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Terap leaves (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) contain various chemical constituents, making it a herbal medicine prospective source, particularly as an antigout. This research aim to determinate characteristics of terap leaves and in vitro antigout activity of terap leaves ethanolic extract. The determination leaves characteristics included macroscopic and microscopic analysis, water and ethanol soluble extract content, and drying shrinkage. The extract antigout activity was determinated through inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme in vitro. Leaves characteristics analysis revealed that mature leaves are approximately 31.5 cm long and 18 cm wide. Terap leaves are single leaves, elliptical, blunt leaf tips, rounded bases, rough surfaces, undulating edges, pinnate veins, and yellow veins. Microscopic analysis reveals the presence of anomocytic-type stomata, trichomes, glandular hairs, resin ducts, and trachea. Terap leaves have a water-soluble extract content of 8.72%, ethanol-soluble extract content of 4.29%, and drying shrinkage of 11.38%. The antigout activity tests results indicates that ethanol extract inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme with an IC50 of 89.63 µg/mL. Terap leaves have antigout properties, so they have the potential to be developed into a quality antigout herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized via a green synthesis method, utilizing the peel extract of Artocarpus odoratissimus as both the reducing and capping agent. This study investigates the impact of peel extract concentration (ranging from 0.002 to 0.012 g/mL) and reaction temperature (including room temperature, 45 °C, and 75 °C) on the properties of the synthesized Au NPs. Various characterization techniques, such as UV–Visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analysis, were employed to analyze the synthesized samples. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks of the Au NPs around 533–537 nm, varying with synthesis parameters, while TEM analysis indicated particle sizes ranging from 12 to 25 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Au NPs, with diffraction peaks aligning well with the standard. FTIR analysis suggested interactions between phytochemicals and Au NPs, contributing to their reduction and size control. The synthesized Au NPs exhibited remarkable optical filtering capability, with up to 87 % transmittance in the 751–1126 nm spectral range and significant absorbance in the lower wavelength region (300–751 nm). Additionally, catalytic studies revealed that Au NPs accelerated the degradation of rhodamine B dye, 0.0795 min−1, compared to 0.0445 min−1 without Au NPs. These findings underscore the potential of Au NPs for use in hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems as filters, where transmitted light can be harvested for photovoltaic energy generation while absorbed light can be utilized for the thermal aspect. Moreover, Au NPs offer promise for improving wastewater quality by enhancing pollutant degradation.

Abstract The demand for non-dairy functional beverages is increasing. Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is an underutilized fruit in the Philippines. This study aimed to assess the survival of putative Lacticaseibacillus paracasei C1I12 strain previously isolated from Nypa fruticans after supplementation of marang juice. At the end of 30 days of storage at 4 ºC, the viable cell count was significantly higher in the supplemented marang juice (8.17 log CFU/mL) compared to the raw marang juice (5.07 log CFU/mL) (P

The demand for non-dairy functional beverages is increasing. Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is an underutilized fruit in the Philippines. This study aimed to assess the survival of putative Lacticaseibacillus paracasei C1I12 strain previously isolated from Nypa fruticans after supplementation of marang juice. At the end of 30 days of storage at 4 ºC, the viable cell count was significantly higher in the supplemented marang juice (8.17 log CFU/mL) compared to the raw marang juice (5.07 log CFU/mL) (P < 0.05). Cell counts in the juice with putative L. paracasei C1I12 were 7 log CFU/mL after 180 min in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Aerobic bacteria and coliforms were not detected in assessing the initial microbiological quality of the raw marang juice. The pH was 3.38 and 3.84 for the juice with putative L. paracasei C1I12 and the raw marang juice, respectively, while the total soluble solids reached 10.58°Brix and 14.00°Brix, respectively. This study shows that inoculation with the C1I12 strain ensured high cell counts in the marang juice after in vitro digestion. This is the first study demonstrating the potential of putative L. paracasei C1I12 in the production of a non-dairy marang beverage which can be further explored for functional food and probiotic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic browning is a common limiting factor in the fruit industry because it causes significant losses through fresh product deterioration, affecting taste, flavor, and nutrition. Artocarpus odoratissimus, locally known as terap, is an exotic indigenous fruit to Borneo. This fruit remains underutilized due to its perishability, short shelf-life, and peel browning. Currently, no information has apparently been published on the browning mechanisms of A. odoratissimus. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the degree of browning and enzymatic activities in relation to the phytochemical contents in A. odoratissimus during postharvest ripening. The experimental design consists of packaging (without packaging and with packaging) and storage temperatures (ambient at 25 °C, and cold storage at 10 °C), which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Findings showed significantly higher weight loss in fruit stored at 25 °C on days 4 (T1) at 12.20 ± 0.19% and 8 (T5) at 11.09 ± 0.24%. The degree of browning was higher in the fruits stored with packaging at 25 °C, collected on day 4 at 0.48 ± 0.01 and day 8 at 0.51 ± 0.02, and consequently, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (671.00 ± 5.25 UE g−1 min−1) and polyphenol oxidase (670.00 ± 2.56 UE g−1 min−1) enzymatic activities were also higher. The lower enzymatic activities were recorded in the fruit stored at 10 °C without packaging, resulting in the least degree of browning. The fruit with the lowest enzymatic activities was stored at 10 °C without packaging, resulting in the least amount of browning. This trend is supported by lower total phenolic content (TPC) and is explained by a strong positive correlation between TPC and PAL (r = 0.927). Low-temperature storage was effective in reducing the effect of browning and deterioration on A. odoratissimus for up to 16 days. The results not only provided insights into the peel browning in A. odoratissimus but also guidance on controlling postharvest fruit browning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic browning is a common limiting factor in the fruit industry because it causes significant losses through fresh product deterioration, affecting taste, flavor, and nutrition. Artocarpus odoratissimus, locally known as terap, is an exotic indigenous fruit to Borneo. This fruit remains underutilized due to its perishability, short shelf-life, and peel browning. Currently, no information has apparently been published on the browning mechanisms of A. odoratissimus. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the degree of browning and enzymatic activities in relation to the phytochemical contents in A. odoratissimus during postharvest ripening. The experimental design consists of packaging (without packaging and with packaging) and storage temperatures (ambient at 25 °C, and cold storage at 10 °C), which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Findings showed significantly higher weight loss in fruit stored at 25 °C on days 4 (T1) at 12.20 ± 0.19% and 8 (T5) at 11.09 ± 0.24%. The degree of browning was higher in the fruits stored with packaging at 25 °C, collected on day 4 at 0.48 ± 0.01 and day 8 at 0.51 ± 0.02, and consequently, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (671.00 ± 5.25 UE g−1 min−1) and polyphenol oxidase (670.00 ± 2.56 UE g−1 min−1) enzymatic activities were also higher. The lower enzymatic activities were recorded in the fruit stored at 10 °C without packaging, resulting in the least degree of browning. The fruit with the lowest enzymatic activities was stored at 10 °C without packaging, resulting in the least amount of browning. This trend is supported by lower total phenolic content (TPC) and is explained by a strong positive correlation between TPC and PAL (r = 0.927). Low-temperature storage was effective in reducing the effect of browning and deterioration on A. odoratissimus for up to 16 days. The results not only provided insights into the peel browning in A. odoratissimus but also guidance on controlling postharvest fruit browning.

Indonesia, with its biodiversity, is overgrown by various kinds of plants that have medicinal potential, including Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco). The leaves of A. odoratissimus are empirically used by local people of Borneo Island to treat gout. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigout activity of the active compound from A. odoratissimus leaves through xanthine oxidase inhibition using the molecular docking method and to determine the ADMET properties of these compounds. Phytochemical screening showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, and phenolics. The results of TLC showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained steroid and flavonoid compounds in the form of stigmasterol and rutin. The results of molecular docking showed that flavan-3-ol provided the lowest bond-free energy against xanthine oxidase with a ΔG value of -8.3 kcal/mol, lower than allopurinol and hypoxanthine as reference ligands. Flavan-3-ol interacts with xanthine oxidase through hydrogen bonding with amino acid residues in the form of Arginine 912 and Lysine 1045. The prediction of ADMET properties from flavan-3-ol shows that the compound can be absorbed and has good permeability. Overall, the flavan-3-ol found in A. odoratissimus leaves shows the potential to be developed as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for use in gout therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized via a green synthesis method, utilizing the peel extract of Artocarpus odoratissimus as both the reducing and capping agent. This study investigates the impact of peel extract concentration (ranging from 0.002 to 0.012 g/mL) and reaction temperature (including room temperature, 45 °C, and 75 °C) on the properties of the synthesized Au NPs. Various characterization techniques, such as UV–Visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analysis, were employed to analyze the synthesized samples. UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks of the Au NPs around 533–537 nm, varying with synthesis parameters, while TEM analysis indicated particle sizes ranging from 12 to 25 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Au NPs, with diffraction peaks aligning well with the standard. FTIR analysis suggested interactions between phytochemicals and Au NPs, contributing to their reduction and size control. The synthesized Au NPs exhibited remarkable optical filtering capability, with up to 87 % transmittance in the 751–1126 nm spectral range and significant absorbance in the lower wavelength region (300–751 nm). Additionally, catalytic studies revealed that Au NPs accelerated the degradation of rhodamine B dye, 0.0795 min−1, compared to 0.0445 min−1 without Au NPs. These findings underscore the potential of Au NPs for use in hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems as filters, where transmitted light can be harvested for photovoltaic energy generation while absorbed light can be utilized for the thermal aspect. Moreover, Au NPs offer promise for improving wastewater quality by enhancing pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Three plant-based materials, namely water lettuce (WL), tarap peel (TP) and cempedak peel (CP), were used to investigate their potentials as adsorbents using acid blue 25 (AB25) dye as a model for acidic dye. The adsorbents were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope. Batch experiments involving parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, and initial dye concentration were done to investigate the optimal conditions for the adsorption of AB25 onto the adsorbents. Thermodynamics study showed that the uptake of AB25 by the three adsorbents was feasible and endothermic in nature. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models can be used to describe the adsorption process of AB25 onto WL and CP while pseudo-second-order fitted the kinetics data, suggesting that chemisorptions were majorly involved. The use of 0.1 M of NaOH showed the best results in regenerating of the WL, TP and CP’s adsorption ability after AB25 treatment.

Tarap seed (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is one of the popular snacks among Borneo Island people especially in Sabah, Malaysia. Their flesh and seed are such a potential food source but they are not fully exploited. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine its nutritional composition, mineral content and functional properties of Tarap seed flour (TSF). The proximate analysis (protein, carbohydrate, fat, crude fiber, ash, moisture), minerals content and functional properties (powder particle size, bulk density, oil and water absorption capacity, emulsion capacity, foaming ability, least gelling concentration, swelling ability and pasting properties) were determined. The proximate analysis results obtained showed that TSF had 49.65% carbohydrate, 15.60% crude fat, 12.3% crude fibers, 8.8% crude protein, 1.17 % ash and 12.5% moisture. Most abundant mineral found in Tarap flour was potassium, followed by magnesium, calcium, and natrium. The results showed that TSF has an average particle size of 166.02μm with low bulk density (0.57g/cm3) as compared to wheat flour. Water and oil absorption capacities of TSF were 2.61 and 1.69g/g, respectively, while the efficiency of emulsification was 14.8%. Least gelation concentration was found to be 12% while foaming ability was 7%. Swelling ability results showed a steady increment from 60°C to 70°C but sharp increased observed from 70°C to 80°C. From the results presented, it can be concluded that TSF has a great potential for use in the formulation of composite flours to be used as ingredients in the food industry.

Artocarpus odoratissimus samples obtained from three different locations in Brunei Darussalam were analysed for their proximate composition which consists of moisture, ash, total carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fibre, energy content and crude fat. The mineral and sugar (fructose, glucose and sucrose) were also investigated. A. odoratissimus flesh contained 67.9 - 73.4 g/100g moisture (wet basis), 0.6 - 0.8 g/100 g ash (wet basis), 12.0 - 25.2 g/100 g total carbohydrate (wet basis), 1.2 - 1.5 g/100g crude protein, 0.8 - 1.3 g/100g crude fibre (wet basis), 334 - 379 kcal/100g energy content (dry basis) and 85 - 363 mg/kg proline (wet basis). The seeds contain 31.0 - 55.0 g/100g moisture (wet basis), 1.0 - 1.5 g/100g ash (wet basis), 3.2 - 4.7 g/100g crude fibre (wet basis), 5.1 - 6.6 g/100g crude protein (wet basis), 10.1 - 28.1 g/100g crude fat (dry basis), 488- 497 Kcal/100g energy content (dry basis), 1.2 - 2.3 g/100g fresh weight of total carbohydrate and 255 - 476 mg/ kg proline. Mineral content (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc, manganese cadmium and lead) was determined and potassium was found to be the most abundant mineral in both the flesh and the seed. No lead was detected in any parts of the fruit. From the quantification of sugar content, fructose was the dominant type of sugar in Artocarpus odoratissimus flesh (5.8-13.7 g/100g). From the range of nutrients, A. odoratissimus is generally comparable with A. heterophyllus, A. altilis and A. integer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research is on the evaluation of biosorption capability of the core of Artocarpus odoratissimus (Tarap), grown in Brunei Darussalam, towards Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions present in synthetic solutions, and to characterize the surface of Tarap particles. Methods: Thermogravimetric analysis and surface titrations were conducted to characterize the surface of dried Tarap core particles. Atomic absorption spectroscopic measurements were conducted to determine the extent of removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) under different experimental conditions. Results: Mass reductions associated with many exothermic reaction peaks were observed beyond 200°C up to 650°C indicating the combustion of organic matter in Tarap. Dried particles of core of Tarap bear a negative surface charge promoting strong interaction towards positively charged ions, such as Cu(II) and Cd(II). Biosorption of the two metal ions on Tarap, which is relatively high beyond pH = 4, occurs within a short period of exposure time. The extent of biosorption is enhanced by acid treatment of the biosorbent, and further it does not significantly depend on the presence of nonreacting ions up to an ionic strength of 2.0 M. Conclusion: Strong attraction between each metal ion and the biosorbent is attributed to the negative surface charge on the biosorbent within a broad pH range. Acid treatment of the biosorbent improves sorption characteristics, suggesting that ion exchange plays an important role in the metal ion-biosorbent interaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of the Study: Chloroplast microsatellite loci were characterized from transcriptomes of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) and A. camansi (breadnut). They were tested in A. odoratissimus (terap) and A. altilis and evaluated in silico for two congeners., Methods and Results: Fifteen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in chloroplast sequences from four Artocarpus transcriptome assemblies. The markers were evaluated using capillary electrophoresis in A. odoratissimus (105 accessions) and A. altilis (73). They were also evaluated in silico in A. altilis (10), A. camansi (6), and A. altilis × A. mariannensis (7) transcriptomes. All loci were polymorphic in at least one species, with all 15 polymorphic in A. camansi. Per species, average alleles per locus ranged between 2.2 and 2.5. Three loci had evidence of fragment-length homoplasy., Conclusions: These markers will complement existing nuclear markers by enabling confident identification of maternal and clone lines, which are often important in vegetatively propagated crops such as breadfruit.