the mine and among the mine's neighbors and customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the usual result of full adoption of a superior technology induced by pure royalty licensing may not hold when firms have different production technologies. By modeling a Cournot licensing game with an external innovator that offers per-unit royalty contracts to downstream firms, this article shows that full adoption of the innovation occurs only if (1) the new technology is sufficiently more efficient than the best one that is available in the market; or (2) if the firms have similar efficiency levels. Moreover, I disentangle two distinct forces that influence the innovator's choice: a price effect (PE) and a market share effect (MSE). The former highlights the asymmetry in willingness to pay for the latest technology. The inefficient firms, which benefit the most from the cost-reducing innovation, are willing to pay a higher price to become a licensee than are their efficient rivals. The latter illustrates the innovator's aim to maximize the volume of royalties that are collected by licensing to many firms. When PE dominates MSE, the patent holder sets a higher royalty rate and attracts fewer, less efficient firms. Otherwise, if MSE dominates, the patent holder reduces the royalty rate and attracts more firms so as to reach as many consumers as possible. From a policy perspective, I show that royalty licensing improves consumer surplus and that the positive effect increases with the number of licensees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern tax systems are characterized with the need for an economically justified and legally correct determination of the tax consequences of operations carried out in the context of the use of complex ambiguous models of contractual relations (business models). Taxation when using such models, as a rule, is accompanied by the need to conduct an analysis aimed at clarifying the essential economically justified reason of either the business model as a whole, or individual elements of the operations carried out, for example, the essence of certain payments made by the taxpayer or in his favor. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that one of the most relevant areas of research in this area is a set of issues related to the methodology for determining the customs value of goods as a basis for calculating customs duties. In some countries, it is one of the components of the tax base for value added tax and excise taxes paid as part of customs payments. At the same time, the study of both Russian and international experience shows the special significance of the scientific development of two directions in this area, namely: formation of methodological approaches to the concept of an actual buyer of goods, the customs value of which is determined; qualification based on the actual economically justified reason of individual payments, including those that are not formally included in the customs value of goods based on the principles formulated by the World Trade Organization. As part of the scientific development of the above questions, the results of which are presented in the article, the following research methods were used: analytical, graphic, generalization and economic modeling.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the investment of government take -- royalties and special participation - arising from exploration of natural resources, especially oil, natural gas and other liquid hydrocarbons, in education, as carried out by the Municipalities from Costa Verde, Médio Paraíba and South-Central Region from the State of Rio de Janeiro in 2018. From bibliographic and document research, we analyzed the information available at the State General Accounting Office of Rio de Janeiro, Transparency and/or Municipal Finance Department websites. This paper shows, among other results, that 12 (48%) of the 25 Municipalities comprising the three regions under this research do not have any evidence of paying education expenses with funds from these revenues. Thus, it is observed that there are many challenges regarding the proper application of revenues from government participation of natural resources in education in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the production of novels in Costa Rica from 1873 to 1989 based on a systematic quantification of data from various bibliographic catalogues. Attention is paid to their temporal and geographical distribution, the means used to publish them --newspapers, magazines or books-- and the number of editions and translations they achieved, that instead of analyzing the literary dimension of the works. Likewise, novelists are considered in terms of their nationality and gender, the age at which their first novel was published, as well as their occupation, education, and productivity. It is concluded that, despite the efforts of the State to improve the conditions of publication and commercialization, the Costa Rican novel did not become an activity that allowed writers to live off the income generated by copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Fiscal is the property of Revista de Derecho Fiscal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Contables is the property of Apuntes Contables and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oil and gas leases between mineral owners and extraction firms typically specify a date by which the firm must either drill a well or lose the lease. These deadlines are known as primary terms. Using data from the Louisiana shale boom, we first show that well drilling is substantially bunched just before the primary term deadline. This bunching is not necessarily surplus‐reducing: using an estimated model of firms' drilling and input choices, we show that primary terms can increase total surplus by countering the effects of leases' royalties, as royalties are a tax on revenue and delay drilling. These benefits are reduced, however, when production outcomes are sensitive to drilling inputs and when drilling one well indefinitely extends the period of time during which additional wells may be drilled. We enrich the model to consider mineral owners' lease offers and find small effects of primary terms on owners' revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many cultures contributed to the invention of zero, but how to apportion credit? This article explores a new way to do so: imagine royalties were due for every usage of zero, and then figure out how these should be divided among present-day countries. We report on what such a divided allocation might look like, and give reactions, both positive and negative, to it. We also explore how such ideas might be relevant in terms of potential exploitation of the Indian cyber market by foreign corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Royalties constitute an important source of non-tax public revenue. It suffices to prove this that legislative and regulatory texts resort to imposing or constantly adjusting their rate. The legal treatment of royalties was not easy, as it was necessary to study them in various laws in order to determine their content, elicit general ideas related to them, and finally clarify the rules that govern the determination of their value. The royalty is studied in Egyptian and French laws. The latter law is of great importance in the study. Accordingly, the research deals with the subject of the royalty in two main chapters: The first chapter presents the general ideas of the royalty by defining its content and characteristics and distinguishing it from other ideas and indicating its types. As for the second chapter, it deals with how to estimate royalties, whether property royalties or service fees provided.

Resource nationalism has been an area of interest among researchers and policy makers at local and global levels. This is triggered by the fact that governments and various stakeholders are interested in determining how natural resources benefit individual citizens in their countries. This paper draws from a study that investigated the role of resource nationalism in improving community benefits in Geita region, Tanzania. Data collection was conducted through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and documentary review. Results from the study revealed that local community benefits in terms of revenue collections and projects being implemented have increased. For instance, in a period of four years (2017/18 to 2020/21) after the enactment of mining laws of 2017, a total of TZS663bn was collected as compared to TZS197bn collected for the same period before the enactment of the mining laws. As per the number of projects implemented through CSR, the results indicated that it increased from 15 in 2014/15 to 129 in 2020/21; covering sectors such as education, health, infrastructure and the empowerment of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Furthermore, the paper reveals that there have been improvements in community participation as compared to previous years; and recommends more improvements in community participation and transparency in corporate social responsibility (CSR) projects to ensure its sustainability. It also recommends policy actions for setting the amount of CSR for mining companies to contribute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government issues Regulation Government Number 56 of 2021 concerning Management Royalty Right Create Song and or Music as well as Regulation of the Minister of Law and Rights basic Man Number 20 of 2021 concerning Regulation Implementation Regulation Government Number 56 of 2021 concerning Management Royalty Right Create Song and or Music as regulation implementation from Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Right Create. One points urgent from second regulation the is mandate formation and development System Information Song and or Responsible music answer on administration and management royalty right create on songs and music used by users as a system integrated information. System Information Song and or Music is one effort government for give protection law on right create songs and music owned by creator. This post will use method study qualitative with approach descriptive comparing evaluation existence System Information Song and or Relative music new in Indonesia with practice international, in Thing this is United States of America as a country with industry music largest and commercialization. right create digital song has been recognized by wide.

Increased mobility of people, capital, goods and services globally, but also developing a complex economic, political and cultural context, both at national and European level, make it necessary to carefully regulate the taxation of intellectual property income. Royalties are an important source of income; states and the European Union play an active role to establish the way these are paid and taxed. The widespread use of trademarks, patents, artistic, literary and scientific works, determines the regulation of royalties payment, collection and taxation, both national and European level. Globalization, exchanges between states, industrialization, complex production processes, these are just some of the factors that determined increasing use of royalties either for know-how, trademarks and patents, or for literary, artistic or scientific works. The efforts of those involved, states, international organizations and more, must be focused on a distribution of the power to tax covering all situations, income and capital, preventing both, an income from being taxed twice, or, not to be taxed at all.

The World Customs Organization (WCO) Technical Committee on Customs Valuation (TCCV) has the responsibility to examine specific cases arising from problems when applying the World Trade Organization (WTO) Customs Valuation Agreement (CVA). During the 50th, 51st, 52nd and 53rd TCCV sessions, three cases reached consensus and were published as instruments: Advisory Opinions 4.18, 4.19 and 24.1. All three address difficulties WTO members face when dealing with royalties as compulsory adjustments. Compulsory services adjustments are probably the most relevant example of the complexity of the WTO CVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a aplicabilidade dos royalties repassados pela Hidrelétrica Binacional de Itaipu, observando seusimpactos no campo educacional. A assinatura do Tratado de Itaipu, em 1973, ocorreu mediante tensões políticas a partir dos interesses geopolíticos, no contexto da Guerra Fria em face do modelo nacional-desenvolvimentista em plena Ditadura Civil-Militar (1964-1985). A construção da usina produziu mudanças significativas no cenário econômico, social e territorial nos municípios lindeiros ao lago de Itaipu. Grande parte da população que vivia em áreas rurais foi evacuada, deixando terras produtivas submersas a uma grande quantidade de água, para assim, dar lugar ao projeto da construção da maior hidrelétrica do mundo da época. A formação do reservatório inundou uma grande área dos municípios ao lago de Itaipu, estando Santa Helena e Itaipulândia entre os maiores atingidos, vindo a perder uma grande parte de suas áreas produtivas, sendo, portanto, os maiores recebedores das parcelas dos royalties, conforme previsto na Constituição Federal de 1988, em seu Art. 20. A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, procuramos fazer uma análise dos investimentos realizados na educação nesses municípios. Os repasses efetuados criaram possibilidades, expectativas e perspectivas de ampliação e melhorias das escolas públicas na região oeste do Paraná.

In 1980, the Federal Mining Act was introduced to govern the use of the German subsurface. By paying royalties, companies can get permission to exploit resources. Yet, there is no official report breaking down the payments for hydrocarbons and lignite, in particular regarding the effectively levied fees. Hence, the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the ownership and paid royalties, and to discuss the sustainable use and management of the German subsurface in the face of ecological, social, and economic impacts of resource exploitation. Our analysis shows that the subsurface is partly state- and partly company-owned. Lignite is almost exclusively privately owned by two companies. In contrast, hydrocarbons are predominantly state-owned. In 2017, on average 13% was paid in royalties for gas and 11% for petroleum. These royalties have minor impact on state budgets. For instance, in the concerned state of Lower Saxony, the levies amount to 189 million € or 0.6% of the state budget. Thus, the state income from royalties is low. However, local communities and property owners have no financial benefits. Finally, to obtain a more sustainable use of subsurface, the current Federal Mining Act must be adapted to account for environmental and social impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article analyzes the financial participation of mining royalties in the budget of municipalities belonging to the state of Minas Gerais, which received such resources in the period from 2009 to 2018. Methodology: Using techniques of descriptive analysis of the data, it was identified the the representativeness of mining royalties in the composition of the municipalities' budget, especially in view of taxes collected by the company. In addition, opinions from the Minas Gerais State Court of Auditors (TCE-MG) were analyzed, which examined the receipt and application of resources from mining by the municipalities. Main findings: The study indicates that although royalties contribute to the increase in budget revenues, they also tend to increase the degree of financial dependence of governments in relation to their resources, reducing the fiscal effort. This effect most evident in municipalities that have received greater transfers of mining royalties and have a smaller population. As for the largest mining municipalities in Minas Gerais, the reports of the State Audit Court indicated low commitment to implementing policies to diversify the local economy. Academic contributions: The survey presents data on the financial dependence of Minas Gerais municipalities in relation to mining royalties, especially those with the smallest population and which received the largest transfers. Practical contributions: Members of executive and legislative branches of mining municipalities, as well as of Courts of Accounts, will be able to identify the representativeness of mining royalties in the municipal budget, as well as verify the self-sustainability of governments, in the absence or reduction of mining activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET) is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional Economico e Tributario (RDIET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the competitive, increasingly international music business, publishers are developing new ways to increase effectiveness and efficiency of the monetization of the copyrights they own or manage. Driven by various needs, publishers become entrepreneurs in new markets by choosing the path of direct memberships in foreign copyright collecting societies, rather than entrusting sub-publishers or taking the detour through their domestic copyright collecting society. Since with great power comes great responsibility, publishers as entrepreneurs are pursuing various economic opportunities, but at the same time are also facing great challenges. This paper aims at studying the motivation, obstacles and potentials and deriving possible solutions for this step and thus improving the understanding of as well as supporting publishers in this entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual Property is continuously present in different manifestations of daily life. However, not all people fully understand what this means, especially for authors of artistic or scientific creations, or for inventors. Given this scenario, it is essential to claim the role of the creator and its economic impact on society; in order to increase the incentives to materialize creative ideas of the human intellect that, inevitably, contribute to the production of science and culture.

The purpose of the article. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the state of seed production in the country and the state of scientific support for the organization of state regulation of seed production in Ukraine to offer scientifically sound proposals for its improvement, using the experience of advanced countries in crop production. To substantiate measures aimed at improving the system of payment of royalties and domestic legislation in the field of crop production, to provide proposals to reduce the dependence of agricultural production on seed imports. Research methods. Methods used: monographic (analysis of the state of scientific support of the organization of state regulation of seed production in the country); statistical (to reflect the state of domestic seed production in quantitative and cost terms through a system of absolute and relative indicators); analysis of time series, structural changes (for analysis and identification of trends in seed production in Ukraine); tabular and graphical (visual display of research results in the form of tables and graphs), comparison (comparison of economic indicators), abstract-logical (generalization and formulation of conclusions). Research results. The current state and prospects of scientific support of the organization of state regulation of seed production development in Ukraine are analyzed. Problems of development of domestic seed production are defined. The experience of leading countries in the field of seed production and the possibility of its use in Ukraine are highlighted. Scientific novelty. The existing information on the organization of state regulation of seed production development in Ukraine is summarized. Proposals have been developed to improve its scientific support. New, scientifically substantiated approaches to improving the system of royalties, regulatory framework and identified ways to reduce the import dependence of seeds are proposed. Practical significance. The proposed ways to overcome the existing problems in the industry will raise it to the level of world powers through a change in approaches to royalty payments, increase the productivity of seed farms and improve the legal acts governing seed production in Ukraine. Tabl.: 5. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campos dos Goytacazes, localizada na região Norte Fluminense, vivenciou nas duas últimas décadas significativas transformações na paisagem urbana, alavancadas pela dinâmica de distribuição de royalties e participações especiais da produção petrolífera e pela intensificação das atividades e investimentos do mercado imobiliário. A expansão da mancha urbana ocorre junto às mudanças no ordenamento de uso e ocupação do solo que contribuem para o processo de espraiamento e fragmentação urbana. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar, por meio da elaboração de mapas temáticos, o papel da legislação urbanística nas transformações da paisagem nas bordas urbanas da cidade, relacionando a estrutura fundiária historicamente marcada por raízes coloniais, a legislação de uso e ocupação do solo e as transformações na paisagem ocorridas nas décadas de 2000 e 2010.

O objetivo do estudo foi averiguar o reflexo nos valores dos investimentos em educação e segurança pública que os municípios de Sergipe teriam com a aprovação do Projeto de Lei 7.321 de 2014. Para o alcance do desiderato realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando-se do teste de diferença entre médias Wilcoxon. As simulações foram realizadas com base nos relatórios financeiros de 2015 a 2019. Os resultados apontaram que quanto à educação não haveria uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa dos recursos para o setor, enquanto que na área da segurança pública o incremento orçamentário seria relevante, garantindo recursos para boa parte dos municípios que não têm investido nenhum valor neste aspecto. O estudo trouxe uma ampliação da discussão sobre aplicação dos royalties de petróleo além da saúde e da educação permitindo a reflexão do corpo legislativo acerca da possibilidade de ajuste visando garantir investimento em outras áreas. Além disso, permite verificar a possibilidade de um melhor ajustamento orçamentário para tais áreas, visando uma alocação mais apropriada dos recursos não permitindo que áreas essenciais sejam esquecidas ou deixadas de lado na gestão local.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a aplicabilidade dos royalties de Itaipu, observando seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos no campo educacional. A assinatura do Tratado de Itaipu, em 1973, ocorreu mediante tensões políticas a partir dos interesses geopolíticos, no contexto da Guerra Fria em face do modelo nacional-desenvolvimentista durante a Ditadura Civil-Militar (1964-1985), no contexto da expansão do capitalismo. Para a formação do reservatório foi preciso inundar uma grande área dos municípios chamados lindeiros ao lago de Itaipu, estando Santa Helena e Itaipulândia entre os maiores atingidos, vindo a perder uma grande parte de suas áreas produtivas, por isso, esses são os maiores recebedores das parcelas dos royalties. Diante disso, procuramos fazer uma análise dos investimentos realizados na educação destes municípios, por parte dos gestores. Os repasses efetuados pela usina criaram possibilidades, expectativas e perspectivas de ampliação e melhorias das escolas. Os repasses financeiros efetuados pela usina de Itaipu permitiram novas possibilidades de ampliação e melhorias para as escolas públicas na região oeste do Paraná.O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a aplicabilidade dos royalties de Itaipu, observando seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos no campo educacional. A assinatura do Tratado de Itaipu, em 1973, ocorreu mediante tensões políticas a partir dos interesses geopolíticos, no contexto da Guerra Fria em face do modelo nacional-desenvolvimentista durante a Ditadura Civil-Militar (1964-1985), no contexto da expansão do capitalismo. Para a formação do reservatório foi preciso inundar uma grande área dos municípios chamados lindeiros ao lago de Itaipu, estando Santa Helena e Itaipulândia entre os maiores atingidos, vindo a perder uma grande parte de suas áreas produtivas, por isso, esses são os maiores recebedores das parcelas dos royalties. Diante disso, procuramos fazer uma análise dos investimentos realizados na educação destes municípios, por parte dos gestores. Os repasses efetuados pela usina criaram possibilidades, expectativas e perspectivas de ampliação e melhorias das escolas. Os repasses financeiros efetuados pela usina de Itaipu permitiram novas possibilidades de ampliação e melhorias para as escolas públicas na região oeste do Paraná.

Franchising has presented itself as a solid and effective business model, as its systems have been tested and approved, in addition to brand recognition in the market, it has become an excellent investment alternative. With the participation of franchises in the commercial market of Guarabira-PB together with the few academic researches developed in the commerce of that location, it was necessary to know the reason for the adhesion of this system, by the entrepreneurs of this region, as well as to identify the benefits and challenges offered by this franchising system. The present study aimed to identify the reasons, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of opening franchises in the city of Guarabira-PB. In this sense, he proposed to develop this work through the application of research questionnaires carried out in the franchises of the region of Guarabira-PB, in order to analyze it descriptively obtaining results according to the perception of the interviewees of this location. It can be seen, through the analysis of the data obtained, satisfactory results, the brand as a motivational factor for joining the system, as well as the fact that its recognition together with the ready structure generate benefits for franchisees; the payment of fees and royalties is the biggest challenge of this business structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid-March 2020 made adjustments in all areas of our normal lives. All spheres of the world economy suffer from huge losses. This results in inevitable changes that should be made quickly and appropriate measures requiring their immediate implementation. Absolutely all countries suffer from COVID-19 pandemic consequences and its devastating impact on all areas of the national economy. The franchising field is not the exception. According to statistics, the largest number of franchises of the service sector, which is the most one suffering from the introduction of strict quarantine measures. The lack of permission for full-fledged work, as in the pre-quarantine period, left some networks without any revenue at all. This was the impetus for changing the formats of franchises, if possible, or for their complete closure. After all, not all franchisors could pay royalties at low earnings, and some even had to face their complete absence. Therefore, closing for some formats was the best solution. Those who managed to preserve the format, with possible changes, faced a new reality, where it was necessary to take into account not only the interests of consumers, but also the new quarantine rules. That is why the analysis of franchising during the pandemic is very important. The work of franchising during COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine and post-quarantine measures are analyzed in this paper. Their direct influence on the work organization is analyzed as well. Analysis of the potential entrepreneurs readiness to buy franchise in comparison with the purchase of ready-made business model and starting your own business from scratch is carried out. The main world directions where it is important to open and develop franchise networks to be relevant and in demand are identified. It is considered how domestic networks respond to the quarantine measures, which anti-crisis means are used for their enterprises, which new formats are set up on the basis of the main enterprises. The loyalty of some franchisors and their anti-crisis measures for the franchisee are also investigated. The loyalty of some owners makes it possible to maintain their network in economically difficult times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent US federal court rulings have provided new guidance on the use of economic models of bargaining in estimating reasonable royalty damages in patent cases. After reviewing relevant case law and providing an overview of the bargaining range approach, we describe one analytic method (the Rubinstein Bargaining Model) for developing a quantitative starting point with which to divide a bargaining range and explain how it can be tied, at least in part, to the facts and circumstances of the parties around the time of the Hypothetical Negotiation. We also describe how this approach can be used in conjunction with an analysis of other quantitative and qualitative factors related to the bargaining power of the parties, to help estimate reasonable royalty damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All business entities, regardless of their form of ownership, must obey established rules, when paying for the right to use licenses for inventions, renting films, publishing books, products, patents, innovations. The calculation of the amount of payment is carried out in accordance with the bilateral agreement. Calculating royalties, based on profits earned by an enterprise, has certain disadvantages. Many of the most diverse factors affect the volume of profit. The author’s approach and the method of determining the value of royalties for the development of mineral resources have been explained in the article. Their basis consists of: determining the value of economic rent as a result of the extraction and sale of mineral resources; ensuring, that mining companies receive income on their production capital at a level not lower than the average for the country’s economy as a whole.

Branding of companies and products are comparative advantages that can provide growth and development of the company. Estimating the brand in companies is necessary for the purpose of analyzing and determining whether planned investments in the brand will provide the company with adequate wages. In order to achieve this goal, marketing managers need to get to know the value of the brand and the methodology of valuation. By analyzing domestic business practice, it was established that marketing managers do not have enough knowledge about the problem of brand values and methodology of valuation. The aim of the research is to analyze and understand the methodology of valuating the brand based on the combined methods of valuing, in discounting cash flows and royalties. This would indicate the need for more active access to the branding and investment strategy in order to satisfy the interests of companies and consumers.

We show that the comparison of the two-part licensing mechanisms considered in the San Martín and Saracho (2015) context is exactly identical to that in Colombo and Filippini (J Econ 118:47–76, 2016) context. This means that the results obtained in Colombo and Filippini (J Econ 118:47–76, 2016) when the patentee chooses between per-unit and ad valorem royalties are incorrect. We conclude that when the convexity of the cost function is not too low, the patentee prefers to license by means of a royalty on the value of sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The licensing of intellectual property (IP) is growing dramatically. A distinguishing feature of licensing versus standard sales is that license contracts often involve self-reporting; the licensor relies on the licensee to report the royalties owed. This study examines self-reporting licensing contracts using a game-theoretic approach to royalty compliance. A licensee’s accounting system generates a potentially inaccurate royalty report provided to the licensor. This self-reporting gives rise to demand for auditing by the licensor. We characterize the optimal royalty contract, accounting system choice by the licensee, and audit strategy choice by the licensor. We find that self-reporting either (a) limits the licensee’s rents, but lowers social welfare, or (b) enhances social welfare by facilitating use of the IP by the low-cost licensee instead of the high-cost licensor. As accounting system costs decrease or the gains from outsourcing increase, variable royalties based on self-reporting become even more desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A few years ago, large hydrocarbon reserves were discovered in a region called pre-salt, which extends over 800 km of the Brazilian coast, at a depth of about seven thousand meters above sea level. The Federal Government owns the mineral resources found in the marine subsoil within the continental shelf, but the exploitation of this material, although considered a monopoly, may be permitted according to regulatory regimes provided for in the legislation. The general objective of this research is to examine the concession and sharing regimes for the pre-salt blocks, in order to promote a discussion on the hypothetically most viable model in terms of government revenues. It is not about to point out a system as ideal, but the hypothesis seeks to demonstrate that the production sharing regime has brought significant advances in prospecting, allowing a new way of costing exploration. The research has a deductive methodology, with eminently bibliographic support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way that the taxes transferred by mining companies to local governments through royalties is used has been pointed out in the literature as being essential to foster social transformation in the municipalities where the mining takes place. Thus, this study seeks to assess the relative efficiency of public financial management in the largest mining municipalities in Brazil and how this has been reflected in their respective social performance. To fulfill the proposed objective, we used a quantitative approach through the technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist index. The results showed that there was an evolution in improving the technical efficiency of public spending management between the years 2013 and 2016. However, the absolute majority of the largest mining municipalities in the country still show a lack of efficiency: In 2016, out of 55 municipalities of the sample, only seven of them showed technical efficiency and nine showed improvement in the productivity index. The efficiency calculated by the Malmquist index showed an improvement in productivity (TFP) over the period analyzed, but even so, the overall average was below expectations. In addition, it was found that despite the sample in this study being composed of municipalities that collect the highest amounts of royalties in Brazil, only 23.3% have a value above 0.8 of the FIRJAN index, which means high development. This study contributes to filling discussions in the literature that address the relationship between mining and social development, in addition to expanding the theme of efficiency in public spending through robust empirical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]