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Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a kind of zoonotic bacteria, is among the most common antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and it causes nosocomial infections that pose a threat to public health. In this study, the roles of synthetic bovine neutrophil β-defensin-5 (B5) in regulating inflammatory response and metabolic response against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infection in a mouse model were investigated. Mice were administrated intranasally with 20 μg of B5 twice and challenged with K. pneumoniae three days after B5 pretreatment. Results showed that B5 failed to directly kill K. pneumoniae in vitro, but it provided effective protection against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae via decreasing the bacterial load in the lungs and spleen, and by alleviating K. pneumoniae-induced histopathological damage in the lungs. Furthermore, B5 significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, Cxcl1, Cxcl5, Ccl17, and Ccl22 and obviously enhanced the rapid recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells in the lungs in the early infection phase, but significantly down-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17 in the lungs in the later infection phase. Moreover, RNA-seq results showed that K. pneumoniae infection activated signaling pathways related to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, IL-17 signaling pathway, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and necroptosis in the lungs, while B5 inhibited these signaling pathways. Additionally, K. pneumoniae challenge led to the suppression of glycerophospholipid metabolism, the phosphotransferase system, the activation of microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and metabolic pathways in the lungs. However, B5 significantly reversed these metabolic responses. Collectively, B5 can effectively regulate the inflammatory response caused by K. pneumoniae and offer protection against K. pneumoniae. B5 may be applied as an adjuvant to the existing antimicrobial therapy to control multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae infection. Our study highlights the potential of B5 in enhancing pulmonary bacterial clearance and alleviating K. pneumoniae-caused inflammatory damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eosinophils are important immune effector cells that affect T cell‐mediated antitumor immunity. However, the low frequency and restrained activity of eosinophils restricted the outcome of cancer immunotherapies. We herein report an eosinophil‐activating semiconducting polymer nanoparticle (SPNe) to improve photodynamic tumor immunogenicity, modulate eosinophil chemotaxis, and reinvigorate T‐cell immunity for activated cancer photo‐immunotherapy. SPNe comprises an amphiphilic semiconducting polymer and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor sitagliptin via a 1O2‐cleavable thioketal linker. Upon localized NIR photoirradiation, SPNe generates 1O2 to elicit immunogenic cell death of tumors and induce specific activation of sitagliptin. The subsequent inhibition of DPP4 increases intratumoral CCL11 levels to promote eosinophil chemotaxis and activation. SPNe‐mediated photo‐immunotherapy synergized with immune checkpoint blockade greatly promotes tumor infiltration and activation of both eosinophils and T cells, effectively inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, this study presents a generic polymeric nanoplatform to modulate specific immune cells for precision cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise control of dispersion output holds paramount significance across domains such as optical fiber communication, time stretching, and spectral interferometric ranging. In comparison to other dispersion elements, like prisms, gratings are widely applied in the field of dispersion control due to their advantages of broad spectral range, tunability, and high resolution. Moreover, linear dispersion is the most desired characteristic by designers in most cases. Here, we develop a dispersion model for grating groups to determine the optimal structural parameters for achieving linear dispersion in high-order grating arrays. Based on our model, we provide corresponding parameter selection methods that allow for quantitative design of the size and slope of output dispersion by adjusting input parameters such as angle, distance, and parallelism. Additionally, we experimentally establish a dispersion interferometry structure based on the grating ensemble that validates our proposed approach's capability for linear dispersion output (linearity better than 0.9998). We believe that our approach is universally significant and contributes to enhancing the performance of dispersion interferometric measurement systems, chirp amplification systems, and other related systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) play a role in both pro‐ and anti‐tumor functions; and the targeted polarization from M2 to M1 TAMs has become an effective therapy option. Although detection of M1 TAMs is imperative to assess cancer immunotherapeutic efficacy, existing optical probes suffer from shallow tissue penetration depth and poor specificity toward M1 TAMs. Herein, we report a tandem‐locked NIR chemiluminescent (CL) probe for specific detection of M1 TAMs. Through a combined molecular engineering approach via both atomic alternation and introduction of electron‐withdrawing groups, near‐infrared (NIR) chemiluminophores are screened out to possess record‐long emission (over 800 nm), record‐high CL quantum yield (2.7 % einstein/mol), and prolonged half‐life (7.7 h). Based on an ideal chemiluminophore, the tandem‐locked probe (DPDGN) is developed to only activate CL signal in the presence of both tumour (γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase) and M1 macrophage biomarkers (nitric oxide). Such a tandem‐lock design ensures its high specificity towards M1 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment over those in normal tissues or peripheral blood. Thus, DPDGN permits noninvasive imaging and tracking of M1 TAM in the tumor of living mice during R837 treatment, showing a good correlation with ex vivo methods. This study not only reports a new molecular approach towards highly efficient chemiluminophores but also reveals the first tandem‐locked CL probes for enhanced imaging specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of combination immunotherapy has been limited by tumor specificity and immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). Herein, we report the development of polymeric STING pro‐agonists (PSPA), whose sono‐immunotherapeutic efficacy is activated by sono‐irradiation and elevated glutathione (GSH) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). PSPA is composed of sonosensitizers (semiconducting polymer) and STING agonists (MSA‐2) via the GSH‐activatable linkers. Under sono‐irradiation, PSPA serves as a sonosensitizer to generate 1O2 and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of malignant tumor cells. Furthermore, MSA‐2 is released specifically in tumor microenvironment with highly expressed GSH, minimizing off‐target side effects. The activation of the STING pathway elevates the interferon‐β level and synergizes with SDT to enhance the anti‐tumor response. Therefore, this work proposes a universal approach for spatiotemporal regulation of cancer sono‐immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InGaN red light emitting diode (LED) is one of the crucial bottlenecks that must be broken through to realize high‐resolution full‐color mini/micro‐LED displays. The efficiency of InGaN LEDs drops rapidly as the emission spectra go from blue/green to red range due to the poor quality of high‐indium‐content InGaN materials. Here, high‐performance InGaN red LEDs on sapphire grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition through strain modulation are reported. A composite buffer layer is proposed to increase the surface lattice constant of GaN and hence successfully enhances the indium incorporation efficiency of the following InGaN active layers. Consequently, a high‐efficiency InGaN red mini‐LED chip (mesa area: 100 × 200 µm2) with a peak wavelength of 629 nm and an external quantum efficiency of 7.4% is realized. Finally, a full‐color nitride mini‐LED display panel with 74.1% coverage of Rec.2020 color gamut by using the InGaN red mini‐LED chips is fabricated. The study signifies the great potentials of full‐nitrides high‐resolution full‐color mini/micro‐LED displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in the development of chemiluminescence (CL) probes for phototheranostics because of their minimized tissue autofluorescence. However, due to a lack of near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorbing chemiluminophores, current probes for NIR CL‐guided phototherapy are based on nanoparticles made up of multiple components. We report bright unimolecular chemiluminophores with NIR absorptions and emissions, long CL half‐lives and ideal photodynamic efficiency. One luminophore is modified into an activatable probe, DBPOL, with a turn‐on CL signal and photodynamic activity that are specific to a cancer biomarker. The highly sensitive DBPOL allows CL‐guided photodynamic therapy which completely inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis in mouse models, and can be applied for noninvasive monitoring of lung metastasis. We provide molecular guidelines for NIR‐absorbing CL probes for imaging‐guided phototherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer immunotherapy has shown tremendous potential to train the intrinsic immune system against malignancy in the clinic. However, the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumor microenvironment is a formidable barrier that not only restricts the penetration of therapeutic drugs but also prevents the infiltration of antitumor immune cells. We herein report a semiconducting polymer‐based ECM nanoremodeler (SPNcb) to combine photodynamic antitumor activity with cancer‐specific inhibition of collagen‐crosslinking enzymes (lysyl oxidase (LOX) family) for activatable cancer photo‐immunotherapy. SPNcb is self‐assembled from an amphiphilic semiconducting polymer conjugated with a LOX inhibitor (β‐aminopropionitrile, BAPN) via a cancer biomarker (cathepsin B, CatB)‐cleavable segment. BAPN can be exclusively activated to inhibit LOX activity in the presence of the tumor‐overexpressed CatB, thus blocking collagen crosslinking and decreasing ECM stiffness. Such an ECM nanoremodeler synergizes immunogenic phototherapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy to improve the tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near‐infrared (NIR) chemiluminescence imaging holds potential for sensitive imaging of cancer due to its low background; however, few NIR chemiluminophores are available, which share the drawback of low chemiluminescence quantum yields (ΦCL). Herein, we report the synthesis of NIR chemiluminophores for cancer imaging and laparotomy. Molecular engineering of the electron‐withdrawing group at the para‐position of the phenol‐dioxetane leads to a highly bright NIR chemiluminophore (DPT), showing the ΦCL (4.6×10−2 Einstein mol−1) that is 3 to 5‐fold higher than existing NIR chemiluminophores. By caging the phenol group of DPT with a cathepsin B (CatB) responsive moiety, an activatable chemiluminescence probe (DPTCB) is developed for real‐time turn‐on detection of deeply buried tumor tissues in living mice. Due to its high brightness, DPTCB permits accurate chemiluminescence‐guided laparotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real‐time optical imaging of immune cells can contribute to understanding their pathophysiological roles, which still remains challenging. Current sensitive chemiluminophores have issues of short half‐lives and low brightness, limiting their ability for in vivo longitudinal monitoring of immunological processes. To tackle these issues, we report benzoazole‐phenoxyl‐dioxetane (BAPD)‐based chemiluminophores with intramolecular hydrogen bonding for in vivo imaging of neutrophils. Compared with the classical counterpart, chemiluminescence half‐lives and brightness of BAPDs in the aqueous solution are increased by ∼ 33‐ and 8.2‐fold, respectively. Based on the BAPD scaffold, a neutrophil elastase‐responsive chemiluminescent probe is developed for real‐time imaging of neutrophils in peritonitis and psoriasis mouse models. Our study provides an intramolecular hydrogen bonding molecular design for improving the performance of chemiluminophores in advanced imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activatable phototheranostics holds promise for precision cancer treatment owing to the "turn‐on" signals and therapeutic effects. However, most activatable phototheranostic probes only possess photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photothermal therapy (PTT), which suffer from poor therapeutic efficacy due to deficient cellular oxygen and complex tumor microenvironment. We herein report a dual‐locked activatable phototheranostic probe that activates near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) signals in tumor, triggers PDT in response to a tumor‐periphery biomarker, and switches from PDT to PTT upon detecting a tumor‐core‐hypoxia biomarker. This PDT‐PTT auto‐regulated probe exhibits complete tumor ablation under the photoirradiation of a single laser source by producing cytotoxic singlet oxygen at the tumor periphery and generating hyperthermia at tumor‐core where is too hypoxic for PDT. This dual‐locked probe represents a promising molecular design approach toward precise cancer phototheranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemiluminescence imaging is imperative for diagnostics and imaging due to its intrinsically high sensitivity. To improve in vivo detection of biomarkers, chemiluminophores that simultaneously possess near‐infrared (NIR) emission and modular structures amenable to construction of activatable probes are highly desired; however, these are rare. Herein, we report two chemiluminophores with record long NIR emission (>750 nm) via integration of dicyanomethylene‐4H‐benzothiopyran or dicyanomethylene‐4H‐benzoselenopyran with dioxetane unit. Caging of the chemiluminophores with different cleavable moieties produces NIR chemiluminescence probes (NCPs) that only produce signals upon reaction with reactive oxygen species or enzymes, for example, β‐galactosidase, with a tissue‐penetration depth of up to 2 cm. Thus, this study provides NIR chemiluminescence molecular scaffolds applicable for in vivo turn‐on imaging of versatile biomarkers in deep tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the superior sensitivity of chemiluminescence over fluorescence, most chemiluminescence reporters only emit visible light, and have low water solubility, making them poorly equipped for in vivo imaging applications. Herein two near‐infrared (NIR) chemiluminescent reporters (NCRs) with high renal clearance for real‐time imaging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the kidneys are synthesized. NCRs comprise a β‐cyclodextrin unit and a modified dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran containing Schaap's dioxetane as the renal‐clearance enabler and the chemiluminescent moiety, respectively. NCR1 and NCR2 specifically activate their NIR chemiluminescence towards superoxide anion (O2•−) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), respectively. By virtue of their nanomolar sensitivity and high renal clearance, NCRs not only detect subtle upregulation of endogenous RONS in cells but also enable noninvasive monitoring of RONS in the kidneys under nephrotoxic exposure. The earlier activation of NCR1 relative to NCR2 implies the sequential upregulation of O2•− and ONOO− during drug‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Moreover, detection of the fluorescence of excreted NCRs permits urinalysis of AKI, detecting the upregulation of RONS at least 24 h earlier than histological analysis. Thus, this study not only introduces ultrasensitive NIR chemiluminescent probes but also provides guidelines to transform them into legitimate imaging agents for organ‐specific in vivo detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality; however, in vivo optical imaging of BC remains challenging because of the lack of cancer‐specific optical agents with high renal clearance. Herein, a macromolecular reporter (CyP1) was synthesized for real‐time near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and urinalysis of BC in living mice. Because of the high renal clearance (ca. 94 % of the injection dosage at 24 h post‐injection) and its cancer biomarker (APN=aminopeptidase N) specificity, CyP1 can be efficiently transported to the bladder and specially turn on its NIRF signal to report the detection of BC in living mice. Moreover, CyP1 can be used for optical urinalysis, permitting the ex vivo tracking of tumor progression for therapeutic evaluation and easy translation of CyP2 as an in vitro diagnostic assay. This study not only provides new opportunities for non‐invasive diagnosis of BC, but also reveals useful guidelines for the development of molecular reporters for the detection of bladder diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomes have been applied extensively as nanocarriers in the clinic (e.g., to deliver anticancer drugs) due to their biocompatibility and internal cavity structures. However, their low drug-loading capacity (DLC; <10%) and uncontrolled release reduce their efficacy in cancer treatment. To improve the DLC and monitor release of drugs in cells in real-time, stimuli-responsive vesicles must be developed. We present various amphiphilic tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-containing compounds designed to self-assemble into liposome-like vesicles that can load both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The highest DLC for doxorubicin (DOX) was ≤26% for vesicles (diameter = 105 nm) that could encapsulate hydrophilic DOX in the interior water pool and hydrophobic DOX via π–π stacking interactions between DOX and the TPE moiety. The stable vesicles could respond rapidly to overexpressed glutathione in the tumor microenvironment to release loaded DOX for cancer therapy. Vesicles modified by active targeting groups showed more efficacious tumor treatment compared with unmodified vesicles and free DOX in vitro and in vivo. Simultaneously we observed, spatiotemporally, the subcellular location of the delivery system and release process of DOX. Our work provides a novel nano-engineering technology to integrate the desired properties for anticancer theranostics: high DLC, stability, stimuli-responsiveness to the cancer environment, drug-delivery monitoring, active targeting, and suppression of tumor growth. These novel vesicles could be employed as multifunctional drug-delivery systems for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long range phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR) sensing mainly employs distributed amplification in the sensing fiber. It requires the light to be injected into both ends of the sensing fiber, which reduces the degree of freedom in embedding the fiber into structures. To overcome this problem, the key factors that affects the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in ϕ-OTDR system based on matched filter is analyzed thoroughly, and a single-ended long-range ϕ-OTDR that does not require distributed amplification is proposed. In this system, two key techniques are adopted for SNR improvement. To boost the pulse energy and suppress the self-phase modulation, the distortion of the amplified pulse is rectified by using iterative predistortion method; to mitigate the influence of the interference fading and the stimulated Brillouin backscattering, a three-carrier pulse is employed. In combination with the non-linear frequency modulation technique which yields a 42.7 dB side lobe suppression ratio, these approaches guarantee an achievable ϕ-OTDR of 80 km sensing range, 2.7 m spatial resolution, 49.6 dB dynamic range in the experiment. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a ϕ-OTDR without optical amplification in the sensing fiber is realized over such a long sensing range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise as candidate materials for next-generation electroluminescent displays owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the long insulating ligands on the surface of CsPbBr3 QDs originating from the synthesis process hinder the fabrication of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Herein, an efficient ligand-exchange route is proposed with the use of perovskite-precursor-based halide ligands, including a series of phenalkylammonium bromides with a π-conjugation benzene ring and different branch lengths. Based on the ligand-exchange method, the conductivity of the CsPbBr3 QD layer is significantly improved owing to ligand shortening and the insertion of the π-conjugation benzene ring. As a result, high brightness (up to 12,650 cd/m2) and low turn-on voltage (as low as 2.66 V) can be realized in CsPbBr3 QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), leading to dramatic improvements in device performance with a current efficiency of 13.43 cd/A, power efficiency of 12.05 lm/W, and external quantum efficiency of 4.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular performance deterioration of P-type crystalline silicon solar modules and module strings caused by potential-induced degradation in a photovoltaic power plant was found in the field. The PID-affected solar modules dismounted from the photovoltaic power plant were further investigated systematically in the laboratory. For the first time, we found that the neutral point of voltage in a module string moved forward to the positive pole for a PID-affected module string as time goes on. Even if low positive voltage is applied to a PID-prone module, it could cause PID. The thermographic and electroluminescence (EL) images of a PID-affected module string also exhibit a regular degradation pattern. This is in good agreement with the measured power loss of the dismounted solar modules under standard test conditions. The results obtained in this paper show that the maximum power degradation rate of solar modules was as high as 53.26% after only one year of operation because of PID in the field. Due to the vast amount of solar modules and incomplete recovery, this is a terrible catastrophe for the owner of a power plant and module producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report that the co-solvent polarity can precisely control the TPE-buried amphiphile 1 to selfassemble into nanoparticles (NPs) in water with size range from ~21-32nm to 55-68nm to 95-106 nm. Excepted for size, these TPE-buried amphiphile fabricated NPs hold identical physical properties such as spherical shape, surface charge, and luminescent properties, and moreover, after covalent capture of the acrylate hydrophilic heads, the resulting cross-linked NPs (cNPs I-III) own excellent in vivo stability, which thus would be an ideal platform for investigating the size effects on tumor accumulation and penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented catalytic system composed of the Wilkinson catalyst [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] and CF3COOH enabled the highly regioselective cross-coupling of aromatic amines with a variety of heteroarenes through dual CH bond cleavage. This protocol provided a facile and rapid route from readily available substrates to (2-aminophenyl)heteroaryl compounds, which may be conveniently transformed into highly extended π-conjugated heteroacenes. The experimental studies and calculations showed that thianaphtheno[3,2-b]indoles have large HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and low-lying HOMO levels, and could therefore potentially be high-performance organic semiconductors. Herein we report the first use of a rhodium(I) catalyst for oxidative CH/CH coupling reactions. The current innovative catalyst system is much less expensive than [RhCp*Cl2]2/AgSbF6 and could open the door for the application of this approach to other types of CH activation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doppelrolle: In einer neuartigen, RhIII ‐ katalysierten Synthese ortho ‐ alkenylierter tertiärer Aniline fungiert eine spurlose dirigierende Gruppe zugleich als internes Oxidans (siehe Schema). Ein fünfgliedriger cyclometallierter RhIII ‐ Komplex wird als plausible Zwischenstufe vorgeschlagen und konnte durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durch Koordinationsaktivierung gelingt die oxidative Funktionalisierung der α ‐ C(sp3) ‐ H ‐ Bindungen von α ‐ tertiären α ‐ Aminosäureestern unter Bildung von α ‐ quartären α ‐ Aminosäuren. Die Reaktion verfügt über eine große Substratbreite hinsichtlich sowohl der α ‐ Aminosäuren als auch der Nukleophile (Nu) und ist gut verträglich mit funktionellen Gruppen (siehe Schema, DTBP=Di ‐ tert ‐ butylperoxid, DCE=1,2 ‐ Dichlorethan). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innentitelbild: A Renal-Clearable Macromolecular Reporter for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Bladder Cancer (Angew. Chem. 11/2020) Der Reporter wird effizient über die Nieren ausgeschieden, sammelt sich in der Blase und wurde zur Untersuchung von Blasenkrebs in lebenden Mäusen durch Echtzeit-in-vivo-Bildgebung und Urinanalyse verwendet. [Extracted from the article]

Potential induced degradation (PID) leads to power degradation, and reduces durability and reliability of solar modules. However, this problem has not been thoroughly solved so far. The results from interlaboratory and field study show contradictory fault phenomenon for PID. In this paper, PID of crystalline silicon photovoltaic power plants distributed in various climate conditions was investigated. These photovoltaic power plants consist of two types of crystalline silicon solar modules, which cover almost all kinds of front glass, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) and backsheet available commercially. It was found that only a few of power plants were affected by PID. By measuring current voltage characteristics of PID-affected solar modules, the real faults phenomenon was uncovered and classified into regular and irregular power degradation in a module string. The results obtained in this work show that the negative potential caused by high system voltage and stacking faults are necessary and sufficient conditions for PID occurrence for the first time. The anomalous power degradation is related to the stacking fault, which appears randomly during the crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strategy based on N-oxide substituents as traceless directing groups is developed to achieve selective ortho C-H functionalization of N,N-dialkylated anilines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability and lifetime of crystalline silicon solar modules are very important for photovoltaic system performance. That the snail trails occasionally occurred on photovoltaic modules has not yet been solved. In this paper, the influence of the snail trails on the power degradation was investigated in detail by six years’ tracking test and the extended reliability tests. The results show that the average power degradation of the modules with snail trails is 5.90%, while the average power degradation of modules without snail trails is 5.64% over a 6-year operation period. This reveals that the snail trail has a little impact on the performance of solar modules because the snail trail only affects the transmission of the sunlight. Electroluminescence images prove that there is no relationship between snail trails and micro-cracks. To assess the impact of snail trails on the long-term reliability of solar modules, we applied extended reliability tests based on the international standard IEC 61215. The extended reliability tests of solar modules with snail trails reveal that the average power degradation is 1.77% and 0.68% after the damp heat test over 1250 h and the thermal cycling test of 500 cycles, respectively. These results suggest that the long-term reliability and durability of solar modules are not affected by snail trails. The SEM and EDS prove that Ag finger below snail trails has no change, and no corrosion could be identified. The result of XPS indicates that there exists the silver oxide in the EVA affected by snail trails. The results obtained in this paper prove that the warranty period up to 25 years for solar modules with snail trails may be realized under real conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optical injection leads to the collapse and rebuilding-up of the bound state via gain competition. • The collapse and rebuilding-up of the bound states is highly sensitive to noise. • Bound states with temporal separation oscillating. The bound states of mode-locked fiber lasers have been under intensive investigations for the ultra-complex dynamics, while their optical controlling has been unexplored. We report the collapse and rebuilding-up dynamics of the short-range bound states under continuous wave optical injection. The injected continuous wave laser perturbs the gain dynamics of the bound states in the ring fiber laser cavity, and spontaneous collapse and rebuilding-up of the bound states are frequently observed, based on the single-shot disperse Fourier transformation technology. We observe two different procedures for the dynamics, due to the gain competition between pulses and the continuous wave laser. During the collapse process, the double solitons disappear either directly or after them decay to the intermediate state of the single soliton. While, during the rebuilding-up stage, both the relaxation oscillation phase and complex soliton interaction phase were raised. Multiple pulses mode locking might occur after the raised relaxation oscillation. As the continuous wave injection breaking the gain homeostasis of the cavity, stable bound states with temporal separation oscillations appear after rebuilding-up. Moreover, we experimentally investigated the response of the short-range BSs under different wavelengths and power of the continuous wave injection These results provide more information for the bound states of ultrafast lasers, which are also beneficial for understanding the relevant dynamics in other complex nonlinear optical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is an important pathogen of the porcine respiratory disease complex, which leads to huge economic losses worldwide. We previously demonstrated that Pichia pastoris -producing bovine neutrophil β-defensin-5 (B5) could resist the infection by the bovine intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium bovis . In this study, the roles of synthetic B5 in regulating mucosal innate immune response and protecting against extracellular APP infection were further investigated using a mouse model. Results showed that B5 promoted the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon (IFN)-β in macrophages as well as dendritic cells (DC) and enhanced DC maturation in vitro . Importantly, intranasal B5 was safe and conferred effective protection against APP via reducing the bacterial load in lungs and alleviating pulmonary inflammatory damage. Furthermore, in the early stage of APP infection, we found that intranasal B5 up-regulated the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-22; enhanced the rapid recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, and DC; and facilitated the generation of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in lungs. In addition, B5 activated signalling pathways associated with cellular response to IFN-β and activation of innate immune response in APP-challenged lungs. Collectively, B5 via the intranasal route can effectively ameliorate the immune suppression caused by early APP infection and provide protection against APP. The immunization strategy may be applied to animals or human respiratory bacterial infectious diseases. Our findings highlight the potential importance of B5, enhancing mucosal defence against intracellular bacteria like APP which causes early-phase immune suppression.