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In NSW the availability of excavation records, physical remains (primarily artefacts), technical datasets, and reports associated with a historical archaeological project can only be described as varied. These forms of data can be collectively termed an archaeological archive. The storage of archives commonly includes any combination of small-scale centralised repositories, on-site facilities, private (client or investigator) off-site storage, or digital platforms. Archaeologists recognise the value of sustainably archiving these resources, as well as making them available for research, public access, or other intentions, however, what is the status of our combined approaches? Data collected from 40 historical archaeological sites in NSW has been used here to benchmark the current situation in the state. It was found that only three of the investigated sites had a complete and accessible archaeological archive with suitable metadata available before reaching the storage facility. This research outlines the precarious status of our efforts in archiving for perpetuity and the reliance on informal and personal networks within the archaeological community to discover and access archives. It is argued here that a framework of visibility, accessibility, and longevity should be applied to any project to consider the strength of archaeological archive retention methods. While the focus remains on understanding the key issues, several recommendations are also made for improving the consistency and long-term success of accessing historical archaeological repositories and data management systems. Key suggested approaches are to promote significance in the decision to create archaeological archives in the first place, prioritise resolving visibility constraints and focus on small and achievable system improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the development of preventive and commercial archaeology in Europe during the last thirty years by examining the case of Italy. This country has a mixed public-private system, where the law establishes that the State manages all archaeological activities, although archaeological services are provided mainly by private individuals or companies and funded by private developers. This framework leads to a mismatch between law and practice, which impedes the development of professional archaeology and the full implementation of the Valletta principles. The issue is examined from an historical perspective, from the 1970s to the present day, and is augmented by a brief analysis of the current trends in cultural heritage policy. The study concentrates on the regulatory elements of archaeological activities, since these legal matters are generally overlooked by scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article tackles various issues related to post-medieval/historical archaeology worldwide as of November 15, 2017. These issues include the laws on archaeological heritage in Spain, the condition of later historical archaeology on Borneo, post-medieval archaeology, and government and professional support for archaeologists.

The article presents a history of bridges in South Africa. Topics discussed include industrial growth and resultant infrastructure development such as the development of the Witwatersrand gold fields, the development of a railway bridge across the Vaal River near Vereeniging in Gauteng/Free State provinces and management and protection of South African heritage resources falls under the South African Heritage Resources Act.

In this article, the author discusses archaeological sites and the National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) that was signed into law in 1999. She mentions her appointment in a Writing Committee appointed for the act in 1996 by Dr. Ben Ngubane, the Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology; and the team led by town planner Penny Pistorius. She adds significance of the act to archaeologists and palaeontologists as it makes heritage impact assessments mandatory.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (Cambridge University Press) is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author provides an outlook on professional archaeology in Great Britain in 2015. He offers a brief history of professional archaeology in the region with emphasis on the impact of the global economic crisis in 2008 on archaeology practice. He highlights some of the laws and regulations governing archaeological practices. He believes that the future of professional archaeology will be dependent on the economic climate.

The article focuses on public archaeology within the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The authors explain that archaeologists can work at parks under the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA), explores the first archaeological preserve created by U.S. President William Henry Harrison in 1892, and presents a case study of public archaeology by the University of North Carolina Greensboro (UNCG) at the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park (GUCO).

This paper explores the role played by the Archaeological Society at Athens under the influential leadership of the epigrapher Stephanos Koumanoudis (1818-1899) in the discovery, preservation, and publication of inscriptions in nineteenth-century Greece, and in the emergence of epigraphy as a scientific discipline in a scholarly context focused on sensational archaeological finds. The region of Boiotia provides illuminating case-studies, notably with the emblematic site of Tanagra, whose systematic looting in the 1870s sparked intense debates over the preservation of Greek antiquities and highlighted the need for new archaeological legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews legislation relating to the safeguarding and management of Oman's diverse archaeological resource. It focuses on the National Heritage Protection Law (NHPL), other national legislation and regulations, and international conventions signed by the Omani Government. It also discusses the extent to which these existing legislative tools support the management of the nation's archaeological resource and the socio-economic changes that are taking place in the country. The paper also examines whether the legislation in place is apt for purposes of identification, management, conservation, research and for development planning needs. Certain concerns are raised. For example, the NHPL has not been amended since it was issued in 1980 and the issue of archaeology protection is absent from related national laws, especially those covering activities related to the environment, municipalities, mining and tourism. What also emerges is that current legislation has not fully been implemented by the relevant organisations, which consequently has negatively affected Oman's archaeological resource management. Finally, the paper proposes the evaluation of all the legislative tools that govern archaeological practice in Oman. It also urges an updating of the NHPL in accordance with new theoretical and practical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Generating new knowledge in rescue archaeology is the prime goal regardless of which system is dominant. The market-oriented ‘capitalist’ model does not generate new knowledge in an adequate way, because it is volatile and prone to crises, and often detached from a wider up-to-date scientific environment. The ‘Dutch’ model presented by Van de Dries as a compromise between the state-financed ‘socialist’ and ‘capitalist’ models is here criticized. It is suggested that the Norwegian and Swedish state-supported models hold the greatest potential. A further point is that large museums or university museums may be the best place to locate excavation units as it is only there that we can play out in full the potential for knowledge production and management, processing as well as disseminating material culture as more than just texts. Generating knowledge at museums, from research-oriented field work to research-generating exhibitions involves the local authorities in a better way than does the Dutch model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Il Capitale Culturale: Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage is the property of Il Capitale Culturale Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the highlights of the conferences "First Italian Congress on Public Archaeology" on October 29 to 30, 2012 organized by the University of Florence and "Public Archaeology in a Time of Crisis" on November 29 to 30, 2012. Topics covered include bridging the gaps in Italian legislation in relation to cultural landscapes and heritage and the significance of archaeological professions and public engagement, and partnership among local authorities, universities and foundations.

This article, prompted by finding an ancient burial urn, using L'evi-Strauss andMumford as principal guides, traces some connections between the artifactual, the ritualistic, the mythic, and the poetic to speculate on forms of literary and constitutional order in the Irish context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author explores ethical, legal and policy questions regarding the practices of burial archaeology and research on human remains. Particular focus is paid to the processes by which human remains have ended up in the collections of museums. In addition, the author discusses how the law, archaeologists and the general public seem to differentiate between the ethical treatment of the recently dead and the ethical treatment of more ancient human remains.

This article summarizes the legal developments during 2011 that affect archaeological heritage. Among the more significant developments were advances in and challenges to the use of international law in deterring the trade in undocumented antiquities and questions of whether artifacts on loan to U.S. institutions from Iran could be used to satisfy judgments against Iran awarded to victims of terrorist bombings. Finally, the article presents a preliminary assessment of the impact of the "Arab Spring" conflicts on cultural heritage preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the ways in which archaeological and legal interests in hoards intersect in Great Britain. The author examines several laws regarding archaeological assemblages, including the Treasure Act of 1996 and the Portable Antiquities Scheme, focusing on these laws' ability to meet, complement and support the needs of archaeologists. The question of whether the public can be expected to a play a role in the collection and protection of hoards is also addressed.

Archaeological looting on United States federal land has been illegal for over a century. Regardless, the activity has continued in the Four Corners region. This paper discusses how the 1979 Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) can be viewed as sumptuary law, and within a sumptuary context, subversion can be anticipated. An analysis of 1986 and June 2009 federal raids in the Four Corners will exemplify this point by identifying local discourses found in newspapers both before and after each raid, which demonstrate a sumptuary effect. Ultimately, this paper concludes that looting just adapted, rather than halted, after each federal raid and that understanding this social context of continued local justification and validation of illegal digging is a potential asset for cultural resource protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the protection and enforcement of cultural values. Details of the "Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict" are given. The adoption of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) convention by various states and illegal excavations are explored alongside the notions of property ownership and property of others. The author explains the roles of art smugglers and curators as they relate to cultural and geographic boundaries. Additional topics discussed include the politics of diggings, an Etruscan excavation site in Italy, intellectual value, and archaeological research.

The article discusses the New Zealand court case Ngan v. The Queen wherein the police found money made from drug dealing while responding to a car accident. The article describes the judge's decision to allow the confiscated money as evidence and discusses the implications to law on bailment by finding and necessity. Also discussed is legislation on ownership of antiquities and archaeological objects.

Methodologies and legislative frameworks regarding the excavation, retrieval, analysis, curation and potential reburial of human skeletal remains different throughout Europe. As work forces within Europe and beyond have become increasingly mobile and international research collaborations are steadily increasing, the need for a more comprehensive understanding of different national research traditions, methodologies and legislative structures within the academic and commercial sector of physical anthropology has arisen. Establishing how human osteoarchaeology is practiced and dealt with throughout Europe and beyond will promote sharing knowledge between countries and form the basis for pan-European exchanges and discussions on the best practice. The current paper focuses on an ongoing project entitled 'Physical Anthropology and Legislation: European Perspectives and Beyond' and provides insight into some of the results obtained so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the jurisprudence influencing cases related to archaeological finds and treasure hunting in Puerto Rico. The author contends that the power of the state over abandoned shipwrecks off of its coast comes from the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, and neither from the Spanish Harbor Act of 1880, the Protection, Conservation and Study of the Underwater Archaeological Sites and Resources Act nor the Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987. The facts of the case López v. Fitzgerald is presented.

The article discusses the local reaction on Cyprus to American archaeological research. The article examines the acquisition and export of Cypriot antiquities by foreign diplomats Luigi Palma di Cesnola and Major Alessandro Palma di Cesnola. Cyprus enacted a policy concerning the export of antiquities shortly afterward. In August 1878, the first High Commissioner of Cyprus, Sir Garnet Wolseley, banned all excavations. The article also discusses the Cypriot coin collection of the American Numismatic Society, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Illinois, and their request to excavate the Cyprus city Amathus.

The article discusses on the significance of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) towards archaeologists and the archaeology profession as a whole. According to the author, NHPA is a significant legislation in so far as the profession is concerned; however, it did not get the due attention from archaeologists. NHPA gave archaeologists more responsibility which include evaluation of cultural sites threatened by federal undertakings.

The Preservation, Conservation and Dissemination of Archaeological Heritage: the Case of Costa Rica. The National Archaeological Commission is responsible for overseeing the application of Law 6703 of December 1981, the Law for the Protection and Conservation of the National Archaeological Heritage. It has given itself the task of presenting a strong opposition to the decision adopted in October of 1999 against the conduct of preventative work (salvage) to adequately protect and conserve the national archaeological heritage. We wish to share some of the criticisms brought forth before the various administrative and judicial authorities of the country around the question that archaeology in Costa Rica is faced with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the general question of proprietary rights in archeology and the duty of archaeologists working abroad to be sensible to the political conditions in which their work is conducted. This analysis is in response to a letter from Aleksandr Formozov regarding the new excavations at Staroselye Cave on the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine, which brings up several ethical issues of archaeological concern that merit more extended discussion. The author laments that Formozov and his colleagues should respond for themselves concerning what perhaps should have been done or who should have been conferred relative to the reinvestigation of this important Palaeolithic site.

The article focuses on the cultural resource management (CRM) legislation in the U.S. that was implemented for the management of cultural resources and heritage in the country. It explores the changes in the manner by which the CRM is implemented when professional archaeologists have been integrated into the business sector as private consultants. It also presents some examples of problems encountered after a CRM contract is in effect, and examines archaeologists' authority limitations. The author believes that in order for professional archaeological consultants to professionally represent their clients, they must enable clients to comply with the recommendations of the regulatory agency.

The article addresses collecting in the U.S. Archaeological Resources Protection Act. It mentions land designated prohibited and illegal in surface collecting which include land owned by the Federal Government and federal agencies such as National Park Service, and land owned by State and local governments and agencies. It states that Sub-surface Collecting is also prohibited in above two categories.

The article focuses on proprietary rights of archaeology in Ukraine. The author explores a letter which concerns mostly on Starosele site in Crimea. The author stated that the Institute of Archaeology of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences has all the right to excavate or conduct archaeological research within its own territorial borders as well as granting foreign archaeologists to conduct such research. Discussions and examination of the legal and political aspects of archaeology, and Ethnic pride surrounding archaeological findings are also presented.

The author comments on the article "Professional Problem Domains of Consulting Archaeologists: Responsibility Without Authority," by Harry M. Piper. He advances some of the issues and problems raised by Piper related to cultural resource management (CRM) legislation in the U.S., wherein archaeologists act as consultant, and addresses problems centering on client-archaeologist relationship. The author believes that the foundation of CRM lies in the regulations that specify responsibilities.

The article presents a letter from the founder and archaeological director of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology which was written in support of federal legislation that passed the U.S. House, but died in the Senate. The legislation affects archaeologists, sport divers and treasure-hunters. The author directed the first complete excavation of a shipwreck on the seabed, and developed many of the mapping techniques which have made underwater archaeology a scientific pursuit. The article highlights issues relating to nautical archaeology.

The article presents the author's insights on several laws passed in the U.S. to limit the collection of artifacts on the Federal and State lands such as the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and the Safeguard Trial Objects of Patrimony Act (STOP).

The article discusses laws on heritage in Africa. Topics discussed include protection of unitary entities such as sites and monuments under the state laws, the Second Cycle of Periodic Reporting for the Africa region that identified regional priority needs comprising the documentation, recognition, and implementation of Traditional Management Systems (TMS), and case of the Domboshava rock art shelter in Zimbabwe.

An introduction is presented to the article “2011 Cultural Hertiage Legal Summary" by Patty Gerstenblith, which appears elsewhere in the issue and which discusses legal issues affecting archaeology in 2011, including the importation and exportation of cultural property.

An editorial on issues concerning public archaeology is presented. The authors comment on the failed bid for the Crosby Garrett Roman cavalry helmet discovered in Cumbria, England. They discuss the provisions of the Treasure Act in Great Britain. They address the debate over the location of the Babri Mosque in India.

The article present a summaries of the bills in India which includes the Salaries and Allowances of Minister Bill, the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Bill, and the Legal Metrology Bill.

The article discusses rule proposals by Turkey's Culture and Tourism Ministry that would put restrictions on foreign-led excavations in Turkey, including those already underway. Topics include the reaction by Turkish and foreign archeologists over the proposed rules, which include the appointment of a Turkish co-director for each dig, and the reasons for the revised rules, including shortening the length of time archeologists take to complete excavations and publish results.

The article reports that 40 British archaeologists wrote a letter, which was published in the February 4, 2011 issue of "The Guardian," protesting a British government rule that requires the reburying of human remains found in England or Wales within two years after an excavation.

Reports on the British Museum in London, England's negotiation with the Internet auction company, eBay in an effort to control the illegal sale of archaeological finds. Types of archaeological items sold over Internet auction companies; Requirement for archaeological items unearthed in England or Wales after September 1997 to be registered and viewed by experts; Germany's law making it illegal for any individual not working on an authorized site to dig up artifacts.

Reports that a prosecutor in Colorado in May 2001 declined to use the 1979 Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) to indict a couple alleged to have removed Native American skeletal remains. Comments from archaeologist Mark Varien on the failure to prosecute; Assessment of the role of ARPA statute; Case of Ian Lynch, who has been charged under ARPA for removing a skull from Heceta Island, Alaska.

The author reflects on the challenges faced by archaeologists in the U.S. in their integration into the market. He notes that while some survive the pressures in archaeological consultancy, many failed to continue their business. He also remarks on the introduction of the so called "three-party relationship,"wherein the federal or state agency is required by law to oversee the archaeological resources, the archaeologists, and the client who plans to pursue certain modification project.