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The adzuki bean is a mature seed of the red bean leguminous plant, and people like to eat it because of its nutritious properties and moderate proportion of amino acids. Adzuki bean germination and the enrichment of GABA greatly improve the health effects of the adzuki bean. The effects of the GABA-rich adzuki bean on the expression of insulin-pathway-related genes and proteins in the liver of T2DM mice were studied via Western blotting and qPCR. The results showed that a GABA-rich adzuki bean diet could promote glycogen synthesis in the liver of T2DM mice, inhibit the activities of PEPCK and G-6-Pase, and significantly down-regulate the gene expression levels of PEPCK, G6PC and FOXO1 (p < 0.05) and the phosphorylation levels of FOXO1 and GSK3β. In addition, it can also up-regulate the expression of the AMPKα gene and down-regulate the expression of the SREBP1c gene to inhibit the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol in T2DM mice. Lipid accumulation in mice can alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and play an effective role in regulating blood glucose at liver tissue targets. This study suggested that the GABA-rich adzuki bean can improve hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic mice by activating the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world and has become a global epidemic health problem. A legume-based diet can help prevent and control the onset and development of T2DM. To study the health effects of rich γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) adzuki beans, this study, through the establishment of the T2DM model, analyzed the level of glucose and lipid metabolism and related indexes of liver function in mice with GABA-rich adzuki beans. Results showed that the high dose of GABArich adzuki beans (TF3) had a certain effect on the resistance to overweight, and could significantly reduce the level of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.05), restore the body's ability to regulate blood glucose, and alleviate insulin resistance. Compared with the M group, the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, and creatinine in the serum of T2DM mice were reduced to different degrees in each treatment group, and TF3 and the positive control group had better effects on balancing blood glucose and regulating liver and kidney injury of T2DM mice and could alleviate the pathological injury of liver, pancreas and cecum tissue caused by high-fat diet. Results indicated that a diet rich in GABA adzuki beans could improve the level of small glucose and lipid metabolism, and alleviate the pathological injury of liver, pancreas and cecum tissue, providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of GABA-rich functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of hypoxia combined with acid stress on GABA enrichment in adzuki bean and mung bean, germination time, germination temperature, hypoxia time and L-glutamic acid concentration were investigated by single factor. Based on the stress conditions identified for high GABA sprouted beans, GABA-enriched adzuki and mung beans were mixed with rice, and D-mixture design was used to optimize processing conditions for these sprouted bean/rice mixtures. Results showed that hypoxia combined with acid stress promoted GABA enrichment in adzuki and mung beans. In sprouted adzuki beans, GABA reached levels as high as 158.32±3.24 mg/100 g under the germination time of 48 h, germination temperature of 40 °C, 15 h exposure to hypoxia, and L-glutamic acid concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Mung bean stress conditions were: Germination time of 24 h, germination temperature of 35 °C, 15 h exposure to hypoxia, and L-glutamic acid concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, the content of GABA was 141.57±4.35 mg/100 g. On this basis, the sprouted beans and rice formulation was optimized by D-mixture design as follows: Rice 76%, sprouted mung beans 11%, and sprouted adzuki beans 13%. Under this composition, the GABA content of sprouted bean/rice mixture was 23.73±1.03 mg/100 g, and the average sensory score was 88.76±2.47. The taste, color, and aroma of the sprouted bean/rice mixture fell within acceptable ranges, and the active ingredient GABA was enriched, enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of sprouted beans/rice. This study provided a theoretical reference for the further development of rice/grain mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In order to solve the wear problem of ship decks caused by major equipment, a new highly wear-resistant anti-skid deck coating is developed.[Methods] The coating is mainly composed of a primer,non-skid layer and topcoat. The non-skid wear performance of the coating was tested by sliding a wear tester. The friction and wear behavior of the coating under different working conditions(dry,wet and oily)was studied.[Results] The results show that the friction coefficient of the coating under different working conditions decreases with the increase of the wear number,and the friction coefficient is lowest under oily conditions,which is mainly related to the lubrication of aviation kerosene; the wear loss rate of the coating increases with the increase of the wear number,and the wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear in the initial wear stage and adhesive wear in the stable wear stage.[Conclusions] The research results can not only guarantee service safety of the marine structure,but also provide theoretical basis for the development and application of new non-skid deck coatings.

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced microwave imaging technology that provides all-weather and all-day target information. However, as spaceborne SAR resolution improves, traditional echo signal models based on airborne SAR design become inadequate due to the curved orbit, Earth rotation, and increased propagation distance. In this study, we propose an accurate range model for high-resolution spaceborne SAR by analyzing motion trajectory and Doppler parameters from the perspective of the space geometry of spaceborne SAR. We evaluate the accuracy of existing range models and propose an advanced equivalent squint range model (AESRM) that accurately fits the actual range history and compensates for high-order term errors by introducing third-order and fourth-order error terms while maintaining the simplicity of the traditional model. The proposed AESRM's concise two-dimensional frequency spectrum form facilitates the design of imaging algorithms. Point target simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed AESRM, demonstrating significant improvements in fitting accuracy for range histories characterized by nonlinear trajectories. The developed AESRM provides a robust foundation for designing imaging algorithms and enables higher resolution and more accurate radar imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) resolution, the conventional stop-and-go approximation-based motion model is no longer suitable for high-resolution imaging algorithms. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the approximation errors resulting from the stop-and-go approximation and proposes corresponding compensation methods. Firstly, an accurate echo model based on continuous platform motion is derived from the SAR geometry configuration. The impact of these errors on range and azimuth imaging is analysed from a spectral perspective, and the applicable boundary conditions are examined. Subsequently, compensation methods are proposed to eliminate the introduced approximation errors, addressing both"fast time" and"slow time" effects, thus enabling high-resolution imaging through improvements in traditional imaging algorithms. Experimental simulations validate the effectiveness of the error analysis and compensation methods, using X-band low Earth orbit SAR as an illustrative example. The proposed methods are not only compatible with existing mature imaging algorithms, but the analytical approach and compensation methods are also applicable to SAR systems operating on different carrier frequencies, orbits, and platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulated raw data have become an essential tool for testing and assessing system parameters and imaging performance due to the high cost and limited availability of real raw data from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). However, with increasing resolution and higher orbit altitudes, existing simulation methods fail to generate SAR simulated raw data that closely resemble real raw data. This is due to approximations such as curved orbits, "stop-and-go" assumption, and Earth's rotation, among other factors. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents an accurate range model with a "nonstop-and-go" configuration for raw data simulation based on existing time-domain simulation methods. We model the SAR echo signal and establish a precise space geometry for spaceborne SAR. Additionally, we precisely identify the target illumination area based on elliptical beams through space coordinate transformation. Finally, the SAR raw data were accurately simulated using high-precision time-domain simulation methods. The accuracy of the proposed model was validated by comparing it with the traditional hyperbolic model and the curved orbit model with "stop-and-go" assumption through image processing of the generated raw data. Through the analysis of point target quality parameters, the errors of various parameters in our distance model compared with the other two models are within 1%. Furthermore, this simulation method can be adapted to simulate raw data of other modes and satellite orbits by adjusting beam control and satellite orbit parameters, respectively. The proposed simulation method demonstrated high accuracy and versatility, thereby providing a valuable contribution to the development of remote sensing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the vibration induced by viaduct rail transit has become a severe problem during train operation. To investigate the transmission properties of the vibration energy of the viaduct track, the procedures of transmission and dissipation of the vibration energy are analyzed based on the power flow theory of single-stage and multi-stage vibration isolation system. A viaduct track finite element (FE) model is developed, and the accuracy of the model is verified by observational acceleration. Combined with the FE model and power flow theory, the transmission and distribution characteristics of energy in the viaduct tracks are analyzed. The results show that the peak value of the vibration power is reached at the natural frequency of the track structure; the vibration energy decreases from top to bottom of the track structure in the frequency range of 1 ~ 1 000 Hz; the fastener system significantly consumes high-frequency (100 ~ 1 000 Hz) vibration energy and low-frequency (1 ~ 100 Hz) vibration energy is significantly consumed by the support of the track slab; the power flow index can indicate the transmission, distribution, and dissipation properties of the energy; and optimal vibration reduction effect can be obtained by designing the stiffness and damping of the fastener system and the support of the track slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of fungi in barley in simulated storage environments was analyzed. Barley was stored at different temperatures (15, 25, 35°C) and relative humidity (55, 65, 75, 85 RH) for 180 and 360 days. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, species composition, and species differences were analyzed using Illumina HiSeq technology. The fungal communities in all barley samples before and after storage belonged to 3 phyla, 18 classes, 39 orders, 71 families, 103 genera, and 152 species. The relative abundance of the dominant phylum Ascomycota was 77.98–99.19%. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota was 0.77–21.96%. At the genus level, the dominant genera of fungi in barley initially included Fusarium , Aspergillus , Microdochium , Alternaria , and Epicoccum. After 360 days of storage, the dominant genera became Epicoccum , Alternaria , Bipolar , Cladosporium , Fusarium , and Aspergillus. According to Venn diagrams and principal coordinates analysis, the fungal community diversity in barley initially was much higher than in barley stored at different temperatures and humidity. The application of PLS-DA could accurately distinguish between barley stored for 180 and 360 days. Some high-temperature and high-humidity environments accelerated storage. The dominant genera differed in different storage conditions and constantly changed with increasing storage duration. Epicoccum was one of the dominant genera after longer storage periods. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing safe storage conditions in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to study the effect of material static mechanical properties on the fatigue crack initiation life of ω-shaped rail fastening clips, in which the Vossloh 300-1 fastener system was taken as an example. The static mechanical properties of 38Si7 steel (the material of the clip) were first investigated through a series of uniaxial tensile tests. According to the experimental outcomes, a classic assembly system was simulated afterwards using the finite element analysis (FEA) method. On the basis of the Brown–Miller criterion, an in-depth numerical study regarding the critical plane was realized, which allowed fatigue crack initiation to be successfully reproduced by FEA. Finally, a detailed parametric study was performed with the relevant sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the initiation and progression of fatigue cracks in the fastening clip occur in the plane of the maximum shear strain. The fatigue crack initiation life of the fastening clip was extremely sensitive to the elastic modulus, especially more sensitive to the tensile strength. From an engineering viewpoint, the fatigue resistance of the fastening clip could be boosted by (i) increasing the tensile strength of the material to at least 1450 MPa and (ii) rendering the elastic modulus smaller than 160 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though clarifying the relationship between packing and emission is very important and highly desirable for understanding the mechanism behind responsive luminescent materials, it is not an easy case for piezochromic luminescent materials, due to the difficulties of in situ tracking the interactions change during pressurization. Herein, a smart supramolecular assembly strategy based on two macrocyclic hosts with tailored guests' packing has been proposed for illustrating the mechanism of piezochromic luminescence. The elusive changes of molecular packing associated with variable luminescence behavior under mechanical forces, such as grinding and high pressure, can be expressed intuitively by cryptand (CP) or cucurbit [7]urils (CB [ 7 ])-based host-guest complex in a visualized way. Specifically, the enhanced π-π stacking interactions induced by CP corresponds well to the dim and red-shifted emission under isotropic compression, while the isolated chromophore in non-aromatic CB [ 7 ] with reduced intermolecular π-π interactions perfectly explains the brightened and blue-shifted emission after grinding. This controllable self-assembly strategy provides a reliable and smart strategy for visualizing the mechanism of piezochromic luminescence. [Display omitted] • Developing a novel supramolecular strategy to reveal the mechanism of piezochromic luminescence. • The fluorescence of the assemblies are highly consistent with that of guest under different mechanical stimulation. • This strategy provides a prototype to visualize untraceable intermolecular interactions during pressuring. • This work opens a new world for supramolecular macrocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the economic utilization of quinoa bran and develop a safe and highly available zinc ion biological supplement. In this study, a four-factor, three-level response surface optimization of quinoa bran soluble dietary fiber (SDF) complexation of zinc was studied. The effect used four factors on the chelation rate was investigated: (A) mass ratio of SDF to ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, (B) chelation temperature, (C) chelation time, and (D) pH. Based on the results of the single-factor test, the four-factor three-level response surface method was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The optimal reaction conditions were observed as mentioned here: the mass ratio of quinoa bran SDF to ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O was 1, the reaction temperature was 65°C, the reaction time was 120 min, and the pH of the reaction system was 8.0. The average chelation rate was 25.18%, and zinc content is 465.2 μg/g under optimal conditions. The hydration method rendered a fluffy quinoa bran SDF structure. The intramolecular functional groups were less stable which made the formation of the lone pairs of electrons feasible to complex with the added divalent zinc ions to form a quinoa bran soluble dietary fiber-zinc complex [SDF-Zn(II)]. The SDF-Zn(II) chelate had higher 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS + , hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity. Therefore, metal ion chelation in dietary fiber is of biological importance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wei, Wang, Jiang and Cao.)

In order to study the nutritional changes of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enrichment in adzuki bean germination, vacuum combined with monosodium glutamate (MSG) was used as the germination stress of adzuki bean. The nutrient transfer before and after GABA enrichment in adzuki bean germination under vacuum combined with MSG stress were studied by means of chromatography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect of different solvent extracts before and after germination of adzuki bean were evaluated by experiments in vitro. The results showed that the nutritional characteristics of adzuki bean rich in GABA changed significantly ( P < 0.05), the total fatty acids decreased significantly ( P < 0.05), and the 21 amino acids detected increased significantly. After germination, the starch granules of adzuki bean became smaller and the surface was rough Germination stress significantly increased the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of the extracts from different solvents ( P < 0.05), and the water extracts had the best effect on DPPH and ⋅OH radical scavenging rates of 88.52 and 83.56%, respectively. The results indicated that the germinated adzuki bean rich in GABA was more nutritious than the raw adzuki bean and had good antioxidant activity. It hoped to provide technical reference for rich food containing GABA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Jiang, Xu, Zhang, Li, Tang, Cao and Zhang.)

Studies have shown that inhibiting inflammation and regulating intestinal microflora imbalance is a significant factor in controlling the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This experiment studied the protective effect of polyphenol extract from germinated mung beans on diabetic C57BL/6 mice., Results: Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was decreased, glucose tolerance was increased, insulin resistance was decreased, serum lipid indexes in T2DM mice were improved, and the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum were reduced. Meanwhile, the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum were decreased, the concentration of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in serum was increased, inhibiting the inflammatory reaction induced by diabetes and repairing the morphology of mice liver tissue. At the same time, germinated mung bean polyphenol (GMP) can regulate the main intestinal flora, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria in diabetic mice and can also regulate species diversity and improve intestinal flora imbalance. Taken together, the experimental conclusion is a certain dose of polyphenol extract from germinated mung beans that can improve mouse T2DM by inhibiting inflammatory reaction and regulating intestinal microflora., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shen, Jiang, Qian, Zhang, Zuo and Zhang.)

Objectives: In this study, the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich sprouted adzuki beans on the glycolipid metabolism and gastrointestinal health were investigated in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Methods: Mice with T2DM were subjected to dietary intervention with different doses of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans for 6 consecutive weeks, during which growth indicators, glycolipid metabolism, and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota changes were observed., Results: A high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans had a preventive effect against weight gain, significantly reduced serum levels of FBG, TG, and TC. Additionally, high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia, leading to a shift in the structure of the gut microbiota toward the dominance of probiotics with regulatory effects on glycolipid metabolism., Conclusions: GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans can effectively control the bodyweight of mice with T2DM, maintain a balanced blood glucose level, improve glycolipid metabolism and the changes in the microbiota may mediate the anti-diabetic effect of sprouted adzuki beans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Jiang, Ge, Xu, Li, Tang, Cao and Zhang.)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and exploring strategies to prevent and treat diabetes has become extremely important. In recent decades the search for new therapeutic strategies for T2DM involving dietary interventions has attracted public attention. We established a diabetic mouse model by feeding mice a high-fat diet combined with injection of low-dose streptozotocin, intending to elucidate the effects and possible mechanisms of different dosages of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich germinated adzuki beans on the treatment of diabetes in mice. The mice were treated for 6 weeks either with increasing doses of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans, with non-germinated adzuki beans, with GABA, or with the positive control drug metformin. Then, the blood glucose levels and blood lipid biochemical indicators of all the mice were measured. At the same time, serum differential metabolite interactions were explored by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic analysis. The results showed that body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). We also report improved levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and serum creatinine. We observed a significant improvement in the homeostasis model assessment of the beta cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA-β and HOMA-IR) scores ( P < 0.05) in the group of mice treated with the highest dose of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans. In addition, the metabolic profiles of the serum were analyzed, and 31 differential metabolites including amino acids and lipids were obtained. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, this was found to be correlated with nine significantly enriched metabolic pathways involving the up-regulation of levels of L-serine, SM (d18:1/22:1(13Z)), L-histidine, creatine, and 3-indoleacetic acid. Our data suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans on diabetic mice may be related to improving tryptophan metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, sphingosline metabolism, and the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways. This study provides a reference for the application of GABA-enriched germinated foods in type 2 diabetes and could provide a cue for searching biomarkers to be adopted for T2DM diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Jiang, Xu, Zhang, Liu, Li, Tang, Cao and Zhang.)

Manipulation of the charge transfer in donor-acceptor-type molecules is essential for the design of controllable aggregate luminescent materials. Apart from the traditional through-bond charge transfer (TBCT) systems which suffer from complicated structural design, poor tunability and low quantum efficiency, through-space charge transfer (TSCT) has been proved as an alternative yet facile strategy in tuning photophysical processes. In this work, by simply changing nucleophilic reaction bases, a traditional conjugated acrylonitrile AP1 and an unexpected non-conjugated AP2 with a carboxamide-functionalized oxirane linker could be obtained. The long-range π-π stacking in conjugated AP1 results in mixed intramolecular TBCT plus intermolecular TSCT emission. However, facilitated by the steric hindrance effect of the big oxirane connector and the unique discrete dimer packing, non-conjugated AP2 exhibits pure and efficient intermolecular TSCT emission in both aggregate and crystalline states. The flexibility of the non-conjugated character further leads to better reversible stimuli-responsiveness to mechanical force for AP2 than for the rigid AP1., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

This study aimed to investigate the optimal hypoxic and monosodium glutamate (MSG) stress conditions for the enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinating adzuki beans and to reveal the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of GABA accumulation. Using single-factor experiments and response surface model, we investigated the effects of germination time, germination temperature, vacuum time, and MSG concentration on GABA contents, and further explored the activity and gene expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) critical rate restriction enzymes during GABA synthesis. The optimal soaking temperature, soaking time, and pH conditions were 35°C, 16 h, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal germination conditions for optimal GABA enrichment were 48 h, 1.99 mg/ml MSG concentration, germination temperature of 31.49°C, and vacuum time of 15.83 h. Under such conditions, the predicted GABA concentration was 443.57 ± 7.18 mg/100 g, with no significant difference between the predicted and experimental data. The vacuum + MSG (FZM) treatment has a maximum contribution rate of GABA to 38.29%, which significantly increase GABA content, and the increase was associated with increased GAD and PAO activity. In addition, MSG in combination with vacuum treatment could significantly induce VaGAD4 and VaGAD6 genes in 2 days germination of adzuki beans. According to the results of the present study, vacuum + MSG treatment is an effective approach to enhancing GABA accumulation in germinating adzuki beans, which could be employed in enhancing the functional quality of germinating adzuki beans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Jiang, Xu, Zhang, Liu, Zhao, Gu, Yuan, Jia, Shen, Li, Cao and Zhang.)