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Stroke mortality is an important national health statistic and represents a frequent endpoint for epidemiologic studies. Several methods have been used to determine cause of death after stroke, but their agreement and reliability are unknown. Two hundred consecutive deaths of transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke patients were identified (January 2000-September 2001) from an ongoing population-based stroke surveillance study in Texas, The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project. Two neurologists independently recorded the cause of death based on two methods: 1) determining the underlying cause of death as defined by the World Health Organization, and 2) determining whether the death was stroke related. Kappa statistics with 95% confidence intervals were calculated by comparing agreement between methods within reviewers and between reviewers within methods. Agreement between the two cause-of-death-determination methods for each neurologist was 0.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.51) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.58), respectively. Agreement between neurologists for the underlying-cause-of-death method was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.60); for the stroke-related method, it was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.75). Accurate, reliable determinations of cause of death after stroke/transient ischemic attack are not currently feasible. More research is needed to identify a reliable process for coding cause of death from stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican Americans are the largest subgroup of Hispanics, the largest minority population in the United States. Stroke is the leading cause of disability and third leading cause of death. The authors compared stroke incidence among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites in a population-based study. Stroke cases were ascertained in Nueces County, Texas, utilizing concomitant active and passive surveillance. Cases were validated on the basis of source documentation by board-certified neurologists masked to subjects' ethnicity. From January 2000 to December 2002, 2,350 cerebrovascular events occurred. Of the completed strokes, 53% were in Mexican Americans. The crude cumulative incidence was 168/10,000 in Mexican Americans and 136/10,000 in non-Hispanic Whites. Mexican Americans had a higher cumulative incidence for ischemic stroke (ages 45-59 years: risk ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.55, 2.69; ages 60-74 years: risk ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.31, 1.91; ages >or=75 years: risk ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 0.94, 1.32). Intracerebral hemorrhage was more common in Mexican Americans (age-adjusted risk ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 2.16). The subarachnoid hemorrhage age-adjusted risk ratio was 1.57 (95% confidence interval: 0.86, 2.89). Mexican Americans experience a substantially greater ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage incidence compared with non-Hispanic Whites. As the Mexican-American population grows and ages, measures to target this population for stroke prevention are critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy-treated patients in King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Methods: A retrospective cohort study of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy. Patients were included in the study between January 2015 and December 2022. Good outcomes were defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-2 at 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors associated with good outcomes., Results: During the study period, 369 patients with acute ischemic stroke (mean ± SD age, 61/- 15.1 yrs; 55.4 % male) underwent mechanical thrombectomy. Median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 15. Intravenous thrombolysis was administered to 34.5 % of the patients. Successful recanalization in the anterior circulation was achieved in 84.8 % of patients. Data from mRS performed after 90 days in the anterior circulation were available for 71.2 % of the patients. Of these, 41 % showed a good outcome, and the mortality rate was 22.4 %. The significant factors associated with good outcomes were age, NIHSS score, Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS), and short arterial puncture to recanalization., Conclusion: The number of patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy has increased over time. The treatment outcomes and mortality were comparable with those of previous endovascular thrombectomy registries despite the high prevalence of DM, lower ASPECT score, and prolonged onset-to-recanalization time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

In 2018, the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Saudi Arabia developed a clinical excellence strategy. An objective was to reduce variation in clinical practices in MoH hospitals, particularly for conditions with high mortality in Saudi Arabia, by applying best practice clinical standards and using the clinical audit process to measure clinical practice. The strategy included working with multiprofessional teams in hospitals to implement improvements needed in clinical practice. To test the feasibility of carrying out national clinical audits in MoH hospitals, audits were carried out in 16 MoH hospitals on four clinical subjects-acute myocardial infarction, major trauma, sepsis, and stroke. Clinical expert groups, including Saudi clinicians and an international clinical expert, developed clinical care standards for the four conditions from analyses of international and Saudi clinical guidelines. The audits were designed with the expert groups. Multiprofessional teams were appointed to carry out the audits in designated MoH hospitals. Data collectors in each hospital were trained to collect data. Workshops were held with the teams on the clinical care standards and how data would be collected for the audits, and later, on the findings of data collection and how to use the improvement process to implement changes to improve compliance with the standards. After 4 months, data collection was repeated to determine if compliance with the clinical care standards had improved. Data collected from each hospital for both cycles of data collection were independently reliably tested. All designated hospitals participated in the audits, collecting and submitting data for two rounds of data collection and implementing improvement plans after the first round of data collection. All hospitals made substantial improvements in clinical practices. Of a total of 84 measures used to assess compliance with a total of 52 clinical care standards for the four clinical conditions, improvements were made by hospital teams in 58 (69.1%) measures. Improvements were statistically significant for 34 (40.5%) measures. The project demonstrated that well-designed and executed audits using evidence-based clinical care standards can result in substantial improvements in clinical practices in MoH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Keys to success were the improvement methodology built into the audit process and the requirement for hospitals to appoint multiprofessional teams to carry out the audits. The approach adds to evidence on the effectiveness of clinical audits in achieving improvements in clinical quality and can be replicated in national audit programmes., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care.)

Introduction: Our report sheds light on the risk of topical hormonal use in relation to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We diagnosed our patient with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) using computed tomography venogram, then detailed history and examination were obtained, and thorough blood tests and imaging were done to exclude other causes of CVT like thrombophilias, infections, and malignancies., Case Report: Our patient is a 37-year-old heterosexual male, presented with headache only. The computed tomography venogram showed extensive CVT in the right internal jugular vein, sigmoid, transverse, and straight cerebral venous; detailed history and investigations suggest that his use of crushed oral contraceptive pills mixed with water topically on the scalp is the most important predisposing factor. This patient was managed with anticoagulants and is being followed in the clinic., Conclusion: Oral hormonal use in contraceptives is a known risk factor for CVT. This case sheds light on the importance of topical hormonal use concerning CVT in females and males; it stresses the need for more studies in that area, as it is poorly studied., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recently there is a trend for radial first which advocates radial artery access as the first choice to perform diagnostic and interventional neurovascular procedures. Although safer than the conventional common femoral artery access, it is associated with a high rate of radial artery occlusion. Distal radial artery access is recently proposed to avoid this complication. This study aims to assess the feasibility and safety of distal radial artery access across a wide range of interventional neurovascular procedures., Materials and Methods: All Interventional neurovascular cases attempted via distal radial artery access from September 2019 till March 2021 were included in the study. Data regarding patient demographics, distal radial artery diameter, access site cannulation, size of the sheath, procedural details including success rate and complications were collected., Results: During the study period, 102 patients underwent 114 procedures via the distal radial artery approach. The mean age of patients was 41.9 ± 15.2 years. Overall procedure success rate via DRA was 94.7% (108/114). 72 diagnostic cerebral angiograms and 36 interventional procedures were successfully completed while six procedures required switching to alternate access., Conclusion: Distal radial artery access is a safe and feasible option for diagnostic cerebral angiography and a wide range of neurovascular procedures., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To present guidance for clinicians caring for adult patients with acuteischemic stroke with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection., Methods: The summary was prepared after review of systematic literature reviews,reference to previously published stroke guidelines, personal files, and expert opinionby members from 18 countries., Results: The document includes practice implications for evaluation of stroke patientswith caution for stroke team members to avoid COVID-19 exposure, during clinicalevaluation and conduction of imaging and laboratory procedures with specialconsiderations of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in strokepatients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection., Results: Conclusions-The summary is expected to guide clinicians caring for adult patientswith acute ischemic stroke who are suspected of, or confirmed, with COVID-19infection., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: On 11 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 infection a pandemic. The risk of ischemic stroke may be higher in patients with COVID-19 infection similar to those with other respiratory tract infections. We present a comprehensive set of practice implications in a single document for clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection., Methods: The practice implications were prepared after review of data to reach the consensus among stroke experts from 18 countries. The writers used systematic literature reviews, reference to previously published stroke guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate practice implications. All members of the writing group had opportunities to comment in writing on the practice implications and approved the final version of this document., Results: This document with consensus is divided into 18 sections. A total of 41 conclusions and practice implications have been developed. The document includes practice implications for evaluation of stroke patients with caution for stroke team members to avoid COVID-19 exposure, during clinical evaluation and performance of imaging and laboratory procedures with special considerations of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection., Conclusions: These practice implications with consensus based on the currently available evidence aim to guide clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke who are suspected of, or confirmed, with COVID-19 infection. Under certain circumstances, however, only limited evidence is available to support these practice implications, suggesting an urgent need for establishing procedures for the management of stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection.

Background: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a young but ageing population, leading to concerns for planning for future growth in the number of strokes to provide necessary care. An understanding of the expected evolution of stroke incidence is therefore necessary to plan infrastructure changes. Our aim was to predict the number of first strokes occurring in Saudi Arabia over a 10-year period., Methods: An epidemiological model was developed, using local mortality and population data to model changes in the population. Gender- and age-specific stroke rates were then applied to the population projections to estimate the number of first strokes occurring over a 10-year period. Stroke incidence data from a range of sources were applied to obtain a plausible range for the change in expected number of first strokes., Results: The model predicted population growth of 12.8% over the 10-year period. Depending on the stroke incidence data applied, the number of first strokes occurring during this time was predicted to increase within the range 57%-67%., Conclusions: A growing and ageing population is expected to lead to a substantial increase in the number of first strokes occurring in Saudi Arabia in the coming decade. Our results suggest that stroke care services will need to be expanded to continue to ensure high quality care, and that strategies for stroke prevention will play an important role in reducing the overall burden. This type of analysis can be applied to other countries' stroke policy planning., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ischaemic stroke care requires a co-ordinated multi-disciplinary approach to optimise patient outcomes. Current care provision in Saudi Arabia is below international recommendations, and with increasing patient numbers, variable access to new therapies, and sub-optimal co-ordination of staff, the Kingdom's Ministry of Health has prioritised strategies to develop stroke care. Our objective was to use local epidemiological data to predict stroke incidence and to combine this with international staffing recommendations to estimate future staff requirements and their costs over a 10-year period., Methods: We researched existing stroke services and staff availability within Saudi Arabia to establish current provision, undertook epidemiological modelling to predict stroke incidence, and used international staffing recommendations for acute and rehabilitation services to develop a care pathway to provide state-of-the-art stroke services. This information was used to determine the additional staff requirements, and their costs, across the Kingdom., Results: Our research concluded that current staff numbers and services are inadequate to cope with the projected increase in the number of stroke cases. In order to provide acute and rehabilitation services which use the latest technologies, re-organisation of existing staff and services would be required, together with significant investment in new staff across several disciplines. An estimated additional 43.8 full-time equivalent stroke neurologists would be required, plus 53.5 full-time equivalent interventional neuroradiologists in addition to expansion of occupational therapy and psychology services. The total cost of additional staff over 10 years was estimated to be 862 390 778 Saudi Riyals ($229 970 874)., Conclusions: Providing high-quality care for ischaemic stroke patients would involve significant investment in new staff in Saudi Arabia. Further research is required on the applicability of international staffing ratios to countries where there is a significant workforce gap. Nevertheless, this analysis provides a framework to inform stroke care planning and can be adapted to other regions or countries.

Background: Stroke is a significant burden in Saudi Arabia and the Saudi Ministry of Health's stroke committee has identified an urgent need to improve care., Aim: The purpose of this study was to undertake a health-economic analysis to quantify the impact of developing stroke care in the country., Methods: An economic model was developed to assess the costs and clinical outcomes associated with an ischemic stroke care development program compared with current stroke care. Based on Saudi epidemiological data, cohorts of ischemic stroke patients enter the model each year for the first 10 years based on increasing incidence. Four treatment options were modeled including reperfusion and non-reperfusion treatments. The development scenario estimates the impact of gradually increasing uptake of more effective treatments over 10 years. Changes in the stroke care organization are considered along with resources required to increase capacity, allowing more patients to be admitted to stroke hospitals and access effective treatments., Results: The stroke care development program is associated with an increase in functionally independent patients and a decrease in disabling strokes compared with current stroke care. Additionally, the development program is associated with estimated cost savings of $602 million over 15 years ($255 million direct costs, $348 million indirect costs)., Conclusions: The model predicts that the stroke care development program is associated with improved patient outcomes and lower overall costs compared with the current stroke care program.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the perception of medical teachers toward the integration of simulation-based medical education (SBME) in undergraduate curriculum and also identify contextual barriers faced by medical teachers., Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included medical teachers from three universities. A questionnaire was used to report teachers' perception., Results: SBME was perceived by medical teachers (basic sciences/clinical, respectively) as enjoyable (71.1%/75.4%), effective assessment tool to evaluate students' learning (60%/73.9%) and can improve learning outcome (88.8%/79.7%). Similarly, (91.1%/71%) of teachers think that simulation should be part of the curriculum and not stand alone one time activity. Teachers' training for SBME has created a significant difference in perception (p < 0.05). Lack of teachers' training, time, resources and the need to integrate in medical curriculum are major perceived barriers for effective SBME., Conclusion: Results highlight the positive perception and attitude of medical teachers toward the integration of SBME in undergraduate curriculum. Prior formal training of teachers created a different perception. Top perceived barriers for effective SBME include teachers' formal training supported with time and resources and the early integration into the curriculum. These critical challenges need to be addressed by medical schools in order to enhance the integration SBME in undergraduate curricula.

This paper presents a patient-derived model for the simulation of the hemodynamics of arteriovenous malformations of the brain (BAVM). This new approach is a step toward the simulation of the outcome of the embolization of the BAVM during treatment planning. More specifically, two aspects of the planning are pursued: simulation of the change of blood flow in the brain vasculature after the blocking of the malformation and simulation of the transport of the embolic liquid. The method we propose is tested on 3 BAVM cases of varying complexity. Twenty two out of 24 main BAVM flow paths have been identified well by simulation., (© 2011 IEEE)

Navigation through a previously deployed and deformed stent is a difficult interventional task. Inadvertent navigation through the struts of a stent can potentially lead to incomplete secondary stent extension and vessel occlusion. Better visualisation of the pathway through the stent can reduce the risks of the procedural complications and reduce the reluctance of the interventionalist to navigate through a previously deployed stent. We describe a technique of visualisation of the pathway navigated by a guidewire through a previously deployed deformed and fractured carotid stent by the use of DynaCT. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the stent/microwire allows excellent visualisation of the correct pathway of the microwire within the stent.

Purpose: To estimate ethnic-specific all-cause mortality risk following ischemic stroke and to compare mortality risk by ethnicity., Methods: DATA from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project, a population-based stroke surveillance study, were used. Stroke cases between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2002 were identified from emergency department (ED) and hospital sources (n = 1,234). Deaths for the same period were identified from the surveillance of stroke cases, the Texas Department of Health, the coroner, and the Social Security Death Index. Ethnic-specific all-cause cumulative mortality risk was estimated at 28 days and 36 months using Kaplan Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare mortality risk by ethnicity., Results: Cumulative 28-day all-cause mortality risk for Mexican Americans (MAs) was 7.8% and for non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) was 13.5%. Cumulative 36-month all-cause mortality risk was 31.3% in MAs and 47.2% in NHWs. MAs had lower 28-day (RR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.84) and 36-month all-cause mortality risk (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.98) compared with NHWs, adjusted for confounders., Conclusions: Better survival after stroke in MAs is surprising considering their similar stroke subtype and severity compared with NHWs. Social or psychological factors, which may explain this difference, should be explored.

Background and Purpose: Early arterial recanalization can lead to dramatic recovery (DR) during intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy. However, it remains unclear whether this clinical recovery is sustained 3 months after stroke., Methods: We studied consecutive patients treated with intravenous tPA (0.9 mg/kg within 3 hours) who had M1 or proximal M2 middle cerebral artery occlusion on pretreatment transcranial Doppler according to previously validated criteria. Patients were continuously monitored for 2 hours after tPA bolus to determine complete, partial, or no early recanalization with the Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) flow grading system. A neurologist obtained the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores independently of transcranial Doppler results. DR was defined as a total NIHSS score of 0 to 3 points, and early recovery (ER) was defined improvement by > or =10 points at 2 hours after tPA bolus. Good long-term outcome was defined as an NIHSS score of 0 to 2 or an mRS score of 0 to 1 at 3 months., Results: Fifty-four patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion had a median prebolus NIHSS score of 16 (range, 6 to 28; 90% with > or =10 points). The tPA bolus was given at 130+/-32 minutes (median, 120 minutes; 57% treated within the first 2 hours). DR+ER was observed in 50% of patients with early complete recanalization (n=18), 17% with partial recanalization (n=18), and 0% with no early recanalization (n=18) (P=0.025). Overall, DR+ER was observed in 12 patients (22%), and 9 (75%) had good outcome at 3 months in terms of NIHSS (P=0.009) and mRS (P=0.006) scores compared with non-DR and non-ER patients. If early recanalization was complete, 50% of these patients had good outcome at 3 months, and 78% with DR+ER sustained early clinical benefit. If recanalization was partial, 44% had good long-term outcome, and 66% of patients with DR+ER sustained the benefit. If no early recanalization occurred, 22% had good long-term outcome despite the lack of DR within 2 hours of tPA bolus (P=0.046). Mortality was 11%, 11%, and 39% in patients with complete, partial, and no early recanalization, respectively (P=0.025). Reasons for not sustaining DR in patients with early recanalization were subsequent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and recurrent ischemic stroke., Conclusions: DR or ER after recanalization within 2 hours after tPA bolus was sustained at 3 months in most patients (75%) in our study. Complete or partial early recanalization leads to better outcome at 3 months after stroke. Fewer patients achieve good long-term outcome without early recanalization.