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The first global stocktake (GST) at 2023 UN Climate Change Conference (COP28) pointed out that accelerating the phasing down of fossil fuels has become an important mitigation policy to maintain a maximum temperature limit of 1.5 °C. The optimal power portfolio for achieving Taiwan’s net-zero emissions by 2050 is evaluated from the perspective of sustainable development. This study is enhances the 2021 research findings of Wang et al. on the sustainable power model, incorporating homogenized cost and technical constraints for empirical analysis. The results indicated that renewable energy sources play a pivotal role in achieving net-zero emissions. Gas power generation requires careful consideration, including early decommissioning or the adoption of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology to prevent carbon lock-in and compete with hydrogen energy technology. Notably, coal combined with CCS technology offers a viable option for a cost-effective roadmap for a decarburized power generation portfolio by 2050, serving as a reference for national planning strategies for promoting net-zero emissions.

Energy transition has become a priority for adaptive policy and measures taken in response to climate change around the world. This is an opportunity and a challenge for the Taiwan government to establish a climate-resilient power generation mixed to ensure electricity security as well as climate change mitigation. This study adopted a sustainable development perspective and applied optimal control theory to establish a cost-effective model to evaluate a long-term (2050), climate-resilient power generation mix for Taiwan. Furthermore, this study applies the STIRPAT approach to predict the demand of electricity by 2050 for the demand side management. The results not only showed the share of various power generation mixed, but also recommended the trajectory of electricity saving by 2050.

The present study examines the optimal water supply portfolio under the impact of climate change constructed by the authors previously. It incorporates feasibility planning for water supply projects, assesses a feasible water supply portfolio for central Taiwan, and uses the shadow price method to assess the rationality of the compensation policy for transferring agricultural water to ensure water supply security for the industrial sector. The study finds that Changhua and Yunlin have the highest per-unit costs of raw water, and the Nantou region has the highest carbon emission coefficient (carbon footprint) per unit of water produced. The cumulative value (2021–2031) of the water resources policy to reallocate agricultural water to achieve water supply security is about TWD 15.904–31.13 billion. The shadow price of industrial water is about TWD 40.18/cubic meter. Therefore, a compensation price for agricultural water transfer of less than TWD 40.18/cubic meter represents a rational policy.

The p-type quasi-mono wafer is a novel type of silicon material that is processed using a seed directional solidification technique. This material is a promising alternative to traditional high-cost Czochralski (CZ) and float-zone (FZ) material. Here, we evaluate the application of an advanced solar cell process featuring a novel method of ion implantation on p-type quasi-mono silicon wafer. The ion implantation process has simplified the normal industrial process flow by eliminating two process steps: the removal of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) and the junction isolation process that is required after the conventional thermal POCl3 diffusion process. Moreover, the good passivation performance of the ion implantation process improves Voc. Our results show that, after metallization and cofiring, an average cell efficiency of 18.55% can be achieved using 156 × 156 mm p-type quasi-mono silicon wafer. Furthermore, the absolute cell efficiency obtained using this method is 0.47% higher than that for the traditional POCl3 diffusion process.

We introduce a novel, high-throughput processing method to produce high-efficiency solar cells via a backside rounding process and ion implantation. Ion implantation combined with a backside rounding process is investigated. The ion implantation process substituted for thermal POCl3 diffusion performs better uniformity (

Transition risk has become a priority for adaptive policy and measures taken by firmsin response to net zero emissions around the world. Internal Carbon Pricing (ICP) is an emerging set of practices voluntarily adopted by companies to respond to progressive climate policies and regulations. The main purpose of companies adopted the ICPs isto manage carbon risks, however, the literatures lack of discussion the linkage between the ICP and climate performance/carbon risk. This study identifies the climate performance indicators, including greenhouse gas abatement, cost savings, profit creation, and carbon risk management. This study also collects the data reporting from Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP, 2019) by Taiwanese companies for empirical analysis. The results provide the evidence that the ICP significant affects climate performance/carbon risk. This will encourage more enterprises to adopt the ICP for managing climate risk. Therefore, guidance of the ICP for transition risk governance aligning with TCFD are needed, and is recommended to ensure the climate resilience in Taiwanese enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies about the coordinated ligands and the electronic states of two nickel centers of dinuclear [Ni(III)-Ni(III)] and the mixed-valence [Ni(III)-Ni(II)] complexes are presented. The complexes are responsible for regulation of geometrical rearrangement and the stability via Ni...Ni interaction.

An example of the binuclear iron(II)-thiolate compounds with mixed CO and CN- ligands acting as promising structural and functional model compounds of dinuclear iron active sites of FE hydrogenases isolated from D. desulfuricans and C. pasteruianum, is presented.

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Individual reactions of [PPN][[Ni.sup.III]Cl(P[([C.sub.6][H.sub.3]-3-Si[Me.sub.3]-2-S).sub.3])] and C[H.sub.3]MgCl/[C.sub.2][H.sub.5]MgCl are used to synthesize mononuclear, distorted trigonal bipyramidal [PPN][[Ni.sup.III](R)(P[([C.sub.6][H.sub.3]-3-Si[Me.sub.3]-2-S).sub.3])] (R = Me ; R = Et ). The results offer insight into the low-spin [d.sup.7] electronic configuration in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal ligand field of the [Ni.sup.III].

The reactivity of the {Fe(NO)}(super n) iron-thiolate and iron-sulfinate nitrosyl complexes toward O2, the influence of sulfinate ligand on Fe-N-O bonding and on the electronic structure of the {Fe(NO)}(super 6/7) core, and the photochemical interconversion between iron-thiolate and iron-sulfinate-thiolate nitrosyl complexes are studied. Insights into the interconversion pathways between the active and inactive NO-bound forms of Fe-containing nitrile hydratase are presented.

The mononuclear Ni(II)-exo-thiol and Ni(III)-thiolate complexes are studied. An electrochemical study provided evidence for such a Ni(III)-H species generated by one-electron reduction of a nickel(II) macrocyclic complex accompanied by protonation.

The promotion of sulfur oxygenation of iron-dithiolates by molecular oxygen and the stabilization of the S-bonded monosulfinate iron species due to the binding of one NO molecule to the Fe center is discussed. Iron NO-bound complex [(NO)Fe(S,S-C6H4)2](super -1) and S-bonded monosulfinate [(NO)Fe(S,SO2-C6H4)(S,S-C6H4)](super -1) are found to be photochemically interconvertible.

Research has been conducted on nickel complexes of o-amidochalcogenophenolate(2-)/o-iminochalcogenobenzosemiquinolate(1-). The authors describe the preparation of these complexes via the oxidative addition of 2-aminophenyl dichalcogenides to anionic [Ni(CO)(SePh) (sub)3] (super)- complexes.

Research has been conducted on dinuclear iron(II)-cyanocarbonyl complex. The authors report that the complex has been prepared via the reactions of [PPN]-[FeBr(CN) (sub)2 (CO) (sub)3] and [Na][SEt] in tetrahydrofuran.

Lipid-correlated disease such as atherosclerosis has been an important medical research topic for decades. Many new microscopic imaging techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and thirdharmonic generation (THG) microscopy were verified to have the capability to target lipids in vivo. In the case of THG microscopy, biological cell membranes and lipid bodies in cells and tissues have been shown as good sources of contrast with a laser excitation wavelength around 1200 nm. We report the THG excitation spectroscopy study of two pure free fatty acids including oleic acid and linoleic acid from 1090 to 1330 nm. Different pure fatty acids presented slightly-different THG χ(3) spectra. The measured peak values of THG third-order susceptibility χ(3) in both fatty acids were surprisingly found not to match completely with the resonant absorption wavelengths around 1190 to 1210 nm, suggesting possible wavelengths selection for enhanced THG imaging of lipids while avoiding laser light absorption. Along with the recent advancement in THG imaging, this new window between 1240 to 1290 nm may offer tremendous new opportunities for sensitive label-free lipid imaging in biological tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, analyses on sensitivity and link budget have been presented to guide the design of high-sensitivity noncontact vital sign detector. Important design issues such as flicker noise, baseband bandwidth, and gain budget have been discussed with practical considerations of analog-to-digital interface and signal processing methods in noncontact vital sign detection. Based on the analyses, a direct-conversion 5.8-GHz radar sensor chip with 1-GHz bandwidth was designed and fabricated. This radar sensor chip is software configurable to set the operation point and detection range for optimal performance. It integrates all the analog functions on-chip so that the output can be directly sampled for digital signal processing. Measurement results show that the fabricated chip has a sensitivity of better than -- 101 dBm for ideal detection in the absence of random body movement. Experiments have been performed successfully in laboratory environment to detect the vital signs of human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SoxR is a transcriptional factor in Escherichia coli that induces the expression of SoxS to initiate the production of enzymes in response to oxidative stress. In addition to superoxide, SoxR is also sensitive to cellular NO to produce a protein-bound dinitrosyl–iron complex (DNIC) with a characteristic electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at g av = 2.03. Toward developing a strategy for NO sensing based on this property of SoxR, we have overexpressed and purified the recombinant His-tagged SoxR protein. Upon treatment of the purified protein under anaerobic conditions with (1) NO solution, (2) S-nitrosothiol (RSNO), and (3) chemically synthesized low molecular weight DNICs (LMW-DNICs), we have observed enhancement of the EPR signal at g av = 2.03 from the protein-bound DNICs over time, reflecting the redistribution of NO from the NO solution, RSNO and LMW-DNICs to the SoxR. We have exploited this NO exchange to investigate the kinetics and mechanisms of release and delivery of NO from various LMW-DNICs to an isopropyl-β- d-thiogalactopyranoside-dependent SoxR expressed in E. coli cells. These experiments revealed that the NO from RSNO and LMW-DNICs could cross the biological membrane and enter the cytoplasm of the cell to form the SoxR protein-bound DNIC complex. For comparison, we have also studied the direct NO transfer from the LMW-DNICs to the SoxR protein in buffer. The NO transfer was found to be rapid. From the kinetic data derived, we showed that LMW-DNICs with bidentate thiolate ligands displayed greater stability in aqueous solution but exhibited more facile NO delivery to cytoplasmic SoxR in whole cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel rectifying antenna (rectenna) using a corn-, pact circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna with RF-to-DC power conversion part at 2.45 GHz is introduced, in which the unbalanced slots structure is adopted for size reduction and 2nd harmonic rejection. To contribute a rectenna for RF power conversion, the back side of the CP antenna is the doubler rectifier circuit with 3rd order harmonic rejection radial stub for efficiency optimization and harmonic power re-radiation elimination. The adopted CP antenna built on low cost FR-4 substrate has measured bandwidth of 137 MHz (10 dB return loss) as well as 30 MHz CP bandwidth (3 dB axial ratio). By up to 3rd order harmonic rejection, the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency would reach 53% and 75% with 1 K Ω resistor load under ANSI/IEEE uncontrolled and controlled RF human exposure limit respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of circularly polarized antenna using circular patch with single feed is proposed. The circular polarization (CP) property with second harmonic rejection can be achieved by embedding two circular slots in the patch resonator. By changing the size and position of the slots, two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude and 90° out of phase are simultaneously excited. In the meanwhile, the embedded slots blocking the second harmonic signal is especially suitable for the circuits with nonlinear elements, such as rectify antenna (rectenna). Furthermore, the patch is simple and compact with 12% of the antenna area reduction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 45–48, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual band-notched monopole antenna with an annular coplanar waveguides feeding structure for ultra-wideband (UWB) application is proposed, in which the ring in the feeding structure is used to increase the impedance bandwidth, and two quarter-wavelength tuning stubs inserted into the proposed feeding ring and radiating ring, respectively, creates two band-notches at 5.15 and 5.75 GHz across the UWB frequency band from 2.6 to 12 GHz. The novel design is quiet compact and suitable for creating UWB antenna with dual narrow frequency notches. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2376–2379, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22748 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kyoto Protocol came into effect in early 2005, following the formal ratification of the Russian Federation. Starting from 2008, the Russian Federation can sell its reductions in emissions, normally referred to as hot air, in the international trading system. This paper aims to examine the quantitative effects of trading hot air among the Annex-I countries on global environment and economy. It is found that trading hot air leads to a fall in the price of the AAUs (Assigned Amount Units), consequently undermining the incentive to make the domestic abatement. However, trading hot air helps to lower the cost of meeting the Kyoto targets. For each of the Annex-I countries that has abatement obligation, the compliance cost in the scenario where the hot air is traded is around 85% of that in the scenario where the hot air is not traded. The sum of the compliance costs for the Annex-I countries in the scenario with hot air reduces to 80% of that in the scenario without hot air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its nonlinear discharge characteristics, the residual electric energy of a battery remains an open problem. As a result, the reliability of electric scooters or electric vehicles is lacking. To alleviate this problem and enhance the capabilities of present electric scooters or vehicles, we propose a state-of-charge learning system that can provide more accurate information about the state-of-charge or residual capacity when a battery discharges under dynamic conditions. The proposed system is implemented by learning controllers, fuzzy neural networks, and cerebellar-model-articulation-controller networks, which can estimate and predict nonlinear characteristics of the energy consumption of a battery. With this learning system, not only could it give an estimate of how much residual battery power is available, but it also could provide users with more useful information such as an estimated traveling distance at a given speed and the maximum allowable speed to guarantee safe arrival at the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stable mononuclear Ni(III)-thiolate complexes [NiIII(L)(P(C6H3-3-SiMe3-2-S)3)]- (L = SePh (2), Cl (3), SEt (4), 2-S-C4H3S (5), CH2CN (7)) were isolated and characterized by UV-vis, EPR, lR, SQUID, CV, ¹H NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The increased basicity (electronic density) of the nickel center of complexes [NiIII(L)-(P(C6H3-3-SiMe3-2-S)3)]- modulated by the monodentate ligand L and the substituted groups of the phenylthiolate rings promotes the stability and reactivity. In contrast to the irreversible reduction at -1.17 V (vs Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+) for complex 3, the cyclic voltammograms of complexes [NiIII(SePh)(P(o-C6H4S)3)]-, 2, 4, and 7 display reversible NiIII/II redox processes with E1/2 = -1.20, -1.26, -1.32, and -1.34 V (vs Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+, respectively. Compared to complex 2 containing a phenylselenolate-coordinated ligand, complex 4 with a stronger electron-donating ethylthiolate coordinated to the Ni(lll) promotes dechlorination of CH2Cl2 to yield complex 3 (kobs = (6.01 ± 0.03) × 10-4 s-1 for conversion of complex 4 into 3 vs kobs = (4.78 ± 0.02) × 10-5 s-1 for conversion of complex 2 into 3). Interestingly, addition of CH3CN into complex 3 in the presence of sodium hydride yielded the stable Ni(III)-cyanomethanide complex 7 with a NiIII-CH2CN bond distance of 2.037(3) Å. The NiIII-SEt bond length of 2.273(1) Å in complex 4 is at the upper end of the 2.12-2.28 Å range for the NiIII-S bond lengths of the oxidized-form [NiFe] hydrogenases. In contrast to the inertness of complexes 3 and 7 under CO atmosphere, carbon monoxide triggers the reductive elimination of the monodentate chalcogenolate ligand of complexes 2, 4, and 5 to produce the trigonal bipyramidal complex [NiIII(CO)(P(C6H3-3-SiMe3-2-S)3)]- (6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The five-coordinated iron-thiolate nitrosyl complexes [(NO)Fe(S,S-C6H3R)2]- (R = H (1), m-CH3 (2)), [(NO)Fe-(S,S-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)2]- (3), [(NO)Fe(S,S-C6H3R)2]2- (R = R (10), m-CH3 (11)), and [(NO)Fe(S,S-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)2]2- (12) have been isolated and structurally characterized. Sulfur oxygenation of iron-thiolate nitrosyl complexes 1–3 containing the {Fe(NO)}6 core was triggered by O2 to yield the S-bonded monosulfinate iron species [(NO)Fe-(S,SO2-C6H3R)(S,S-C6H3R)]- (R = H (4), m-CH3 (5)) and [(NO)Fe(S,SO2-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)(S,S-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)]22- (6), respectively. In contrast, attack of O2 on the {Fe(NO)}7 complex 10 led to the formation of complex 1 accompanied by the minor products, [Fe(S,S-C6H4)2]22- and [NO3]- (yield 9%). Reduction of complexes 4–6 by [EtS]- in CH3-CN-THF yielded [(NO)Fe(S,SO2-C6H3R)(S,S-C6H3R)]2- (R = H (7), m-CH3 (8)) and [(NO)Fe(S,SO2-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)-(S,S-C6H2-3,6-Cl2)]2- (9) along with (EtS)2 identified by 1H NMR. Compared to complex 10, complexes 7–9 with the less electron-donating sulfinate ligand coordinated to the {Fe(NO)}7 core were oxidized by O2 to yield complexes 4–6. Obviously, the electronic perturbation of the {Fe(NO)}7 core caused by the coordinated sulfinate in complexes 7–9 may serve to regulate the reactivity of complexes 7–9 toward O2. The iron-sulfinate nitrosyl species with the {Fe(NO)}6/7 core exhibit the photolabilization of sulfur-bound [O] moiety. Complexes 1–4–7–10 (or 2–5–8–11 and 3–8–9–12) are interconvertible under sulfur oxygenation, redox processes, and photolysis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]