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Abstract The Arctic-Boreal region is projected to experience spatially divergent trends in snow depth following climate change. However, the impact of these spatial trends has remained largely unexplored, despite potentially large consequences for the carbon cycle. To address this knowledge gap, we forced a customised arctic version of the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS with daily CMIP6 outputs from a global climate model (MRI-ESM2-0) under three climate scenarios. We find that snow depths increased the most in the coldest, northernmost regions, insulating the soil, which led to increased heterotrophic respiration and reduced carbon residence times. We emphasise the need for improved projections of future snow depth - in particular diverging trends across landscapes - to more accurately simulate the strength of Arctic-Boreal carbon feedbacks and their impact on global climate.

Abstract Globally, solar projects are being rapidly built or planned, particularly in high solar potential regions with high energy demand. However, their energy generation potential is highly related to the weather condition. Here we use state-of-the-art Earth system model simulations to investigate how large photovoltaic solar farms in the Sahara Desert could impact the global cloud cover and solar generation potential through disturbed atmospheric teleconnections. The results indicate negative impacts on solar potential in North Africa (locally), Middle East, Southern Europe, India, Eastern China, Japan, Eastern Australia, and Southwestern US, and positive impacts in Central and South America, the Caribbean, Central & Eastern US, Scandinavia and South Africa, reaching a magnitude of ±5% in remote regions seasonally. Diagnostics suggest that large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are responsible for the global impacts. International cooperation is essential to mitigate the potential risks of future large-scale solar projects in drylands, which could impact energy production.

Abstract Strong, ongoing high-latitude warming is causing changes to vegetation composition and plant productivity, modifying plant emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). In the sparsely populated high latitudes with clean background air, climate feedback resulting from BVOCs as precursors of atmospheric aerosols could be more important than elsewhere on the globe. Here, we quantitatively assess changes in vegetation composition, BVOC emissions, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation under different climate scenarios. We show that warming-induced vegetation changes largely determine the spatial patterns of future BVOC impacts on SOA. The northward advances of boreal needle-leaved woody species result in increased SOA optical depth by up to 41%, causing cooling feedback. However, areas with temperate broad-leaved trees replacing boreal needle-leaved trees likely experience a large decline in monoterpene emissions and SOA formation, causing warming feedback. We highlight the necessity of considering warming-induced vegetation shifts when assessing land radiative feedback on climate following the BVOC-SOA pathway.

Abstract Human visual systems have evolved to extract ecologically relevant information from complex scenery. In some cases, the face in the crowd visual search task demonstrates an anger superiority effect, where anger is allocated preferential attention. Across three studies (N = 419), we tested whether facial hair guides attention in visual search and influences the speed of detecting angry and happy facial expressions in large arrays of faces. In Study 1, participants were faster to search through clean-shaven crowds and detect bearded targets than to search through bearded crowds and detect clean-shaven targets. In Study 2, targets were angry and happy faces presented in neutral backgrounds. Facial hair of the target faces was also manipulated. An anger superiority effect emerged that was augmented by the presence of facial hair, which was due to the slower detection of happiness on bearded faces. In Study 3, targets were happy and angry faces presented in either bearded or clean-shaven backgrounds. Facial hair of the background faces was also systematically manipulated. A significant anger superiority effect was revealed, although this was not moderated by the target’s facial hair. Rather, the anger superiority effect was larger in clean-shaven than bearded face backgrounds. Together, results suggest that facial hair does influence detection of emotional expressions in visual search, however, rather than facilitating an anger superiority effect as a potential threat detection system, facial hair may reduce detection of happy faces within the face in the crowd paradigm.

We estimated the CH4 budget in Finland for 2004–2014 using the CTE-CH4 data assimilation system with an extended atmospheric CH4 observation network of seven sites from Finland to surrounding regions (Hyytiälä, Kjølnes, Kumpula, Pallas, Puijo, Sodankylä, and Utö). The estimated average annual total emission for Finland is 0.6 ± 0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. Sensitivity experiments show that the posterior biospheric emission estimates for Finland are between 0.3 and 0.9 Tg CH4 yr−1, which lies between the LPX-Bern-DYPTOP (0.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) and LPJG-WHyMe (2.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) process-based model estimates. For anthropogenic emissions, we found that the EDGAR v4.2 FT2010 inventory (0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1) is likely to overestimate emissions in southernmost Finland, but the extent of overestimation and possible relocation of emissions are difficult to derive from the current observation network. The posterior emission estimates were especially reliant on prior information in central Finland. However, based on analysis of posterior atmospheric CH4, we found that the anthropogenic emission distribution based on a national inventory is more reliable than the one based on EDGAR v4.2 FT2010. The contribution of total emissions in Finland to global total emissions is only about 0.13%, and the derived total emissions in Finland showed no trend during 2004–2014. The model using optimized emissions was able to reproduce observed atmospheric CH4 at the sites in Finland and surrounding regions fairly well (correlation , bias ppb), supporting adequacy of the observations to be used in atmospheric inversion studies. In addition to global budget estimates, we found that CTE-CH4 is also applicable for regional budget estimates, where small scale (11 in this case) optimization is possible with a dense observation network.

Established in 1946 in Montgomery County, Maryland, Montgomery College (MC) is home to over 50,000 credit and noncredit students from more than 155 countries. Alongside its student body, MC prides itself on its highly dedicated faculty and staff, over 3,500 in total, who are instrumental in driving the college's commitment to academic excellence and inclusivity. Workplace belonging is a cornerstone for a productive, positive, and cohesive work environment. Studies have shown that feelings of belonging can directly contribute to increased job satisfaction, happiness at work, and reduced chances of burnout (Black et al., 2019). These feelings also foster institutional commitment and stability and spur creativity and innovation, elements crucial for the continued success of an educational institution (Zambrana, 2018). MC is no different and has emphasized fostering a strong sense of community within its ranks. One of the ways MC achieves this is through the Montgomery College Rising Professionals Association (MCRPA). Established in 2011, MCRPA is an employee resource group (ERG) developed for employees by employees, and it seeks to empower its members and support them in their professional journey. The association nurtures a sense of belonging for employees and promotes collegiality, community engagement, and collaboration and, through these efforts, promotes and contributes to student success and productivity.

In this article, Montgomery College discusses the adoption of H5P, a free and open-source content collaboration framework based on JavaScript that was used in substitute paid practice opportunities for students in Spanish 101 and 102. Utilizing a participatory action research model, three faculty and 47 students collaborated to inform the design, development, and refinement of H5P RLOs designed to meet institutional goals through targeted student practice. Results of the faculty-student collaboration demonstrated a high level of satisfaction (4.54 average rating out of five) and practicality and usefulness of the H5P practice materials as a viable tool that helped them achieve success in their courses (89%). This work led to the development of the Maryland H5P Collaborative Network (Network) co-launched in partnership with the Community College of Baltimore County in 2021. The Network brings together over 250 educators from 40 different institutions across the United States to share best practices and action research in support of Open Educational Resources (OERs) and Reusable Learning Objects (RLOs).

Accurate estimation of forest net primary productivity (NPP), biomass, and their sensitivity to changes in temperature and precipitation is important for understanding the fluxes and pools of terrestrial carbon resulting from anthropogenically driven climate change. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate potential forest NPP and biomass for New England using a regional ecosystem model, (2) compare modeled forest NPP and biomass with other reported data for New England, and (3) examine the sensitivity of modeled forest NPP to historical climatic variation. We addressed these objectives using the regional ecosystem model LPJ‐GUESS implemented with eight plant functional types representing New England forests. We ran the model using 30‐arc second spatial resolution climate data in monthly time‐steps for the period 1901–2006. The modeled forest NPP and biomass were compared to empirically‐based MODIS and FIA estimates of NPP and U.S. forest biomass. Our results indicate that forest NPP in New England averages 428 g C·m−2·yr−1 and ranges from 333 to 541 g C·m−2·yr−1 for the baseline period (1971–2000), while forest biomass averages 135 Mg/ha and ranges from 77 to 242 Mg/ha. Modeled forest biomass decreased at a rate of 0.11 Mg/ha (R2 = 0.74) per year in the period 1901–1949 but increased at a rate of 0.25 Mg/ha (R2 = 0.95) per year in the period 1950–2006. Estimates of NPP and biomass depend on forest type: spruce‐fir had the lowest mean of 395 g C·m−2·yr−1 and oak forest had the highest mean of 468 g C·m−2·yr−1. Similarly, forest biomass was highest in oak (153 Mg/ha) and lowest in red‐jack pine (118 Mg/ha) forests. The modeled NPP for New England agrees well with FIA‐based estimates from similar forests in the mid‐Atlantic region but was smaller than MODIS NPP estimates for New England. Nevertheless, the modeled inter‐annual variability of NPP was strongly correlated with the MODIS NPP data. The modeled biomass agrees well with U.S. forest biomass data for New England but was less than FIA‐based estimates in the mid‐Atlantic region. For the region as a whole, the modeled NPP and biomass are within the ranges of MODIS‐ and FIA‐based estimates. Forest NPP was sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation: NPP was positively related to temperatures in April, May and October but negatively related to summer temperature. Increases in precipitation in the growing season enhanced forest NPP.

Abstract Late sodium current (late INa) inhibition has been proposed to suppress the incidence of arrhythmias generated by pathological states or induced by drugs. However, the role of late INa in the human heart is still poorly understood. We therefore investigated the role of this conductance in arrhythmias using adult primary cardiomyocytes and tissues from donor hearts. Potentiation of late INa with ATX-II (anemonia sulcata toxin II) and E-4031 (selective blocker of the hERG channel) slowed the kinetics of action potential repolarization, impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, increased contractility, and increased the manifestation of arrhythmia markers. These effects could be reversed by late INa inhibitors, ranolazine and GS-967. We also report that atrial tissues from donor hearts affected by atrial fibrillation exhibit arrhythmia markers in the absence of drug treatment and inhibition of late INa with GS-967 leads to a significant reduction in arrhythmic behaviour. These findings reveal a critical role for the late INa in cardiac arrhythmias and suggest that inhibition of this conductance could provide an effective therapeutic strategy. Finally, this study highlights the utility of human ex-vivo heart models for advancing cardiac translational sciences.

Synthetic biology can be used to create rationally designed living therapeutics. Here the authors engineer E. coli Nissle to target STING activation in antigen presenting cells for the treatment of solid tumors and demonstrate preclinical activity in murine models.

There are forms of enjoyment in Catullus that cannot be understood within the norms of pleasure as opposed to pain or unpleasure. This is an enjoyment that Freud would claim is beyond the pleasure principle, and thus integrally related to aggression, violence, and death: an enjoyment that is at once abject and sublime. Taking off from Mario Telò’s Archive Feelings, this paper examines these forms of enjoyment and how they function within the aesthetic structure of four poems by Catullus.

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases fracture risk despite normal or increased BMD. Abaloparatide reduces fracture risk in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO); however, its efficacy in women with T2DM is unknown. This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of abaloparatide in patients with T2DM. The analysis included patients with T2DM from the Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE), a phase 3, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐ and active‐controlled trial. In ACTIVE, participants were randomized 1:1:1 to daily s.c. injections of placebo, abaloparatide (80 μg), or open‐label teriparatide (20 μg) for 18 months. A total of 198 women with PMO and T2DM from 21 centers in 10 countries were identified from ACTIVE through review of their medical records. The main outcomes measured included effect of abaloparatide versus placebo on BMD and trabecular bone score (TBS), with secondary outcomes of fracture risk and safety, in patients from ACTIVE with T2DM. Significant (p

ABSTRACT The 3‐year placebo‐controlled FREEDOM (Fracture REduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months) trial established the antifracture efficacy of denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The 7‐year open‐label extension demonstrated that denosumab treatment for up to 10 years was associated with low rates of adverse events and low fracture incidence. The extension lacked a long‐term control group, thus limiting the ability to fully evaluate long‐term efficacy. This analysis provides a quantitative estimate of the long‐term antifracture efficacy of denosumab based on two approaches: comparison with FRAX®‐ (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool‐) and virtual twin‐estimated 10‐year fracture rates. Subjects who were randomized to denosumab in the FREEDOM trial, continued into the Extension study, completed the 10‐year visit, and missed ≤1 dose in the FREEDOM trial and ≤1 dose in the Extension (n = 1278) were included in the analysis. The 10‐year observed cumulative incidence of major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fractures was compared with the 10‐year fracture probability predicted at baseline by FRAX, a computer‐based fracture risk algorithm, and with that estimated for a hypothetical cohort of 10‐year placebo controls (virtual twins). The observed 10‐year fracture incidence was lower than the 10‐year probability predicted by FRAX for both MOF (10.75% [95% CI, 9.05 to 12.46] versus 15.63% [95% CI, 15.08 to 16.18], respectively), and hip fractures (1.17% [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.76] versus 5.62% [95% CI, 5.28 to 5.97], respectively). The observed fracture incidence was also lower than the fracture rate estimated in a hypothetical cohort of 10‐year placebo controls for MOF (23.13% [95% CI, 17.76 to 28.87]; relative risk 0.49 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.64]). These data support the long‐term efficacy of denosumab in reducing MOF and hip fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have dependability requirements that are associated with controlling a physical process. Cyber-attacks can result in those requirements not being met. Consequently, it is important to monitor a CPS in order to identify deviations from normal operation. A major challenge is inferring the cause of these deviations in a trustworthy manner. This is necessary to support the implementation of correct and timely control decisions, in order to mitigate cyber-attacks and other causes of reduced dependability. This paper presents evidential networks as a solution to this problem. Through the evaluation of a representative use case for cyber-physical control systems, this paper shows novel approaches to integrate low-level sensors of different types, in particular those for cyber-attack detection, and reliabilities into evidential networks. The results presented indicate that evidential networks can identify system states with an accuracy that is comparable to approaches that use classical Bayesian probabilities to describe causality. However, in addition, evidential networks provide information about the uncertainty of a derived system state, which is a significant benefit, as it can be used to build trust in the results of automatic reasoning systems.

Isotopic tracers have been used to examine lipid trafficking for many years, and data from those studies have typically yielded novel insight regarding the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia. Previous experimental designs were suitable for studies in humans because relatively large volumes of plasma could be regularly sampled. We have expanded on the earlier logic by applying high-throughput analytical methods that require reduced sample volumes. Specifically, we have examined the possibility of coupling gel-based separations of lipoproteins (e.g., lipoprint) with LC-MS/MS analyses of complex lipid mixtures as a way to routinely measure the labeling profiles of distinct lipids in discrete lipoprotein subfractions. We demonstrate the ability to measure the incorporation of [U-13C]oleate into triglycerides (TG), PLs (PL), and cholesterol esters (CE) in VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles in mice. Although rodent models of dyslipidemia are inherently different from humans because of alterations in enzyme activities and underlying metabolism, rodent models can be used to screen novel compounds for efficacy in altering a given biochemical pathway and therein enable studies of target engagement in vivo. We expect that it is possible to translate our approach for application in other systems, including studies in humans.

The advantages of using 2H2O to quantify cholesterol synthesis include i) homogeneous precursor labeling, ii) incorporation of 2H via multiple pathways, and iii) the ability to perform long-term studies in free-living subjects. However, there are two concerns. First, the t1/2 of tracer in body water presents a challenge when there is a need to acutely replicate measurements in the same subject. Second, assumptions are made regarding the number of hydrogens (n) that are incorporated during de novo synthesis. Our primary objective was to determine whether a step-based approach could be used to repeatedly study cholesterol synthesis a subject. We observed comparable changes in the 2H-labeling of plasma water and total plasma cholesterol in African-Green monkeys that received five oral doses of 2H2O, each dose separated by one week. Similar rates of cholesterol synthesis were estimated when comparing data in the group over the different weeks, but better reproducibility was observed when comparing replicate determinations of cholesterol synthesis in the same nonhuman primate during the respective dosing periods. Our secondary objective was to determine whether n depends on nutritional status in vivo; we observed n of ∼25 and ∼27 in mice fed a high-carbohydrate (HC) versus carbohydrate-free (CF) diet, respectively. We conclude that it is possible to acutely repeat studies of cholesterol synthesis using 2H2O and that n is relatively constant.

The use of stable isotopically labeled substrates and analysis by mass spectrometry have provided substantial insight into rates of synthesis, disposition, and utilization of lipids in vivo. The information to be gained from such studies is of particular benefit to therapeutic research where the underlying causes of disease may be related to the production and utilization of lipids. When studying biology through the use of isotope tracers, care must be exercised in interpreting the data to ensure that any response observed can truly be interpreted as biological and not as an artifact of the experimental design or a dilutional effect on the isotope. We studied the effects of dosing route and tracer concentration on the mass isotopomer distribution profile as well as the action of selective inhibitors of microsomal tri­glyceride transfer protein (MTP) in mice and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) in nonhuman primates, using a stable-isotopically labeled approach. Subjects were treated with inhibitor and subsequently given a dose of uniformly 13C-labeled oleic acid. Samples were analyzed using a rapid LC-MS technique, allowing the effects of the intervention on the assembly and disposition of triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids to be determined in a single 3 min run from just 10 μl of plasma.

This paper examines Foucault's reading of Plato and ancient philosophy as part of his continuing dialogue and debate with Derrida. It contends that this debate not only in part motivates Foucault's turn to antiquity, but also is directly revelatory of the most basic differences between Foucault's and Derrida's conceptions of philosophy.

Objective: Oral ibandronate 150 mg is the first bisphosphonate approved for once-monthly treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. To investigate whether once-monthly ibandronate 150 mg increases lumbar spine and total hip bone mineral density (BMD) to the same degree as weekly alendronate 70 mg.Research design and methods: This was a 12-month, randomised, multinational, multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial, conducted in 65 centres in North America, Latin America, Europe and South Africa. The study included postmenopausal women, mean lumbar spine (L2–L4) BMD T-score < −2.5 and ≥ −5.0. Patients received either ibandronate 150 mg once monthly or alendronate 70 mg once weekly.Main outcome measures: Co-primary efficacy endpoints were 12-month change (%) from baseline in mean lumbar spine and total hip BMD. Changes (%) from baseline in trochanter and femoral neck BMD were also evaluated. Adverse events were monitored throughout. Once-monthly ibandronate was considered non-inferior to weekly alendronate if the lower boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval (CI) (or two-sided 95% CI) was ≥ −1.41% for lumbar spine and ≥ −0.87% for total hip.Results: Mean relative 12-month changes were 5.1% and 5.8% (95% CI for difference, −1.13, −0.23) in lumbar spine and 2.9% and 3.0% (95% CI for difference, −0.38, 0.18) in total hip BMD with once-monthly ibandronate and weekly alendronate, respectively; meeting the non-inferiority criteria at both sites. Gains in trochanter and femoral neck BMD were similar with both treatments. Both regimens were well tolerated.Trial registration: The MOTION study is registered with the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations trial portal, under the ID number MM17385.Conclusions: Once-monthly ibandronate was shown to be clinically comparable to weekly alendronate at increasing BMD after 12 months in both the lumbar spine and total hip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To license a therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis pharmacological agents must show ability to reduce the incidence of morphometric vertebral fractures versus placebo over a 3-year study period. In Europe, recent registration guidelines require evidence of reduction of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture incidence over a minimum of 2 years compared with placebo. There is much interest in the prevention of non-vertebral fractures. While morphometric vertebral fractures are assessed and statistically powered as the registration primary endpoint in clinical trials, non-vertebral fractures are often measured as secondary endpoints or captured as adverse events, which have selection biases in data capturing.Aim: To describe factors that influence fracture risk and the rate of osteoporotic non-vertebral fractures observed in randomized controlled studies of the oral nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates licensed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (alendronate, risedronate and ibandronate).Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge and using keywords representing drug names and trial types. Results were screened using selection criteria based on trial type and vertebral fracture endpoint of trials published from 1990 to 2007.Findings and conclusion: Without comparative head-to-head antifracture studies, current evidence does not support a clear differentiation in fracture reduction among the different bisphosphonates. The rate of fracture in a clinical study is dependent on different factors (e.g., skeletal fragility), which may vary from study to study. Even in trials assessing non-vertebral fractures as a primary endpoint, differences in study design, randomized population and varying definitions of what constitutes a non-vertebral fracture can influence outcomes. In addition, falls and fall-related risk factors have never been controlled for in or between individual studies. Although etidronate, administered with an extended between-dose interval, has demonstrated a significant reduction in fracture risk, this was in a subgroup population, with the addition of phosphate or when only data from weeks 61–150 of the study were included in the analysis. None of the remaining currently registered non-daily oral bisphosphonates have prospective fracture data, and have, therefore, been registered on the basis of non-inferiority (surrogate marker bone mineral density and bone turnover marker) endpoints. However, a lack of evidence, if the appropriately designed studies have not been completed, does not necessarily indicate a lack of efficacy. Such a conclusion can only be drawn if a suitable study has been completed that definitively shows a lack of effect on non-vertebral fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The marketed doses of ibandronate, 150 mg once-monthly oral and 3 mg quarterly intravenous (IV) injection, produce greater increases in lumbar spine bone mineral density than treatment with the 2.5 mg oral daily dose. This meta-analysis assessed whether these doses also reduce fracture risk relative to placebo.Study design and methods: Individual patient data from the intent-to-treat populations of the BONE, IV fracture prevention, MOBILE, and DIVA studies were grouped into three dose levels based on annual cumulative exposure (ACE), defined as the annual dose (mg) × bioavailability (0.6%, oral; 100%, IV) or placebo. Six key non-vertebral fractures (NVFs) (clavicle, humerus, wrist, pelvis, hip, and leg), all NVFs, and all clinical fractures were examined.Results: This meta-analysis included 8710 patients. Cox proportional-hazards models estimated the adjusted relative risk (RR) for fracture with ibandronate versus placebo, and time to fracture was compared using log-rank tests. The high-dose group (ACE ≥ 10.8 mg) showed significant reductions in the adjusted RR of key NVFs (34.4%, p = 0.032), all NVFs (29.9%, p = 0.041), and clinical fractures (28.8%, p = 0.010) relative to placebo. The high-dose group also had significantly longer time to fracture versus placebo for key NVFs (p = 0.031), all NVFs (p = 0.025), and clinical fractures (p = 0.002). Study limitations included: not all studies were placebo-controlled; a limited number of baseline characteristics were available for multivariate analyses.Conclusion: Ibandronate at dose levels of ACE ≥ 10.8 mg, which includes the marketed 150 mg once-monthly oral and 3 mg quarterly IV injection regimens, may provide significant non-vertebral and clinical fracture efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors respond to objections Fred Gifford has raised against their paper "Rehabilitating Equipoise." They situate this exchange in the wider context of recent debate over equipoise, highlighting substantial points of agreement between themselves and Gifford. The authors offer a brief restatement of "Rehabilitating Equipoise" in which they amplify some of its core arguments. They then assess Gifford's objections. Finding each to be unfounded, they argue that there is no justification for "pulling the plug" on clinical equipoise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effects of residue level and manure application timing on runoff and sediment losses from no-till corn. It is worth noting that there is growing interest in evaluating the effects of corn silage harvesting methods on erosion control. Increasing the silage cutting height will increase residue cover and could conceivably minimize off-site migration of sediments compared with conventional silage harvesting. Treatments included conventional corn grain and silage and non-conventional, high-cut silage. Corn harvesting treatments were subjected to different manure application regimes: no manure or surface application in fall or spring. The combination of manure and higher residue associated with high-cut silage often lowered sediment export compared with low-cut silage. Nearly identical aggregate size distributions were observed in sediments from silage plots. High residue levels combined with spring-applied manure led to enrichment in the clay-sized fraction of runoff sediment.

A large-eddy simulation technique is described for computing Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The method is based on high-wavenumber-preserving subgrid-scale models, combined with high-resolution numerical methods. The technique is verified to match linear stability theory and validated against direct numerical simulation data. The method is used to simulate Rayleigh–Taylor instability at a grid resolution of $1152^3$. The growth rate is found to depend on the mixing rate. A mixing transition is observed in the flow, during which an inertial range begins to form in the velocity spectrum and the rate of growth of the mixing zone is temporarily reduced. By measuring growth of the layer in units of dominant initial wavelength, criteria are established for reaching the hypothetical self-similar state of the mixing layer. A relation is obtained between the rate of growth of the mixing layer and the net mass flux through the plane associated with the initial location of the interface. A mix-dependent Atwood number is defined, which correlates well with the entrainment rate, suggesting that internal mixing reduces the layer's growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Panel of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry has developed standards in order to establish the minimum level of acceptable performance for the practice of bone densitometry in Canada. Previously, this group addressed the performance of densitometry in postmenopausal women. This report addresses the use of densitometry in men, premenopausal women, and children with a focus on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pooling data from four samples in which 1,882 men were assessed for acts of interpersonal violence, we report on 120 men whose self-reported acts met legal definitions of rape or attempted rape, but who were never prosecuted by criminal justice authorities. A majority of these undetected rapists were repeat rapists, and a majority also committed other acts of interpersonal violence. The repeat rapists averaged 5.8 rapes each. The 120 rapists were responsible for 1,225 separate acts of interpersonal violence, including rape, battery, and child physical and sexual abuse. These findings mirror those from studies of incarcerated sex offenders (Abel, Becker, Mittelman, Cunningham-Rathner, Rouleau, & Murphy, 1987; Weinrott and Saylor, 1991), indicating high rates of both repeat rape and multiple types of offending. Implications for the investigation and prosecution of this so-called "hidden" rape are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with the determinants of dominant language fluency, its effects on earnings, and its endogencity with earnings among immigrants. Dominant language fluency is hypothesized to be a function of three fundamental variables exposed to the language, efficiency in second language acquisition, and economic benefits from language fluency. Conceptual variables with empirical counterparts are developed. Larnings are hypothesized to be a function of language skills, among other variable. Ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and sample selection bias techniques are used to estimate the equations for Australia. Comparisons are made with analyses for the United States, Canada, and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Current therapy for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is focused on inflammatory mechanisms exclusively and not the dysbiotic microbiota, despite growing evidence implicating a role for intestinal microbes in disease. Main body Ongoing research into the intestinal microbiota of IBD patients, using new technologies and/or deeper application of existing ones, has identified a number of microorganisms whose properties and behaviors warrant consideration as causative factors in disease. Such studies have implicated both bacteria and fungi in the pathogenesis of disease. Some of these organisms manifest mechanisms that should be amenable to therapeutic intervention via either conventional or novel drug discovery platforms. Of particular note is a deeper characterization of microbial derived proteases and their destructive potential. Conclusion Given the steady progress on the mechanistic role of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases, it is reasonable to anticipate a future in which therapeutics targeting microbial derived pathogenic factors play an important role in improving the lives of IBD patients.

Abstract Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a transdiagnostic, comprehensive, integrative, evidence‐based treatment intervention for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD, and perinatal PTSD. PTSD can arise from an experience of pregnancy or birth related trauma. Despite this, there is limited availability and access to EMDR therapy within the United Kingdom National Health Service. EMDR is a psychotherapeutic intervention which is usually delivered by highly specialist mental health professionals. However, with such a robust protocol, it is appropriate to consider if other health professionals should be trained to deliver EMDR. Humanitarian trauma capacity‐building projects in a global context have shown that task shifting can assist with addressing unmet mental health therapy needs. Midwives are highly skilled graduates working in the perinatal period who understand that women's emotional health is as important as their physical health. Therefore, it was proposed that EMDR knowledge and skills could be efficiently task shifted to midwives. The aim and objectives were to train midwives to deliver modified EMDR scripted protocols and techniques and explore qualitative and quantitative outcomes of a bespoke EMDR for midwives (EMDR‐m) educational programme. The online training was delivered to the midwives over 4 days with clinical practicums incorporated throughout. Pre and post‐tests demonstrated an increase in their EMDR knowledge, skills and confidence. EMDR Group Supervision provided by three experienced EMDR Accredited Practitioners was mandatory for 6 weeks post‐training and ongoing one‐to‐one supervision was made available. Midwives scored the course 9.6/10 (range 8–10) and described it as ‘amazing’ and ‘invaluable’. Challenges for the future include ring‐fenced time and an appropriate space to deliver the therapy. Those midwives who completed the training have progressed to deliver early EMDR‐m interventions in a perinatal mental health research study in their own Health and Social Care Trust (reported elsewhere).

IntroductionChronic itch is a central symptom of atopic dermatitis. Cutaneous afferent neurons express receptors interleukins (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-33, which are type 2 cytokines that are elevated in atopic dermatitis. These neuronal cytokine receptors were found to be required in several murine models of itch. Prior exposure of neurons to either IL-4 or IL-33 increased their response to subsequent chemical pruritogens in mice but has not been previously examined in humans. The objective of the present study was to determine if type 2 cytokine stimulation sensitizes sensory neurons to future itch stimuli in a fully human ex vivo system.MethodsWe measured calcium flux from human dorsal root ganglia cultures from cadaveric donors in response to pruritogens following transient exposure to type 2 cytokines. We also measured their effect on neuronal calcium flux and changes in gene expression by RNA sequencing.ResultsType 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-33) were capable of sensitizing human dorsal root ganglia neurons to both histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch stimuli. Sensitization was observed after only 2 h of pruritogen incubation. We observed rapid neuronal calcium flux in a small subset of neurons directly in response to IL-4 and to IL-13, which was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. IL-4 and IL-13 induced a common signature of upregulated genes after 24 h of exposure that was unique from IL-33 and non-type 2 inflammatory stimuli.DiscussionThis study provides evidence of peripheral neuron sensitization by type 2 cytokines as well as broad transcriptomic effects in human sensory ganglia. These studies identify both unique and overlapping roles of these cytokines in sensory neurons.

Global wetlands are the largest and most uncertain natural source of atmospheric methane (CH _4 ). The FLUXNET-CH _4 synthesis initiative has established a global network of flux tower infrastructure, offering valuable data products and fostering a dedicated community for the measurement and analysis of methane flux data. Existing studies using the FLUXNET-CH _4 Community Product v1.0 have provided invaluable insights into the drivers of ecosystem-to-regional spatial patterns and daily-to-decadal temporal dynamics in temperate, boreal, and Arctic climate regions. However, as the wetland CH _4 monitoring network grows, there is a critical knowledge gap about where new monitoring infrastructure ought to be located to improve understanding of the global wetland CH _4 budget. Here we address this gap with a spatial representativeness analysis at existing and hypothetical observation sites, using 16 process-based wetland biogeochemistry models and machine learning. We find that, in addition to eddy covariance monitoring sites, existing chamber sites are important complements, especially over high latitudes and the tropics. Furthermore, expanding the current monitoring network for wetland CH _4 emissions should prioritize, first, tropical and second, sub-tropical semi-arid wetland regions. Considering those new hypothetical wetland sites from tropical and semi-arid climate zones could significantly improve global estimates of wetland CH _4 emissions and reduce bias by 79% (from 76 to 16 TgCH _4 y ^−1 ), compared with using solely existing monitoring networks. Our study thus demonstrates an approach for long-term strategic expansion of flux observations.

Abstract: Objective: To examine the secondary metabolites present in the leaf extracts of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract was done to determine the phytochemical constituents in the various solvents studied. Results: The phytochemical study carried out on the leaf extracts of R. arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg. confirm the existence of secondary metabolites such as phenols, saponins and tannins. Conclusions: The study suggests that the leaf extracts of R. arboreum Sm. ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg. can be best utilized in developing bioactive compounds against pathogenic infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To examine the phyto-constituents of Adiantum caudataum (A. caudataum), Adiantum latifolium (A. latifolium), Adiantum lunulatum (A. lunulatum), Christella dentata (C. dentate) and Christella parasitica (C. parasitica), to provide chemical marker and find inter- specific variation between the medicinally important genuses. Methods: The dried and powered leaves materials (50 g) were extracted successively with 250 mL of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene and water by using Soxhlet extractor for 8 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. The aqueous extracts were filtered using Whattman filter paper (No.1) and then concentrated in vacuum at 40 °C using Rotary evaporator. The residues obtained were stored in a freezer −70 °C until further tests. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to the standard methods. Results: A total of five plants and 30 extracts were examined for the phytochemical screening. The crude extracts of A. caudataum, A. latifolium, A. lunulatum, C. dentata and C. parasitica showed varied degree of phyto-constituents with reference to solvents of the plant extracts. A total of three plants and 18 extracts were examined for the phytochemical screening A. caudataum, A. latifolium, A. lunulatum. The steroid is totally absent in the tested extracts of A. lunulatum. Similar to that caoboxylic acid also absent in A. caudatum and Coumarin showed its presence only in A. caudatum. A total of two plants and twelve extracts were examined for the phytochemical properties of Christella. Of which phenol is present in 11 extracts tested. Steroid is present only in one extract of C. parasitica and coumarin is present only in C. parasitica five extracts. Conclusions: The present study result provids a simple and cheap tool (Chemical marker) for the characterization and identification of the medicinally important taxa. With the help the phytochemical screenings we can find inter- specific variation between the medicinally important genuses and easily we can differentiate the Adiantum and Christella genuses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To study the phyto-constituents present in some selected medicinally important pteridophytes from the Western Ghats, India. Methods: The dried and powered leaves materials (50 g) were extracted successively with 250 mL of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene and water by using Soxhlet extractor for 8 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. The aqueous extracts were filtered using Whattman filter paper (No.1) and then concentrated in vacuum at 40°C using Rotary evaporator. The residues obtained were stored in a freezer −70°C until further tests. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to the standard methods. Results: The present study screened the phytochemical properties of ten plants with sixty six extracts and showed varied degree of phyto-constituents present. The presence or absence of the phyto-constituents depended upon the solvent medium used for extraction and the physiological property of individual taxa. Conclusions: From these results, it can be concluded that the ten plants extracts may be used as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, bioactive agent after extensive investigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To examine the phytochemicals present in the pericarp of Crataeva magna (C. magna) (Lour.) DC. which is used as a traditional medicine by the inhabitants of Kanyakumari district. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the pericarp was done to determine the secondary metabolites in various solvents studied. Results: The phytochemical screening on the pericarp of C. magna (Lour.) DC. proved the presence of phytochemicals such as phenols, saponins and tannins. Conclusions: The findings of the present study recommended that the pericarp of C. magna (Lour.) DC. have potential antimicrobial compounds that may be of use for developing plant based drugs for various ailments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical properties of Azolla pinnata R. Br., Marsilea minuta L. and Salvinia molesta Mitch. Methods: The dried and powered leaves materials (50 g) were extracted successively with 250 mL of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform, acetone, benzene and water by using Soxhlet extractor for 8 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to the standard methods. Results: Out of eighteen tested extracts, eighteen extracts showed the presence of phenolics. Next to that, fourteen extracts were illustrated their existence of tannin. Ten extracts showed the occurrence of carbohydrates in the crude extracts of the selected plants. Steroid and saponin are present in eight extracts, next to that xanthoprotein is present in six extracts, followed by flavonoid and protein which are present in five extracts. Carboxylic acid showed its presence only in two extracts. Conclusions: From the results, it can be concluded that the three plants extracts show the presence of many bioactive compounds after extensive investigation. We recommend further research on these plants to quantify the concentration of these compounds. Further work will accentuate the isolation and characterization of active principles responsible for bio-efficacy and bioactivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the 7th century BCE, capanne of perishable materials appear to have been replaced by stone and terracotta-tiled buildings that many Etruscologists claim marks a changing society. Over the last century, subtler discussions of Etruscan participation in pan-Mediterranean elite culture have replaced explanations for architectural change that tout cultural colonization by ‘the Orient’. Despite focus on Etruscan agency, Etruscan adoption/adaptation of foreign building styles using ashlar masonry and, especially, terracotta tiling, are given as part of a trajectory of structural improvement. Yet, although certainly influenced by them, Etruscan architecture did not necessarily change because foreign styles were inherently superior. In many ways, traditional buildings were sufficient, if not better suited to their environment than foreign styles. Tradition tends to form a boundary against new styles–if a technique ain’t broke, then don’t fix it. So why did Etruscan builders decide to cross lines laid down by forebears and adopt new building styles? This paper examines the role of behaviour in creating the built environment, as well as what spurs builders to forsake tradition and innovate.

ObjectiveFrontline mental health, emergency, law enforcement, and social workers have faced unprecedented psychological distress in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the RCT (Randomized Controls Trial) study was to investigate the effectiveness of a Group EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) therapy (Group Traumatic Episode Protocol—GTEP) in the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Moral Injury. The treatment focus is an early intervention, group trauma treatment, delivered remotely as video-conference psychotherapy (VCP). This early intervention used an intensive treatment delivery of 4x2h sessions over 1-week. Additionally, the group EMDR intervention utilized therapist rotation in treatment delivery.MethodsThe study’s design comprised a delayed (1-month) treatment intervention (control) versus an active group. Measurements included the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES), and a Quality-of-Life psychometric (EQ-5D), tested at T0, T1: pre—treatment, T2: post-treatment, T3: 1-month follow-up (FU), T4: 3-month FU, and T5: 6-month FU. The Adverse Childhood Experiences – International version (ACEs), Benevolent Childhood Experience (BCEs) was ascertained at pre-treatment only. N = 85 completed the study.ResultsResults highlight a significant treatment effect within both active and control groups. Post Hoc comparisons of the ITQ demonstrated a significant difference between T1 pre (mean 36.8, SD 14.8) and T2 post (21.2, 15.1) (t11.58) = 15.68, p

Recreational angling is a very popular outdoor activity that is weather-dependent, although investigations of this relationship are rare. This study used weekly fishing effort (2015-2021) estimates throughout coastal Louisiana to understand how effort changed in response to weather conditions. Although we found evidence for some effect of all the weather variables, temperature reported the greatest number of monthly effects, along with an overall declining effect throughout the year. We also examined how tropical storms and hurricanes reduce fishing effort, but that effort recovers rapidly after the storm. Finally, we examined fishing effort during the first year of the pandemic (2020) compared to previous years and found some monthly increases exceeding 100% of normal effort. Understanding angler motivations remains an important part of fishery management, and in a future with changes to weather, hurricanes, and global health crises, we can now know more about how environmental factors change angling effort.

The tropospheric circumpolar vortex (CPV), an important signature of processes steering the general atmospheric circulation, surrounds each pole and is linked to the surface weather conditions. The CPV can be characterized by its area and circularity ratio (Rc), which both vary temporally. This research advances previous work identifying the daily 500-hPa Northern Hemispheric CPV (NHCPV) area, Rc, and temporal trends in its centroid by examining linear trends and periodic cycles in NHCPV area and Rc (1979–2017). Results suggest that NHCPV area has increased linearly over time. However, a more representative signal of the planetary warming may be the temporally weakening gradient which has blurred NHCPV distinctiveness—perhaps a new indicator of Arctic amplification. Rc displays opposing trends in subperiods and an insignificant overall trend. Distinct annual and semiannual cycles exist for area and Rc over all subperiods. These features of NHCPV change over time may impact surface weather/climate.