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The article explores the life of students at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts during the 1895-1915 period. Dean Christopher C. Langdell instituted an academic ideology and structure that proliferated throughout the legal and professional education. He faced strong criticisms from students, alumni and faculty until his retirement in 1895. James B. Ames implemented reforms that Langdell introduced during 1870 to 1886. The Paper Chase emerged under Dean Ezra R. Thayer.

The article reports that immunologist Luk van Parijs was fired from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school alleged that he had confessed to faking data in one published paper, several unpublished manuscripts and grant applications. Van Parijs's academic future may be shot to pieces. But his scientific past, so far is intact. He has contributed to roughly 40 papers stretching back to 1994, many of them in the blossoming field of RNA interference. None has been publicly labeled fraudulent or retracted. MIT has not said which paper it found to be problematic. Other investigations are continuing. One of the biggest problems in these fraud things says Kathleen Case, publisher at the American Association for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is that the investigations get finished. And the last thing people think of is the journals. Large-scale fraud cases are rare. But scientists whose work is challenged have often co-authored dozens or even hundreds of papers.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

The article reports on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its development of a membrane which can absorb oil. The membrane is made of nanowires which can absorb hydrophobic liquids including oil from water. It can be used in cleaning up oil spills and other water pollutants. Francesco Stellaci who is leading the development comments that the material can remain dry after being left on water for a month. The oil that is absorbed by the membrane can be recovered through heating and evaporation since the nanowires are made of potassium manganese. The membrane is created with a technique similar to paper production.

The article discusses the digitization of the papers of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a popular and influential public figure who worked for women's equality, at Schlesinger Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The papers of Gilman include manuscripts, drawings and clippings that document her extensive output as a writer as well as her romantic and family life. It mentions that the digitization of Gilman's papers began in April 2009 until June 2010.

In this paper we explore the degree to which patents are representative of the magnitude, direction, and impact of the knowledge spilling out of the university by focusing on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and in particular, on the Departments of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data, we show that patenting is a minority activity: a majority of the faculty in our sample never patent,and publication rates far outstrip patenting rates. Most faculty members estimate that patents account for less than 10% of the knowledge that transfers from their labs. Our results also suggest that in two important ways patenting is not representative of the patterns of knowledge generation and transfer from MIT: patent volume does not predict publication volume, and those firms that cite MIT papers are in general not the same firms as those that cite MIT patents. However, patent volume is positively correlated with paper citations, suggesting that patent counts may be reasonable measures of research impact. We close by speculating on the implications of our results for the difficult but important question of whether, in this setting, patenting acts as a substitute or a complement to the process of fundamental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the Harvard University School of Law's compulsory retirement policy for its faculty members. Retirement age; Conflicts in approaches to the problem of aging; Issues related to the school's retirement policy raised in the student paper 'Harvard Law Record.'

This paper addresses the restrictions of Italian relative che 'what' to finite environments and direct case gaps. While the standard analysis takes these restrictions to follow from the C status of che, this paper argues for an alternative approach, according to which che is a DP, on a par with other interrogative and relative elements. Specifically, it is argued that relative che is identical to interrogative che and relative cui 'what.obl' in the narrow syntactic derivation, up to the point of transfer. Realization of relative che is then blocked at ext with oblique case gaps by the more specific cui, along the lines of the Elsewhere Principle. The status of cui as a specialized relative element is also discussed. The restriction to finiteness for relative che is treated as an instance of a more general phenomenon that precludes bare DPs from occurring at the edge of infinitival relatives. Here I adopt and extend (Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press) Distinctness Theory to account for the facts of Italian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on metastasis of cancer cells from tumors. The author, Antoine Karnoub, is a postdoctoral fellow in Robert Weinberg's laboratory at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts. According to Robert Weinberg, owner of the laboratory, for cancer research, one has to understand how a tumor invades other tissues and metastasizes. Weinberg says that in 30% of patients with breast cancer, there are many micrometastases in their bone marrow at the time of diagnosis, but half of them never develop metastatic disease. In his study, Karnoub noticed that mesenchymal stem cells facilitated metastasis of cancer cells from tumors.

Reports on the revival of the cold fusion debate on the `Technology Review' publication of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Indignation of MIT researchers who had previously refuted the technique; Claim of reports of energy-releasing nuclear reactions at room temperature.

The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America in Cambridge, Massachusetts was founded in 1943 when Radcliffe College, Cambridge, accepted the Woman's Rights Collection (WRC) . The WRC documents several woman's suffrage organizations and includes the papers of Maud Wood Park and other women active in the women rights movement. But it does not end with 1920, the year the federal suffrage amendment was ratified, and it includes the library's first labor collection, papers of Frances Perkins, U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1933-45, and the first woman in the Cabinet. Thus despite the emphasis on suffrage and women's political and legal rights, labor issues, from the beginning have been an integral part of the Schlesinger Library. At about the time the WRC arrived at Radcliffe, president Wilbur K. Jordan and Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger, of the Harvard University's history department decided to make it the centerpiece of a growing research library on women, rather than a static memorial to the suffrage movement. Soon after, in December 1945, another major labor collection arrived, the papers of Leonora O'Reilly. O'Reilly's papers make up one major series in the micropublication, "The Papers of the Women's Trade Union League and Its Principal Leaders," a project sponsored by the Schlesinger Library, edited by Edward T. James, and published by Research Publications Inc. in 1981.

Mercellis remarks that Baekeland "crossed boundaries between the spheres of science, technology, and industry - to the extent that they were separated" (p. 17), and his analysis reveals some of the divisions that Baekeland was keen to cross, overcome, or wilfully ignore when the occasion merited it. Mercellis dispels some myths, notably that Baekeland earned $750,000 by selling his invention of Velox photographic paper in 1899 to Eastman Kodak. Beyond Bakelite: Leo Baekeland and the Business of Science and Invention: By Joris Mercellis. [Extracted from the article]

This paper makes a first step towards a logic of learning from experiments. For this, we investigate formal frameworks for modeling the interaction of causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. Crucial for our approach is the idea that the notion of an intervention can be used as a formal expression of a (real or hypothetical) experiment (Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference , 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Woodward, 2003, Making Things Happen , vol. 114 of Oxford Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press). In a first step we extend a causal model (Briggs, 2012, Philosophical Studies , 160, 139–166; Galles and Pearl, 1998, An axiomatic characterisation of causal counterfactuals. Foundations of Science , 3, 151–182; Halpern, 2000, Axiomatizing causal reasoning. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research , 12, 317–337; Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference , 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) with a simple Hintikka-style representation of the epistemic state of an agent. In the resulting setting, one can talk about the knowledge of an agent and information update. The resulting logic can model reasoning about thought experiments. However, it is unable to account for learning from experiments, which is clearly brought out by the fact that it validates the principle of no learning for interventions. Therefore, in a second step, we implement a more complex notion of knowledge (Nozick, 1981, Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts) that allows an agent to observe (measure) certain variables when an experiment is carried out. This extended system does allow for learning from experiments. For all the proposed logics, we provide a sound and complete axiomatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the Marketing Science Institute's publication of a catalog which describes over 250 research papers on all aspects of strategic marketing. Cost of the catalog; Contact information.

This paper introduces three current major university ranking systems. The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities by Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT Ranking) emphasizes both the quality and quantity of research and current research performance. The Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tung University (ARWU) focuses on outstanding performance of universities with indicators such as Nobel Prize winners. The QS World University Ranking (2004-2009) by Times Higher Education (THE-QS) emphasizes on peer review with high weighting in evaluation. This paper compares the 2009 ranking results from the three ranking systems. Differences exist in the top 20 universities in three ranking systems except the Harvard University, which scored top one in all of the three rankings. Comparisons also revealed that the THE-QS favored UK universities. Further, obvious differences can be observed between THE-QS and the other two rankings when ranking results of some European countries (Germany, UK, Netherlands, & Switzerland) and Chinese speaking regions were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author examines some of the spiritual implications of the commitment of the scientist on his program of dealing with the universe and considers some of the consequences of the new insights which have been acquired in carrying out the program thus far.

Editorial. Introduces the experimental psychology-related articles discussed at the 1994 International Conference on Working Memory held in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Evidence on control and coordination in working memory; Short-term memory for object location in visual arrays.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to examine progress made in the structure and surgical approaches of dental alloys and dental amalgams is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the Harriet Newell Lowell Society for Dental Research held at the Harvard University Dental School in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 9, 1920.

The d’Arbeloff Interactive Mathematics Project or d’AIMP is an initiative that seeks to enhance and ultimately transform the teaching and learning of introductory mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A result of this project is a suite of “mathlets,” a carefully developed set of dynamic computer applets for use in the university’s ordinary differential equations course. In this paper, we present the rationale for such computer innovations, the philosophy behind their design, as well as a discussion of their careful development and implementation. Survey results are reported which yielded positive student feedback and suggestions for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the genesis of the MIT OpenCourseWare project from its initial strategic precursors in 1999 and 2000, through its launch in 2001 and its subsequent evolution. The story told here illuminates the interplay among institutional leadership, and strategic planning, and with university culture in launching major educational technology enterprises. It also shows how initiatives can evolve in unexpected ways, and can even surpass their initial goals. The paper concludes with an overview of challenges facing OpenCourseWare in moving from the end of its production ramp-up and towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiles professor John D. C. Little of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Educational attainment; Current affiliations; Contributions made for the development of the journal "International Transactions in operational Research."

The publication of Schumpeter's "lost" seventh chapter—with the holistic and Faustian title "The economy as a whole", so typical of the German economic tradition—again raises the question of the ''duality'' in Schumpeter's economic thinking: On the one hand Schumpeter's typical ''Germanic'' approach, emphasizing dynamics, technical change and the entrepreneur, on the other hand his admiration for the mechanical economics of Walras. This paper attempts to explain Schumpeter's duality—his "schizophrenia"—by placing his work in the context of two different canons of economic thought, the standard mainstream canon (the ordnende and passivist-materialist tradition in Werner Sombart's terms) and what we have labelled "The Other Canon" (the verstehende and activist-idealist tradition in Sombart's terminology). The paper attempts to show that in the light of the now almost extinct Other Canon of economics, Schumpeter appears far less original than what he does to today's mainstream. It is argued that while the Harvard Economics Department during Schumpeter's tenure there moved away from the Other Canon type economics, Schumpeter found ample support and research activity in this alternative canon of economics at Harvard Business School. The paper explores the possible influences and similarities of thought on Schumpeter from three economists associated with Harvard Business School: Herbert Somerton Foxwell, Edwin Gay and Fritz Redlich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A data-informed building energy management (DiBEM) framework was proposed. • It was demonstrated in an office/laboratory building with two-years' experimental data. • The impacts of energy efficient interventions were quantified through data-driven models. • The energy use intensity was reduced from 54.1 kWh/m2 to 42.8 kWh/m2. To support building operations in reaching ultra-low energy targets, this paper proposes a data-informed building energy management (DiBEM) framework to improve energy efficiency systematically and continuously at the operation stage. Specifically, it has two key features including data-informed energy-saving potential identification and data-driven model-based energy savings evaluation. The paper demonstrates the proposed DiBEM with a detailed case study of an office and living laboratory building located in Cambridge, Massachusetts called HouseZero. It focuses on revealing the performance of the energy-efficient interventions from two-years' building performance monitoring data, as well as evaluating energy savings from the interventions based on the data-driven approach. With Year 1 as baseline, several interventions are proposed for Year 2 including improvements to controls and operation settings, encouragement of occupants' behavior for energy savings, and hardware retrofitting. These were deployed to heating/cooling, domestic hot water, lighting, plug and other loads, and photovoltaic (PV) systems. To quantify the impacts of different interventions on energy end uses, several data-driven models are developed. These models utilize linear regression, condition model, and machine learning techniques. Consequently, the heating/cooling energy consumption that was already ultra-low in Year 1 (12.8 kWh/m2) is further reduced to 9.7 kWh/m2 in Year 2, while the indoor thermal environment is well maintained. The domestic hot water energy is reduced from 2.3 kWh/m2 to 1.2 kWh/m2. The lighting energy is only increased from 0.3 kWh/m2 in pandemic operations without occupancy in Year 1 to 0.8 kWh/m2 in partial normal operations in Year 2, while the indoor illuminance level meets occupants' requirements. Combined with other relatively constant loads and the reduction of plug and other loads due to COVID building operation restrictions, the total energy use intensity is thereby reduced from 54.1 kWh/m2 to 42.8 kWh/m2, where 5.4 kWh/m2 of energy reduction for Year 2 is estimated to be contributed by the energy-efficient interventions. PV generation is 36.1 kWh/m2, with an increase of 1.4 kWh/m2 from a new inverter. In summary, this paper demonstrates the use of DiBEM through a detailed case study and long-term monitoring data as evidence to achieve ultra-low energy operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public housing benefits are rationed through wait lists. Theoretical work on public housing allocation has debated how much choice applicants should have over units, identifying a possible trade-off between efficiency and redistribution. This paper empirically establishes the existence and economic importance of this trade-off using wait list data from Cambridge, Massachusetts. I estimate a model of public housing preferences in a setting where heterogeneous apartments are rationed through waiting time. Eliminating choice would improve targeting but reduce tenant welfare by more than 30 percent. Such a change is only justified on targeting grounds by a strong social preference for redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author discusses the relationship of science with morality and religion. The author states that though there is a sense that science's body of knowledge is neutral and its results can be used for evil purposes, there is also a sense in which it is neither evil nor neutral but an expression of spiritual idealism.

The article presents information on the recent literary acquisitions by the Schlesinger Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Several manuscripts collections documenting women as consumers or providers of health care were acquired or were in the process of being acquired from 1978 to 1979. Materials available at the library include papers of author Anna W. Williams and Margaret Earhart Smith, focusing on labor education. Papers ranging from pre-World War I were donated by crusader of human rights and peace, Florence Luscomb. Recently acquired papers include those of lawyer Inez Milholland. U.S. Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman, announced that her papers will be preserved at the Library.

SDD-1, A System for Distributed Databases, is a distributed database system being developed by Computer Corporation of America (CCA), Cambridge, MA. SDD-1 permits data to be stored redundantly at several database sites in order to enhance the reliability and responsiveness of the system and to facilitate upward scaling of system capacity. This paper describes the method used by SDD-1 for updating data that are stored redundantly. Redundant updating can be costly because it may potentially involve extensive intercomputer communication overhead in order to lock all copies of data being updated. The method described here avoids this overhead by identifying cases in which it is not necessary to perform this global database locking. The identification of transactions that do not require global locking is based on a predefinition of transaction classes performed by the database administrator using an analysis technique described herein. The classes defined are used at run time to decide what level of synchronization is needed for a given transaction. It is important to note that this predefinition activity in no way limits the transactions that the system can accept; it merely permits more efficient execution of those types of transactions that were anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to compare the efficacy and abrasiveness of five brands of toothpaste dentifrices is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the Harriet Newell Lowell Society for Dental Research held at the Harvard University Dental School in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 19, 1921.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author talks about the modern age in western civilization. The author stresses that the outstanding characteristic of this age is that all its thinking about the world is dominated by the scientific spirit.

This article presents information about awards distribution. The Young Investigators' Prizes recognize outstanding and promising work by investigators who received their doctorates in the three years preceding the application deadline or who are in their final year of graduate school. The prizes include presentation of a research paper at the annual meeting of the American Society of Naturalists, reimbursement for travel to the annual meeting, and a $500 honorarium. The prize committee requests applications for the 2006 prizes from anyone supporting the objectives of the Society. Suggested names and addresses of people who should be encouraged to apply are also welcome. In recognition of the lifetime of outstanding contributions of professor E.O. Wilson in the areas of ecology and evolutionary biology, this award was established in the year of Professor Wilson's retirement from Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Individuals whose research and writing illuminate principles of evolutionary biology and an enhanced aesthetic appreciation of natural history will merit special consideration.

Announces several congresses on feminist economics. Details on The International Association for Feminist Economics convention; Development of human resources for science and engineering by the National Science Foundation; Offerings of academic scholarships for women by the Mary Ingrahan Bunting Institute.

The article offers information on the release of volumes of papers from the May 1979 Conference of the Society, the History of Economics Society annual meeting at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts from April 16 to 19, 1980, and History of Economics Society-American Economics Association Joint Session in Atlanta, Georgia in December 1979.

The author reflects on the 2012 International Chemical Biology Society (ICBS) conference that was held in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He highlights that at the ICBS scientists presents research which focuses on small molecules, chemical probes and drug discovery. He mentions that chemical biology includes research at the interface of chemistry and biology. He further informs about the next ICBS meeting which will be held in Kyoto, Japan in 2013.

The article focuses on the life and works of Roland Clark Davis, former chairman of the organizing board of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR). He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts by educators William Chalmers Davis and Effie Estelle Clark. He studied at Columbia University and his doctoral dissertation tackled the factors that affect the galvanic reflex. He founded a psychophysiology laboratory in Bloomington, Indiana and helped to form the basis of psychophysiology.

Highlights • Ensemble baseline development to simulate a range of future building energy scenarios. • Framework for rapid-response assessment of energy drivers for hundreds of buildings. • Procedures for campuses to track their energy policy effectiveness on an ongoing basis. • Proof-of-concept implementation for campus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Abstract Physics-based building energy models, once calibrated to historic energy data, are increasingly used to explore energy efficiency retrofits. When utilized for large building portfolios, such as university campuses, these calibrated models require substantial initial effort to develop, but are then typically only used once for analyzing potential building upgrades and estimating carbon reduction opportunities. This paper presents a continuous energy performance planning and tracking system for a university campus that automatically updates and compares measured against simulated building energy use for a hundred campus buildings. The system archives historic data, enables exploration of potential upgrade scenarios, and allows for the documentation of energy retrofits to individual buildings. The objectives of this tracking system are to support facility managers to ensure that their buildings are performing as intended, financial administrators to quantify potential energy savings and payback times of building upgrades and the overall university community to track campus-wide carbon emissions from buildings vis-à-vis previously defined reduction targets. A proof-of-concept implementation is presented for the authors' campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: CO2 avoidance cost economics are an essential tool for analysis of the potential for future CO2 capture and storage (CCS) utilization. The CO2 avoidance cost is the CO2 tax at which the product cost is the same for either a fossil fuel plant without CO2 mitigation (but paying the CO2 tax) or the same fossil fuel plant that includes the added capital and efficiency losses of adding CCS (but avoiding most of the CO2 tax). The CO2 tax must be higher than this CO2 avoidance cost to justify the higher risks, capital, and lower efficiency of utilizing CCS. Understanding which issues impact CO2 avoidance costs the most is fundamental to economically encouraging the massive CO2 reductions enabled with CCS. SFA Pacific recently completed two similar economic analyses of coal-based power plant CO2 mitigation costs. Both analyses included the options of converting to lower CO2 emissions with natural gas (with and without CCS) and continued coal use with and without CCS. One analysis was for an existing coal-based power plant baseline as part of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Workshop and Report entitled Retrofitting of Coal-Fired Power Plants for CO2 Emissions Reductions . The second analysis was for a new coal-based power plant baseline as part of an analysis of CO2 mitigation options by the U.S. Business Roundtable entitled The Balancing Act: Climate Change, Energy Security and the U.S. Economy . However, the resulting CO2 avoidance costs for these two analyses were very different. Specifically, the CO2 avoidance cost was about twice as high for the existing coal power plant than for the new coal power plant baseline. There are basic technical and economic reasons for this big difference in CO2 avoidance costs. They are best explained by simply showing the costs and performance of each baseline without and then with CCS in simple, transparent, and consistent one-page models. This enables easy, insightful side-by-side direct comparisons. Since first developing a cost and performance economic screening model of CCS for our GHGT-4 paper in 1998 , SFA Pacific has continued to improve the model which focuses on objectivity by stressing transparency and consistency with easy to compare cases. SFA Pacific has clearly shown identical inputs for key items such as fuel costs, non-fuel operating costs, unit capital costs, contingencies, site location factors, cost indexes, and especially capital charges. This makes it easy to see that power costs for the existing coal power plant baseline can be very low when the power plant is old and most of the existing capital is already paid-off. This GHGT-10 paper presents the most updated SFA Pacific analysis of CCS retrofit for existing coal power plant CO2 mitigation. The paper focuses on showing and explaining why the CO2 avoidance costs can be much higher for the existing plants versus new fossil fuel power plants. CO2 taxes which are high enough to discourage new coal power plants with high CO2 emissions would likely have little or no impact on existing coal power plants. Until the over 1,200 GW of existing old coal power plants begin reducing their high CO2 emissions, there can be little net reduction in worldwide CO2 growth. Converting or replacing this large capacity of existing coal power plants is essential to obtaining large CO2 reductions . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates whether rent control affects community socioeconomic composition. In particular, do rent controls increase the presence of poor and minority residents in a locale? Theoretically, the effect of rent control on community composition is ambiguous, as it depends upon several factors including willingness to occupy controlled apartments, landlord imposed rationing mechanisms, and spillover effects of rent controlled housing on uncontrolled units. Using census data on how Cambridge, Massachusetts and nearby communities responded to the state imposed end of rent control, I find evidence that rent control increased the presence of minority residents but also decreased the proportion of poor residents. This evidence is robust to alternate control areas and several specification checks. I also find that despite its positive impact on minority membership, rent control is associated with an increase in traditional measures of residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) turbocharger has been designed, fabricated, and tested as part of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology program aimed at producing a microfabricated gas turbine engine for portable power applications. A gas turbine engine requires high-speed high-efficiency turbomachinery operating at tip speeds of several hundred meters per second. This MEMS turbocharger serves to demonstrate these requirements. The turbocharger's silicon rotor, which is supported on hydrostatic gas thrust and journal bearings in a silicon stator housing, was spun to 480 000 rpm, corresponding to a tip speed of 200 m/s. This paper discusses critical fabrication processes that enabled the capabilities of this device. Operational issues and test results are also presented. The turbocharger's compressor demonstrated a pressure ratio of 1.21 at a mass flow rate of 0.13 g/s, with a combined compressor-turbine spool efficiency of 0.24. Under these conditions, the turbine produced about S W of power. Results from the simultaneous operation of a spinning rotor and burning combustor within the microscale turbocharger are also presented. Experimental results compare well with analytical models and computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the focus area of the MIT-Portugal Programme that deals with Engineering Design and Advanced Manufacturing (EDAM). The EDAM initiative consists of two new post tertiary degree programmes plus affiliated research and industrial liaisons. The paper also discusses the Portuguese innovation and education trajectory and the challenges felt by Portugal as the world becomes more networked (or flat). Some quantitative statistical studies of Portuguese innovation and education metrics are examined to explore the needs for new initiatives such as the MIT-Portugal Programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will outline answers to the two central questions regarding improving engineering education: (1) What is the full set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that engineering students should possess as they leave the university, and at what level of proficiency? (2) How can we do better at ensuring that students learn these skills? The suggested answers lie within an innovative educational framework, the CDIO (conceive–design–implement–operate) Initiative. This initiative will be described along with the needs it meets, its goals, context, vision and pedagogical foundation. The first question is answered by the CDIO Syllabus and the process for reaching stakeholder consensus on the level of proficiency that students should attain in a given program. The second question is addressed through a best practice framework, which discusses curriculum design, design-implement experiences, teaching and learning, student assessment, program evaluation and faculty competence. Examples are provided of the implementation of best practices within the CDIO program in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives an account of how Aldo P. Magi, compiler of the works of author and poet Thomas Wolfe was able to acquire certain documents of correspondence by Wolfe after his death. The said documents were in the possession of a widow Carolyn Lamb in New Canaan, Connecticut, after the death of her husband Thomas Lamb. Thomas Lamb was given these documents by his teacher John Terry, who was collecting documents for a proposed biography of Wolfe. The widow, who made all efforts to gain monetary benefits from the papers, was finally persuaded by Magi and the papers were given to the Houghton Library in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for inclusion in the William B. Wisdom Collection of Thomas Wolfe.

We present a descriptive case study of Terrascope, an innovative, year-long, project-based learning community at MIT. Each year, Terrascope students study a particular environmental or Earth-system problem from a multidisciplinary perspective. Terrascope includes both academic and non-academic components; this paper focuses on the academic components. The objectives of the academic subjects, and of the program as a whole, involve helping students develop their team-building, communication, problem-solving, and self-regulatory learning skills. This study focuses on cohorts of students from the first and second years of the program (2002–2003 and 2003–2004); it is based on end-of-semester surveys and focus groups, and on additional focus groups conducted when these students were upperclassmen. Students felt Terrascope helped them make significant improvements in their ability to work in teams and to take on complex, multidisciplinary problems. They felt that the program’s two-semester structure gave them an opportunity to develop and nurture these skills, and that the program prepared them well for their later work at MIT. They also felt that being engaged, as freshmen, in a distinct learning community, significantly eased their transition into MIT. We describe lessons learned in the development of Terrascope and offer suggestions for other institutions planning to develop similar programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship education at U.S. universities formally began at Harvard University in 1947 with a single course and most significant efforts began in the past 30 years (Katz 2003). This paper provides entrepreneurship education profiles of top ranked programs, emerging campus-wide programs, and 1890 Land Grant Institution programs. Entrepreneurship Centers (ECs), typically in Schools of Business, are components of entrepreneurship education at many institutions. ECs have programs and services from research to academic instruction to community outreach and programming. This paper introduces a typology of ECs predicated upon their academic programs and community outreach. Detailed program information on and recommendations for the 1890 Land Grant Programs is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the design of passive automatic flushing systems installed in the City of Cambridge's storm and sanitary sewer system tributary to the Alewife Brook as part of a $75 million sewer separation program. Grit and debris deposition is severe in the existing combined sewers, storm drains, and sanitary trunk sewers due to the flat topography of the area. This condition is exacerbated by hydraulic constraints imposed on the system's outlet by the Alewife Brook (shallow stream) and downstream sanitary siphons (again because of the Alewife Brook). The use of pumps to lift flows from sewers and drains to permit self-scouring velocities is prohibitively expensive. To overcome this problem, five automated flushing systems using quick opening (hydraulic operated) gates discharging collected stormwater were constructed in conjunction with downstream collector grit pits covering a distance of 1,604 m for storm drain pipes ranging from 1.4 m circular to 1.2 m by 1.8 m rectangular. New 450 and 600 mm sanitary trunk sewers, 561 m long, will be flushed daily by two flushing systems using spent filtrate water from Cambridge's water treatment plant recently constructed nearby. The flushing systems are sized to achieve wave velocity of 1 m/s at the end of the flushing segment. The flush vault volumes range from 11 to 40 m[SUP3] for the storm drain systems and 6 m[SUP3] for the sanitary system. Construction was completed in May 2002 and functional testing of the flushing systems is in progress. Partial test results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes MIT Libraries' experience implementing DSpace, a home-grown open source digital institutional repository, which other institutions may want to introduce as a service to their communities. MIT's introduction of DSpace as an operating service illustrates the many political and organizational considerations that must be addressed to establish and operate institutional repositories. In addition to detailing some of the policies developed and organizational changes undertaken, this article describes the kinds of questions future implementers of DSpace will want to answer. It also outlines the impacts the service has had on the library, on MIT, and on the perception of MIT Libraries within the Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the role of strategic management in the marketing proces in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Assessment of the static conception of efficiency; Coordination of labor division; Relationship between economics and strategic management.

The Harvard Lab for Computer and Spatial Analysis was one of several sites in the early development of GIS where seminal innovations in the processing and display of geographically referenced data took place. An early area of concern at the lab were the mathematical and technical problems associated with the modelling of ‘surfaces’. This term, ‘surface’, came to take on new and sometimes abstract meanings. The language used to describe ‘surfaces’ was rooted in tacit knowledge and more formal mathematics. The mixing of different forms of language, both verbal and written, allowed the passing of abstract and sometimes difficult meanings. It may be that universal history is the history of a handful of metaphors ... It may be that universal history is the history of the different intonations given a handful of metaphors (Borges 1964, p. 189 and 192). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the testbed telesurgery system that was developed in MIT's Human Machine Systems Laboratory. This system was used to investigate the effects of communication time delays on controller stability and on the performance of surgical tasks. The system includes a bilateral force-reflecting teleoperator system, interchangeable surgical tools, audio and video communication between the master and slave sites, and methods to generate time delays between the sites. To compensate for the time delays, various control schemes were investigated, leading to the development and selection of fuzzy sliding control (FSC). With a stable teleoperator system, experiments in performing a variety of surgical exercises were conducted. These looked at the performance of a team of a telesurgeon and local assistant given a number of different time-delay scenarios, including synchronous and asynchronous force and audio/ video feedback. The results of the research project include the development of the novel FSC algorithm, data on how time delays degrade performance of surgical tasks, and recommendations on how telesurgery should be performed to accommodate telecommunication time delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time emotions have been kept out of the deliberate tools of science; scientists have expressed emotion, but no tools could sense and respond to their affective information. This paper highlights research at the MIT Media Laboratory aimed at giving computers the ability to comfortably sense, recognize, and respond to the human communication of emotion, especially affective states such as frustration, confusion, interest, distress, anger, and joy. Two main themes of sensing--self-report and concurrent expression--are described, together with examples of systems that give users new ways to communicate emotion to computers and, through computers, to other people. In addition to building systems that try to elicit and detect frustration, our research group has built a system that responds to user frustration in a way that appears to help alleviate it. This paper highlights applications of this research to interface design, wearable computing, entertainment, and education, and briefly presents some potential ethical concerns and how they might be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most interactive stories, such as hypertext narratives and interactive movies achieve an interactive "feel" by allowing the user to choose among multiple story paths. In this paper we discuss physically interactive environments with narrative structure in which the ability to choose among multiple story lines is replaced with having users, first, interact with the story characters in small, local "windows" of the narrative and, second, actively engage their bodies in movement. In particular, we found that compelling interactive narrative story systems can be perceived as highly responsive, engaging, and interactive even when the overall story has a single-path structure, in what we call a "less-choice, more-responsiveness" approach to the design of story-based interactive environments. We have also observed that unencumbering, rich sensor technology can facilitate user immersion in the experience as the story progresses--users can act as they typically would without worrying about manipulating a computer interface. To support these arguments, the paper describes the physical setup, the interactive story, the technology, and the user experience of four projects developed at the MIT Media Laboratory: KidsRoom, It/I, Personal Aerobics Trainer, and Swamped! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]