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Abstract Graphene is a perfect 2D crystal of covalently bonded carbon atoms and constitutes the building block for all graphitic structures. Its superior properties make it an attractive material for a variety of technological applications. However, mass production does not meet the initial expectations. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is currently the only available method for large‐scale automated production, but the produced graphene sheets suffer from structural and morphological defects that degrade considerably the mechanical and other physical properties of synthesized graphene. Recently, the use of liquid metal catalysts (LMCat) has been proposed as an alternative platform for facile and high‐quality synthesis of single‐crystal graphene. Herein, simultaneous Raman spectroscopy combined with mechanical testing is adopted confirming that the reinforcing efficiency of the LMCat graphene is greatly improved. In fact, the effective Young's modulus of LMCat graphene has been found ≈630 GPa, which is significantly higher than the graphene grown on solid Cu substrate due to differences in the morphology of Cu substrate. Overall, this work paves the way for the development of defect‐free graphene of quality comparable to exfoliated flakes, and this will have a major technological impact for many applications.

The X-ray reflectivity technique can provide out-of-plane electron-density profiles of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, with atomic resolution accuracy. While current methodologies require high surface flatness, this becomes challenging for naturally curved surfaces, particularly for liquid metals, due to the very high surface tension. Here, the development of X-ray reflectivity measurements with beam sizes of a few tens of micrometres on highly curved liquid surfaces using a synchrotron diffractometer equipped with a double crystal beam deflector is presented. The proposed and developed method, which uses a standard reflectivity θ–2θ scan, is successfully applied to study in situ the bare surface of molten copper and molten copper covered by a graphene layer grown in situ by chemical vapor deposition. It was found that the roughness of the bare liquid surface of copper at 1400 K is 1.25 ± 0.10 Å, while the graphene layer is separated from the liquid surface by a distance of 1.55 ± 0.08 Å and has a roughness of 1.26 ± 0.09 Å.

Abstract Here the possibility of utilizing X‐ray reflectivity for visualization with ≈µm spatial resolution of a surface with a heterogeneous electron density due to a partial coverage by another nanometrically thin material is demonstrated. It requires the sample to be convexly bent, thus reflecting the collimated incident beam onto a magnified image recorded by a position‐sensitive detector. By the use of a small, intense, and parallel beam such as provided by the most recent synchrotron sources, one can record such spatially resolved X‐ray reflectivity with 0.1–1 kHz frame rate. The use of the method for in situ, time‐resolved characterization of single‐layer graphene domains during their chemical vapor deposition on a naturally curved surface of a liquid copper drop is demonstrated. This method can follow the growth kinetics, including the coverage ratio, 2D crystal (flake) sizes, and distances between flakes. By taking a single scan, the individual X‐ray reflectivity curves can be reconstructed, of both covered and noncovered parts of the surface, allowing to deduce the corresponding electron density profiles perpendicular to the surface. The technique has a promising perspective for in situ study of 2D materials, ultrathin films, and self‐assemblies on liquid as well as solid surfaces.

Abstract Liquid metal catalysts have recently attracted attention for synthesizing high‐quality 2D materials facilitated via the catalysts’ perfectly smooth surface. However, the microscopic catalytic processes occurring at the surface are still largely unclear because liquid metals escape the accessibility of traditional experimental and computational surface science approaches. Hence, numerous controversies are found regarding different applications, with graphene (Gr) growth on liquid copper (Cu) as a prominent prototype. In this work, novel in situ and in silico techniques are employed to achieve an atomic‐level characterization of the graphene adsorption height above liquid Cu, reaching quantitative agreement within 0.1 Å between experiment and theory. The results are obtained via in situ synchrotron X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements over wide‐range q‐vectors and large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations based on efficient machine‐learning (ML) potentials trained to first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) data. The computational insight is demonstrated to be robust against inherent DFT errors and reveals the nature of graphene binding to be highly comparable at liquid Cu and solid Cu(111). Transporting the predictive first‐principles quality via ML potentials to the scales required for liquid metal catalysis thus provides a powerful approach to reach microscopic understanding, analogous to the established computational approaches for catalysis at solid surfaces.

Se evaluaron las características de peso al nacimiento, (PN) velocidad de crecimiento predestete, peso al destete (PO) (90 días), peso ajustado a 150 días, (P150) rendimiento en canal (RC) y composición de la misma

A list of books related to criminology and criminal justice is presented. These include "Advancing Critical Criminology: Theory and Application," edited by Walter S. DeKeseredy and Barbara Perry, "The Crime That Pays: Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Canada," by Frederick J. Desroches and "Criminology in Canada: Theories, Patterns and Typologies," 3rd Edition, by Larry J. Siegel and Chris McCormick

Graphene is a perfect 2D crystal of covalently bonded carbon atoms and constitutes the building block for all graphitic structures. Its superior properties make it an attractive material for a variety of technological applications. However, mass production does not meet the initial expectations. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is currently the only available method for large‐scale automated production, but the produced graphene sheets suffer from structural and morphological defects that degrade considerably the mechanical and other physical properties of synthesized graphene. Recently, the use of liquid metal catalysts (LMCat) has been proposed as an alternative platform for facile and high‐quality synthesis of single‐crystal graphene. Herein, simultaneous Raman spectroscopy combined with mechanical testing is adopted confirming that the reinforcing efficiency of the LMCat graphene is greatly improved. In fact, the effective Young's modulus of LMCat graphene has been found ≈630 GPa, which is significantly higher than the graphene grown on solid Cu substrate due to differences in the morphology of Cu substrate. Overall, this work paves the way for the development of defect‐free graphene of quality comparable to exfoliated flakes, and this will have a major technological impact for many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of books about criminology reviewed in the January 2006 issue of the journal including "Alternatives to Prison: Options for an Insecure Society," edited by Anthony Bottoms, Sue Rex and Gwen Robinson, "Beyond the Tariff: Human Rights and the Release of Life Sentence Prisoners," by Nicola Padfield, "La criminologie," 4th edition by Par Maurice Cusson, "Discovering Qualitative Methods: Field Research, Interviews and Analysis," by Carol A.B. Warren and Tracy X. Karner and "Families, Delinquency and Crime: Linking Society's Most Basic Institution to Antisocial Behavior," by Ronald L. Simons, Leslie Gordon Simons and Lora Ebert Wallace.

The article presents a list of books that are reviewed. Some of the books are "Crimes, Victims and Justice: Essays on Principles and Practice," edited by Hendrik Kaptein and Marije Malsch, "Desisting from Crime: Continuity and Change in Long-Term Crime Patterns of Serious Chronic Offenders," by Mike E. Ezell and Lawrence E. Cohen, "Drugs and Crime: A Study of Incarcerated Female Offenders," by Holly Johnson, "The Genetic Imaginary: DNA in the Canadian Criminal Justice System," by Neil Gerlach and "Hybrids," edited by David G. Hartwell.

Here the possibility of utilizing X‐ray reflectivity for visualization with ≈µm spatial resolution of a surface with a heterogeneous electron density due to a partial coverage by another nanometrically thin material is demonstrated. It requires the sample to be convexly bent, thus reflecting the collimated incident beam onto a magnified image recorded by a position‐sensitive detector. By the use of a small, intense, and parallel beam such as provided by the most recent synchrotron sources, one can record such spatially resolved X‐ray reflectivity with 0.1–1 kHz frame rate. The use of the method for in situ, time‐resolved characterization of single‐layer graphene domains during their chemical vapor deposition on a naturally curved surface of a liquid copper drop is demonstrated. This method can follow the growth kinetics, including the coverage ratio, 2D crystal (flake) sizes, and distances between flakes. By taking a single scan, the individual X‐ray reflectivity curves can be reconstructed, of both covered and noncovered parts of the surface, allowing to deduce the corresponding electron density profiles perpendicular to the surface. The technique has a promising perspective for in situ study of 2D materials, ultrathin films, and self‐assemblies on liquid as well as solid surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liquid metal catalysts have recently attracted attention for synthesizing high‐quality 2D materials facilitated via the catalysts' perfectly smooth surface. However, the microscopic catalytic processes occurring at the surface are still largely unclear because liquid metals escape the accessibility of traditional experimental and computational surface science approaches. Hence, numerous controversies are found regarding different applications, with graphene (Gr) growth on liquid copper (Cu) as a prominent prototype. In this work, novel in situ and in silico techniques are employed to achieve an atomic‐level characterization of the graphene adsorption height above liquid Cu, reaching quantitative agreement within 0.1 Å between experiment and theory. The results are obtained via in situ synchrotron X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements over wide‐range q‐vectors and large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations based on efficient machine‐learning (ML) potentials trained to first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) data. The computational insight is demonstrated to be robust against inherent DFT errors and reveals the nature of graphene binding to be highly comparable at liquid Cu and solid Cu(111). Transporting the predictive first‐principles quality via ML potentials to the scales required for liquid metal catalysis thus provides a powerful approach to reach microscopic understanding, analogous to the established computational approaches for catalysis at solid surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how a body of twenty-first-century Québécois films featuring Lebanese (or Syrian) protagonists construct the migrant subject in relation to place and gender. It examines how its corpus—Wajdi Mouawad’s Littoral (2004), Ivan Grbovic’s Romeo Onze (2011), Samer Najari’s Arwad (2013) and three films by Maryanne Zéhil, De ma fenêtre sans maison (2006), La vallée des larmes (2012), and L’autre côté de novembre (2016)—portrays male or female protagonists experiencing identity crises as they negotiate the entre-deux, the in between, of migrant identities. These films represent what Homi K. Bhabha has called “third space interventions” by (mostly) migrant filmmakers and they seek to combat what has been identified as a “state-sponsored amnesia” about the Lebanese Civil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists the books reviewed in the October 2007 issue of the Canadian Journal Of Criminology and Criminal Justice which includes "Creating Criminals: Prisons and People in a Market Society," by Viven Stern, "Crime, Punishment and Justice," by Ulla Bondeson and "Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime," by Shaun L. Gabbidon.

The article presents the author's opinion on having a scientific journal devoted to criminological research that is particularly relevant to Canada and to Canadians. The author cites this as the prime objective for his accepting the post of editor. He further informs that the issue inaugurates some changes in procedure. The instructions to other authors have been revised to reflect journal's increasing dependence on electronic transmission of articles during the editorial and production processes.

The X-ray reflectivity technique can provide out-of-plane electron-density profiles of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, with atomic resolution accuracy. While current methodologies require high surface flatness, this becomes challenging for naturally curved surfaces, particularly for liquid metals, due to the very high surface tension. Here, the development of X-ray reflectivity measurements with beam sizes of a few tens of micrometres on highly curved liquid surfaces using a synchrotron diffractometer equipped with a double crystal beam deflector is presented. The proposed and developed method, which uses a standard reflectivity θ-2θ scan, is successfully applied to study in situ the bare surface of molten copper and molten copper covered by a graphene layer grown in situ by chemical vapor deposition. It was found that the roughness of the bare liquid surface of copper at 1400 K is 1.25 ± 0.10 Å, while the graphene layer is separated from the liquid surface by a distance of 1.55 ± 0.08 Å and has a roughness of 1.26 ± 0.09 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report of the Executive Committee for 2020 is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists several books related to criminology including "Blood, Power, and Bedlam: Violations of International Criminal Law in Post-Colonial Africa," by Christopher W. Mullins and Dawn L. Rothe, "Judicial Decision Making in Child Sexual Abuse Cases," by Margaret M. Wright, and "Serial Murder and the Psychology of Violent Crimes," edited by Richard N. Kocsis.

Janus single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides, in which the two chalcogen layers have a different chemical nature, push chemical composition control beyond what is usually achievable with van der Waals heterostructures. Here, we report such a Janus compound, SPtSe, which is predicted to exhibit strong Rashba spin–orbit coupling. We synthetized it by conversion of a single-layer of PtSe2 on Pt(111) via sulfurization under H2S atmosphere. Our in situ and operando structural analysis with grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals the process by which the Janus alloy forms. The crystalline long-range order of the as-grown PtSe2 monolayer is first lost due to thermal annealing. A subsequent recrystallization in presence of a source of sulfur yields a highly ordered SPtSe alloy, which is isostructural to the pristine PtSe2. The chemical composition is resolved, layer-by-layer, using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrating that Se-by-S substitution occurs selectively in the topmost chalcogen layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ottawa Law Review is the property of University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the upgraded `In situ growth of Nanoscructures on Surfaces' (INS) endstation of the InterFace beamline IF-BM32 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). This instrument, originally designed to investigate the structure of clean surfaces/interfaces/thin-films by surface X-ray diffraction, has been further developed to investigate the formation and evolution of nanostructures by combining small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering methodologies, i.e. grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). It consists of a UHV chamber mounted on a z-axis type goniometer, equipped with residual gas analysis, reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to complete the X-ray scattering investigations. The chamber has been developed so as up to eight sources of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) can be simultaneously mounted to elaborate the nanostructures. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) set-up has been added to expand the range of growing possibilities, in particular to investigate in situ the growth of semiconductor nanowires. This setup is presented in some detail, as well as the first in situ X-ray scattering measurements during the growth of silicon nanowires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An index for the journal "Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies" for the 2003-2007 period is presented.

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ottawa Law Review is the property of University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reactions in France to Jean-Pierre Jeunet's phenomenally successful film Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain (2001) tend to fall into two groups. According to one perspective, the film is a superficial and racially sanitized form of cinetourism; according to another, it is a profound and sincere celebration of traditional French values. For both groups, the cultural work the film performs coalesces around close-ups of the face of Audrey Tautou, the film's star. This essay asks how Tautou's face and the close-up shot it exemplifies can say so much while showing so little. By drawing on the theoretical history of camera distance, it argues that the formal design of the close-up, which demands simultaneously an analytic and an affective response to the visual image, usefully informs the relations between political reactions to the film and French debates around the question of national identity at the start of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a very large number of studies on the aging and obsolescence of scientific literature, no study has yet measured, over a very long time period, the changes in the rates at which scientific literature becomes obsolete. This article studies the evolution of the aging phenomenon and, in particular, how the age of cited literature has changed over more than 100 years of scientific activity. It shows that the average and median ages of cited literature have undergone several changes over the period. Specifically, both World War I and World War II had the effect of significantly increasing the age of the cited literature. The major finding of this article is that contrary to a widely held belief, the age of cited material has risen continuously since the mid-1960s. In other words, during that period, researchers were relying on an increasingly old body of literature. Our data suggest that this phenomenon is a direct response to the steady-state dynamics of modern science that followed its exponential growth; however, we also have observed that online preprint archives such as arXiv have had the opposite effect in some subfields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show how capital structure swaps can increase the wealth of a firm's long-term shareholders when a firm's debt or equity is misvalued. We review the conventional rule that a firm should issue equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt (an equity-for-debt swap) when equity is overvalued, or repurchase equity with proceeds of new debt (a debt-for-equity swap) when equity is undervalued. We also analyse the more complex case where a firm's debt and equity are both undervalued, showing the optimal swap may be to issue undervalued equity, contrary to the conventional rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The one-dimensional paracrystal model is generalized by folding the lattice sites with objects whose scattering lengths or sizes and separation display a spatial correlation from cell to cell. A general theory to calculate the diffuse scattering and the scattering-length autocorrelation function is developed. The investigated models of coupling along the paracrystalline chain are the correlations between (i) the sizes of the scatterers, (ii) the sizes of scatterers and their separations, and (iii) the sizes of scatterers and the fluctuation of their separation distances. In the first case (i), the size of a scatterer is, on average, linked to that of its neighbors. As a result, a continuous transition from the total lack of size correlation (known as decoupling approximation or DA) to the scattering from monodisperse domains (local monodisperse approximation or LMA) is obtained. In the second case of correlation (ii), the mean interobject distance is assumed to depend on the respective sizes of nearest neighbors. Depending on the introduced correlation parameter, aggregation or hard-core- type effects can be accounted for. Surprisingly, in some cases, it is possible to find a peak in the scattering curve without any structure in the total interference function. The size-separation correlations may also dramatically reduce the scattering intensity close to the origin compared to the completely uncorrelated case. The last model (iii) foresees a coupling between the sizes of neighboring objects and the variance of the separation between neighbors. Within this model, on average along the chain, the fluctuations of distances between scatterers become dependent on the respective sizes of neighbors, while the mean distance between objects remains constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the structure of ultrathin silicon layers obtained by molecular hydrophobic bonding. Localization of dislocation networks; Details on the quality of bonding interface; Information on the interaction between dislocations.

Describes a Fortran program, IsGISAXS, for the stimulation and analysis of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) of islands supported on a substrate. Variety of island shapes and reparations on the substrate.

Examines the use of geometrical correction factors in calculating x-ray diffraction data. Analysis on the grazing incidence of x-ray diffraction measurements; Evolution of the diffracting area during x-ray scan; Correction factor derived from the angle-position coupling.

The objective of this study was to assess if drinking water meeting currently accepted microbiological standards is the source of gastrointestinal illnesses and to attempt to identify the source(s) of these illnesses. A randomized prospective study was conducted over a period of 16 months (September 1993-December 1994) in a middle class suburban community served by a single water filtration plant. A representative sample of 1400 families were selected and randomly allocated in four groups of 350, to the following regimens: (1) tap water; (2) tap water from a continuously purged tap; (3) bottled plant water; (4) purified bottled water (tap water treated by reverse osmosis or spring water). The water treatment plant produced wather that met or exceeded current North American regulations for drinking water quality. The distribution system was found to be in compliance for both coliforms and chlorine. Using the purified water group as the baseline, the excess of gastrointestinal illness associated with tap water was 14% in the tap group and 19% in the tap-valve group. Children 2-5 years old were the most affected with an excess of 17% in the tap group and 40% in the tap-valve group. Mottled plant water was not the source of any increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal illnesses, even if it contained very high levels of heterotrophic bacteria after two weeks. The data collected suggest that 14-40% of the gastrointestinal illnesses are attributable to tap water meeting current standards and that the water distribution system appears to be partly responsible for these illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The group IVB 2D transition metal dichalcogenides are considered to be stable in the high symmetry trigonal octahedral structure due to the lack of unpaired d‐electrons on the metal site. It is found that multilayer epitaxial TiTe2 is an exception adopting a commensurate 2 × 2 × 2 charge density wave (CDW) structure at room temperature with an ABA type of stacking as evidenced by direct lattice imaging and reciprocal space mapping. The CDW is stabilized by highly anisotropic strain imposed by the substrate with an out‐off‐plane compression which reduces the interlayer van der Waals gap increasing the coupling between TiTe2 layers. A weaker 2 × 2 CDW is also confirmed at room temperature for epitaxial monolayer TiTe2. The addition of epitaxial strained TiTe2 to the family of CDW materials will enable real world applications that take advantage of a CDW ground state at room temperature. The phase diagram of multilayer TiTe2 contains a commensurate 2 × 2 × 2 charge density wave (CDW) state under nonhydrostatic stress, which can be realized under ambient pressure conditions due to the influence of the substrate in epitaxial thin films. The CDW is stabilized at, and above, room temperature so it is expected to enable real world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights a workshop on gazing incidence small x-ray scattering, held on May 17, 2004 at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York. Purpose of the workshop; Keynote speakers; Topics discussed.

Students who join the French Common Law Program at the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Law soon find themselves in the presence of a unique individual. Over the past thirty [...]

One challenge in the production of nanometer-sized objects with given properties is to control their growth at a macroscopic scale in situ and in real time. A dedicated ultrahigh-vacuum grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering setup has been developed, yielding high sensitivity and dynamics. Its capabilities to derive the average particle shape and size and the film growth mode and ordering and to probe both surfaces and buried interfaces are illustrated for two prototypical cases: the model catalyst Pd/MgO(100) and the serf-organized Co/Au(111) system. A wide range of technologically important systems can potentially be investigated in various gaseous environments., Nanometer-sized islands that are grown on substrates display new properties that are of interest for both basic and applied research. These islands include model catalysts made of supported metallic particles [...]