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ABSTRACT Recycling waste paper can be considered as a means to displace the use of natural cellulose fibers applied in building materials, because it is composed mostly of cellulose. The water absorption and special surface area of cellulose fibers are the key properties for their use in building materials. The objective of this article was to study the production of recycled cellulose fibers from waste paper using ultrasonic wave processing. The physical and chemical properties of recycled cellulose fibers, such as water absorption, specific surface area and pore characteristics, etc., were investigated with various testing methods. The results indicated that the ultrasonic cavitation effect was feasible for the preparation of the secondary fibers. When the ultrasonic treatment time lasted for 10 min, the water absorptions of both newsprint fibers and kraft fibers increased significantly and reached the highest values of 12.5 g/g and 11.2 g/g, respectively, which were nearly two times than that of fibers without ultrasonic treatment. With a pretreatment of 20 min, the average length and fineness of recycled cellulose fibers decreased by 4% and 25%, respectively, and the length-diameter ratio of the recycled cellulose fibers was 1.28 times than that of the untreated fibers, which greatly increased the special surface area of the recycled cellulose fibers. This work also determined that NaOH was useful to improve the physical properties of the recycled cellulose fibers. Because the recycled cellulose fibers after processing, fulfilled several technical indexes, they can be considered as a filling material for used in cement-based materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41962. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The templated synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires@metal-organic framework (MOF) core/shell nanofibers (named HAP@MIL-100(Fe) nanofibers) is demonstrated. The ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires are adopted as a hard template for the nucleation and growth of MIL-100(Fe) (a typical MOF) through the layer-by-layer method. The Coulombic and chelation interactions between Ca2+ ions on the surface of the HAP nanowires and the COO− organic linkers of MIL-100(Fe) play key roles in the formation process. The as-prepared, water-stable HAP@MIL-100(Fe) nanofibers exhibit peroxidase-like activity toward the oxidation of different peroxidase substrates in the presence of H2O2, accompanied by a clear color change of the solution. Furthermore, a flexible, recyclable HAP@MIL-100(Fe) test paper is prepared successfully by using HAP@MIL-100(Fe) nanofibers as building blocks. A simple, low-cost, and sensitive colorimetric method for the detection of H2O2 and glucose is established based on the as-prepared, flexible, recyclable HAP@MIL-100(Fe) test paper. More importantly, the HAP@MIL-100(Fe) test paper can be recovered easily for reuse by simply dipping in absolute ethanol for just 30 min, thus showing excellent recyclability. With its combination of advantages such as easy transportation, easy storage and use, rapid recyclability, light weight, and high flexibility, this HAP@MIL-100(Fe) test paper is promising for wide applications in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of study is chiral‐nematic and smectic A liquid crystals. The aim of the work is to develop new bistable materials with improved physico‐chemical and electro‐optical properties for various applications. Chiral liquid‐crystalline compounds and compounds characterized by the presence of the smectic A phase over a wide temperature range were synthesized during the studies. The influence of the viscoelastic properties of liquid crystals, the anchoring energy of the alignment material, and the helical twisting power of chiral dopants on the memory effect in chiral‐nematic liquid crystals was investigated. In order to clarify the possible mechanism of bistability in highly twisted nematics, we performed a numerical simulation of the reorientation of liquid crystal molecules in an electric field. It was also necessary to find out which parameters of the liquid crystal material have the greatest effect on the bistability. Based on the synthesized smectic compounds, mixtures with different values of optical anisotropy and viscosity were developed. The influence of the compounds structure (bridge fragments, polar groups, alkyl chains) on mesomorphic and basic physico‐chemical characteristics was determined. Electrically and electrochemically stable ion dopants were also synthesized with a number of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions. The composition of mixtures has been optimized for long‐term operation, especially in the upper operating temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The templated synthesis of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires@metal–organic framework core/shell (HAP@MIL‐100(Fe)) nanofibers has been demonstrated herein. The HAP@MIL‐100(Fe) nanofibers exhibited peroxidase‐like activity towards the oxidation of different peroxidase substrates in the presence of H2O2 accompanying with the clear color change of the solution. A new kind of flexible test paper was prepared by using HAP@MIL‐100(Fe) nanofibers as building blocks, which can be used for the detection of H2O2 and glucose, and it can be easily recovered, exhibiting excellent recyclability and promising applications in various fields. More information can be found in the Full Paper by Y.‐J. Zhu and Z.‐C. Xiong et al. on page 3328 ff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT An environmental friendly regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM) was successfully prepared via NaOH/urea aqueous solution system by utilizing recycled newspaper (RNP) as the cellulose source. The morphological and chemical structure of resulting membrane were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results from FTIR and XRD verified that the transparent RCM possesses cellulose II structure. SEM observation revealed that the transparent RCM consist of homogeneous dense symmetric membrane structure and composed of a skin layer with mean roughness parameter Ra, obtained from AFM analysis of 29.53 nm. Pure water flux, water content, water contact angle, porosity, and pore size of the resulting membrane were also measured. This study promotes the potential of the cellulose-based membrane obtained from low cost cellulose source for application in filtration and separation system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42684. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactor network synthesis (RNS) is one of the subtopics of the chemical process synthesis, the purpose of which is to find an optimal reactor network for the specific objective function of the studied reaction system. This review discusses the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods of RNS, together with the state of the research in each field. These methods could be divided into four categories: the process‐based approach (such as the attainable region, the targeting approach, and the method based on the elementary process functions), superstructure‐based approach, stochastic optimization, and parametric method. Finally, the paper discusses the existing problems of RNS in academic researches and practical applications, as well as its research directions in the future. This paper is helpful to the readers who have interests in the design and optimization of the reactor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The present paper discusses the synthesis of unprecedented red‐emitting mono‐azo compound pyrazole azo fluorescent tag (PAFT) by a diazotization method, followed by an electrophilic substitution reaction. Further, the metal complex of PAFT is also prepared by refluxing the ethanolic solution of the ligand with the corresponding metal (RuCl3 and C4H6CuO4.H2O) salts under suitable experimental conditions. The synthesized fluorophore PAFT displays intense fluorescence in the aggregate state and has excellent qualities, including high purity, low cost, eco‐friendliness, and good photostability. These unique characteristics of PAFT led to the development of new fluorescence‐based technology for the in situ viewing of latent fingerprints. Various spectroscopic and analytical techniques are used to confirm the structural characteristics of the synthesized compounds, including UV–Vis, FT‐IR, (1H) NMR, HRMS, TGA, VSM, ESR, and powder XRD methods. The potency of the antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated. The results revealed that compound PAFT and [Ru(PAFT)Cl3] H2O showed excellent sensitivity at 0.8 μL/mL against the Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a crucial intracellular Ca2+ channel involved in various physiological processes associated with several diseases. This paper presents the synthesis and evaluation of novel photoactivatable caged compounds for the RyR. We used (6‐bromo‐7‐hydroxycoumarn‐4‐yl)methyl (Bhc) as the photolabile protecting group to develop caged versions of 4‐CmC, a broad‐spectrum RyR agonist, and FLA365, an antagonist. The synthesized compounds, Bhcmoc‐4‐CmC and Bhcmoc‐FLA365, exhibited photoreactivity that enabled spatiotemporal control over the RyR activity. Bhcmoc‐4‐CmC presents a quantum yield of 25 % and a photolysis efficiency of 1,075 M−1 cm−1 under 405 nm light, triggering Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Conversely, Bhcmoc‐FLA365 presents a reduced quantum yield of 0.61 %, which can be attributed to the quenching effects of its tertiary amine structure. We also applied gene‐directed caging, synthesizing β‐galactosidase (β‐Gal) activatable Gal‐Bhcmoc‐4‐CmC and Gal‐Bhcmoc‐FLA365, and porcine liver esterase (PLE)‐activatable CM‐Bhcmoc‐FLA365, to target these probes to the specific cell types. These caged compounds contribute significantly to photopharmacology, providing tools for the precise analysis and manipulation of the RyR functions. Future research objectives involve further optimization and analysis of the photochemical mechanisms of these caged compounds to enhance their applications in biological and medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) has been established as a cornerstone in chemical synthesis reactions for over five decades, owing to its distinctive molecular structure and remarkable catalytic effect. However, in recent years, a revolutionary approach to asymmetric synthesis has emerged, utilizing photocatalytic excitation of molecules to generate free radicals, effectively surpassing the limitations of classical organic synthesis methodologies.A prominent and significant area of research has been dedicated to the investigation of chiral phosphoric acid synergistic photocatalysis for enantioselective chemical synthesis. This unique catalytic system encompasses a bifunctional hydrogen‐bonding catalyst, enabling simultaneous interactions between radical intermediates and substrates. The review paper focuses on the application and progress of this catalytic system in asymmetric synthesis throughout the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relaxin‐like gonad‐stimulating peptide (RGP), Aso‐RGP, featuring six cysteine residues, was identified in the Crown‐of‐Thorns Starfish (COTS, Acanthaster cf. solaris) and initially produced through recombinant yeast expression. This method yielded a single‐chain peptide with an uncleaved C‐peptide (His Tag) and suboptimal purity. Our objective was to chemically synthesize Aso‐RGP in its mature form, comprising two chains (A and B) and three disulfide bridges, omitting the C‐peptide. Furthermore, we aimed to synthesize a newly identified relaxin‐like peptide, Aso‐RLP2, from COTS, which had not been previously synthesized. This paper reports the first total chemical synthesis of Aso‐RGP and Aso‐RLP2. Aso‐RGP synthesis proceeded without major issues, whereas the A‐chain of Aso‐RLP2, in its reduced and unfolded state with two free thiols, presented considerable challenges. These were initially marked by "messy" RP‐HPLC profiles, typically indicative of synthesis failure. Surprisingly, oxidizing the A‐chain significantly improved the RP‐HPLC profile, revealing the main issue was not synthesis failure but the peptide's aggregation tendency, which initially obscured analysis. This discovery highlights the critical need to account for aggregation in peptide synthesis and analysis. Ultimately, our efforts led to the successful synthesis of both peptides with purities exceeding 95 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aryl diazonium intermediates have emerged as highly versatile intermediates in modern organic synthesis and chemical biology, demonstrating remarkable reactivity under mild reaction conditions. Their significance has extended to DNA‐encoded libraries (DELs), where they serve as valuable alternatives to traditional aryl halide‐based cross‐coupling reactions. Aryl diazonium intermediates as N2‐annulation synthons can efficiently transform into benzotriazinone core on DNA besides C−C coupling. This concept paper illuminates recent advances in this field, emphasizing their applications and potential across various facets of DELs, off‐DNA chemistry, DELs selection, and DNA‐based probes. It is anticipated that these developments will propel the broader utilization of DNA‐conjugated aryl diazonium salt intermediates in DELs, protein labeling, hit discovery, and other interdisciplinary fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones have become an object of close scrutiny in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activity. In the present paper, we describe a substrate‐switchable reaction of hetareno[e]pyrrole‐2,3‐diones with aromatic and aliphatic thiols that afforded two series of novel 5‐thio‐substituted 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones. The reaction of pyrroloquinaxolinetriones with thiols led to the formation of adducts. The initially formed adducts of pyrrolobenzoxazinetriones with thiols were subjected to hydrolysis with the oxazine ring opening and decarboxylation. Based on the latter reaction, a synthetic approach to pharmaceutically interesting monocyclic non‐fused 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones bearing conformationally free thio‐substituents at C‐5 was proposed for the first time. The synthesized compounds were screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity. Some of them were found to exhibit moderate activity against S. aureus and C. albicans. Thus, the results of current study confirm that the search for new biologically active compounds among 5‐thio‐substituted 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique of colour EM that was recently developed enabled localisation of specific macromolecules/proteins of interest by the targeted deposition of diaminobenzidine (DAB) conjugated to lanthanide chelates. By acquiring lanthanide elemental maps by energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and overlaying them in pseudo‐colour over the conventional greyscale TEM image, a colour EM image is generated. This provides a powerful tool for visualising subcellular component/s, by the ability to clearly distinguish them from the general staining of the endogenous cellular material. Previously, the lanthanide elemental maps were acquired at the high‐loss M4,5 edge (excitation of 3d electrons), where the characteristic signal is extremely low and required considerably long exposures. In this paper, we explore the possibility of acquiring the elemental maps of lanthanides at their N4,5 edge (excitation of 4d electrons), which occurring at a much lower energy‐loss regime, thereby contains significantly greater total characteristic signal owing to the higher inelastic scattering cross‐sections at the N4,5 edge. Acquiring EFTEM lanthanide elemental maps at the N4,5 edge instead of the M4,5 edge, provides ∼4× increase in signal‐to‐noise and ∼2× increase in resolution. However, the interpretation of the lanthanide maps acquired at the N4,5 edge by the traditional 3‐window method, is complicated due to the broad shape of the edge profile and the lower signal‐above‐background ratio. Most of these problems can be circumvented by the acquisition of elemental maps with the more sophisticated technique of EFTEM Spectrum Imaging (EFTEM SI). Here, we also report the chemical synthesis of novel second‐generation DAB lanthanide metal chelate conjugates that contain 2 lanthanide ions per DAB molecule in comparison with 0.5 lanthanide ion per DAB in the first generation. Thereby, fourfold more Ln3+ per oxidised DAB would be deposited providing significant amplification of signal. This paper applies the colour EM technique at the intermediate‐loss energy‐loss regime to three different cellular targets, namely using mitochondrial matrix‐directed APEX2, histone H2B‐Nucleosome and EdU‐DNA. All the examples shown in the paper are single colour EM images only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohols have a wide range of applicability, and their functions vary with the carbon numbers. C6 and C4 alditols are alternative of sweetener, as well as significant pharmaceutical and chemical intermediates, which are mainly obtained through the fermentation of microorganism currently. Similarly, as a bulk chemical, C2 alditol plays a decisive role in chemical synthesis. However, among them, few works have been focused on the chemical production of C4 alditol yet due to its difficult accumulation. In this paper, under a static and semi-flowing procedure, we have achieved the product control during the conversion of C6 aldose toward C6 alditol, C4 alditol and C2 alditol, respectively. About C4 alditol yield of 20% and C4 plus C6 alditols yield of 60% are acquired in the one-pot conversion via a cascade retro-aldol condensation and hydrogenation process. Furthermore, in the semi-flowing condition, the yield of ethylene glycol is up to 73% thanks to its low instantaneous concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the synthesis of some new quinoxaline‐piperazine‐oxazole amide conjugates 6a‐n from 3‐chloroquinoxaline‐2‐carbonitrile using well‐known reaction sequences. The synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR,13C NMR, and mass spectral analysis. The compounds were tested for their in vitro antiproliferative activity toward four different cancer cell lines such as PC‐3, MCF‐7, DU‐145, and A‐549 by MTT method. The compounds, 6c, 6h, 6i, and 6n were found to be more potent than the standard Erlotinib. In vitro tyrosine kinase EGFR inhibition studies using four potent compounds revealed that 6n has double inhibiting tendency with value IC50 of 0.22 μM and 6h with value of IC50 0.27 μM compared to reference compound. Molecular docking studies of active compounds, 6c, 6h, 6i, and 6n on EGFR receptor suggested that all the compounds have more binding energies than that of Erlotinib. Furthermore, the in silico pharmacokinetic profile was accomplished for the active compounds, 6c, 6h, 6i, and 6n using SWISS/ADME and pk CSM, whereas compounds, 6h, 6i, and 6c followed Lipinski rule, Veber rule, Egan rule and Muegge rule. The remaining compound 6n did not follow Lipinski rule, Ghose rule because one common violation, that is, because of high molecular weight (MW > 350). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetramic acids exhibit intriguing biological activity and are particularly attractive scaffolds for drug design. In this paper, we present a convenient approach based on the Dieckmann cyclization of Ugi adducts of malonic monoesters to afford a series of medically important polysubstituted tetramic acid derivatives. This simple and versatile method tolerates various substituents in both the amine, aldehyde and isocyanide moieties allowing the use of α‐substituted malonic acid monoesters. Examples of further functionalization of the free methylene group in the synthesized compounds have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a base and catalyst‐free "on water" protocol for the "Green" access to a series of privileged, potential biologically active important synthetic targets coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acids of diverse structures bearing electron withdrawing/donating groups, hydrophobic long chain alkyl groups in aromatic ring. The target compounds were synthesized by reacting substituted o‐hydroxy‐aryldehydes with Meldrum's acid in the water ‐ SDS micellar system. Water‐SDS is a proven, yet powerful surfactant system to provide hydrophobic cavities in water as a reactor for the organic reactants. It is believed that the condensation occurs inside the hydrophobic cavity which helps the completion of the reaction. Multi‐gram scale reaction was also performed to demonstrate the scalability and practical applicability of the developed methodology. Moreover, the reusability of the post‐reaction waste shows that the waste can be reused in consecutive cycles without compromising the yield. The structure of one of the synthesized compounds was further confirmed by single‐crystal XRD studies. This developed protocol promises advantages like energy efficiency, operational simplicity, easy workup, chromatography‐free purification, recyclability of post‐reaction waste, scalable method and provides excellent yields of the targeted coumarin ‐3‐carboxylic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the major pathogen that causes invasive infectious diseases in neonates and infants. The development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against GBS infection has been becoming the most pressing subject worldwide. Group B carbohydrate (GBC), the group B‐specific polysaccharide that distinguishes GBS with other streptococci species, has been identified as an attractive antigen for diagnosis and vaccine development because of its highly conservative tetra‐antennary structure. In this paper, a highly convergent [3 + 5] glycosylation strategy for efficient synthesis of an octasaccharide derivative related to GBC oligosaccharide unit II has been developed. In this synthesis, each glycosylation reaction was efficiently constructed with glycosyl imidates, especially trifluoroacetimidate, as donors, and each glycosidic bond was stereoselectively controlled via the neighboring group participation effect of acyl group on the 2‐O‐position of imidate donors or the solvent effect of Et2O. Furthermore, the aminoethylphosphate group was smoothly installed on the 6‐O‐position of d‐glucitol residue using the phosphoramidite method. After global deprotection, the target octasaccharide was successfully obtained from d‐glucitol in 29 steps with an overall yield of 1.37%. The free amino group installed on the aminoethylphosphate spacer of the target molecule enables its modification with functionalized biomolecules for further biological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Carotene is the most treasured provitamin A carotenoid molecule exhibiting antioxidant and coloring properties and significant applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. β‐Carotene has many biological functions within the human body; however, it is not synthesized within the human body, so its requirements are fulfilled through food and pharmaceuticals. Its manufacturing via chemical synthesis or extraction from plants offers low yields with excessive manufacturing expenses, which attracted the researchers toward microbial production of β‐carotene. This alternative provides higher yield and low expenses and thus is more economical. Phaffia rhodozyma is a basidiomycetous yeast that is utilized to prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer and to enhance immunity and antiaging in people. This paper reviews the methods of production of β‐carotene, biosynthesis of β‐carotene fromP. rhodozyma, factors affecting β‐carotene production during fermentation, and pharmacological properties of β‐carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAD(P)H and NAD(P)+ are important cofactors and currently receiving great interest in biocatalytic synthesis (e. g. the resolution of chiral alcohols and the synthesis of keto chemicals with high selectivity), where their regeneration is necessary in order to ensure the economic sustainability of syntheses based on NAD(P)H or NAD(P)+ dependent enzymes. This paper reports new details on the kinetic stability of a water‐forming NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) for in‐situ cofactor regeneration in a bubble column. Two‐stage deactivation kinetics of NOX was observed at gas flowrates of 0.25 vvm and 0.50 vvm with half‐life of 29 h and 32 h, respectively. Single‐stage deactivation kinetics occurred at a higher gas flowrate of 0.75 vvm, while the half‐life of NOX was longer (40 h) because of the shorter residence time of the gas‐liquid interface. Finally, results from SDS‐PAGE suggest that there is no dissociation of NOX into its subunits but rather that NOX unfolding (and aggregation) at the interface led to the observed deactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive account of the synthesis and assessment of newly developed aryl sulfonate derivatives based on benzothiazole as enzyme inhibitors, specifically focusing on their ability to target tyrosinase, amylase, and pancreatic lipase. The assessments were performed utilizing experimental (in vitro) and computational (in silico) methodologies. For this aim, nine different aryl sulfonate derivatives were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were subjected to structural characterizations by utilizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR) and High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) studies, which provided confirmation of their structural properties. The inhibitory efficiency of the compounds was determined by measuring their 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and comparing them with the standard inhibitory compounds. According to the in vitro amylase activity, benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate showed the best inhibition with the lowest IC50 value (43.31±4.3 μM) which was calculated to be at a close level to the IC50 value of standard acarbose (38.50±3.8 μM). Also, benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl 4‐bromobenzenesulfonate (22.73±4.15 μM) and benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (25.28±1.95 μM) were calculated to have the lowest IC50 values and the most effective inhibition capacities against pancreatic lipase. Benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl 4‐fluorobenzenesulfonate and benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl 4‐methylbenzenesulfonate significantly exhibited superior tyrosinase inhibition compared to other derivatives and conventional kojic acid. In silico molecular docking affirmed that benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl naphthalene‐2‐sulfonate presented the highest binding affinities to the studied enzymes, with values of −7.8 kcal/mol for tyrosinase, −10.7 kcal/mol for pancreatic lipase, and −9.4 kcal/mol for α‐amylase. The pharmacokinetic characteristics and drug‐likeness of the synthesized sulfonate derivatives were also evaluated using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed at the DFT/B3LYP/6‐311 g(d,p) level of theory to investigate the electronic characteristics of the compounds, therefore facilitating the comprehension of the reported enzyme inhibitory actions. In summary, our research highlights the potential of benzothiazole aryl sulfonate derivatives as effective enzyme inhibitors that hold promise for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured catalytic reactors are gaining considerable attention for integrated chemical synthesis because they offer enhanced mass transfer and easy catalyst recovery. In this paper, a new, cost‐effective design strategy that combines 3D printing and single‐atom catalysis is presented, enabling the construction of an integrated mixer‐based reactor insert, coated with a thin single‐atom catalytic layer. The material has been characterized from the nano to the macro scale to unlock structure‐property relationships. The performance of the catalyst structure was evaluated via hydrogenation of two model compounds used in the flavorings and fragrances industry. The structured catalytic reactor was active, selective, and reusable several times without apparent drop in performance. This immobilized catalyst system removes the need for catalyst separation post‐reaction, and enables modern synthesis options catalyzed over atomically‐precise nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indole and pyrazole are two important scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry. Compounds bearing indole and/or pyrazole moiety have been extensively investigated for a wide range of biological applications. Of them, compounds containing both indole and pyrazole moieties (also termed as indole‐pyrazole hybrids) are of particular interest since synergistic pharmacological activities may be gained comparing to those with each individual pharmacophore. Indole‐pyrazole hybrids can be classified into two general classes of direct‐linked hybrids and spacer‐linked hybrids. For each class, it can be sub‐divided into indole‐C2 pyrazole hybrids, indole‐C3 pyrazole hybrids and indole‐C4/5/6/7 pyrazole hybrids based on the substitution position of pyrazole on the indole moiety. Many types of indole‐pyrazole hybrids have been reported with good antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant activities etc. However, no papers have been noted to comprehensively summarize the chemical synthesis of these important indole‐pyrazole hybrids as bioactive compounds except for a few reviews focusing on the synthesis of each individual indole‐ and pyrazole‐containing derivatives. Thus, we here present a comprehensive and updated review focusing on the progress of chemical synthesis of all types of indole‐pyrazole hybrids in order to provide a better understanding of the indole‐pyrazole hybrids to researchers in the fields of synthetic chemistry and to facilitating drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave travels at the speed of light, and transfers energy solely to materials. This holds great promise for energy conservation in industrial processes. However, due to differences with common heating principles, and misunderstanding of the correct way to handle them, the effectiveness of microwaves has been underestimated, and development of technologies using microwaves often stops due to this. This paper has focused on the use of microwave heating for organic/polymer synthesis, specifically for a highly effective condensation reaction and for use with ionic reactants. In addition to covering the process of ascertaining which reactions are suitable for the application of microwave heating, and introducing studies on scaling these up, this paper covers points of caution, especially those relating to the all‐important measurement/control of temperature. Based on their accumulation of expertise in the area, the authors present the design for equipment/plants for industrial use and introduce their research into the practical application of such technology. Microwaves can be said to float in space; they do not "see" the surrounding air or glass‐like containers and pass directly into the reactants. When using metals, directly irradiating the reaction with microwaves through a window cut into the reaction vessel will cause the internal walls of the vessel not to absorb any energy, and the microwaves are only able to act on the necessary substances. In other words, if used properly, this technology can be used for extremely high efficiency industrial production methods that do not waste any more energy than is absolutely required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are marine cytotoxic bromotriterpenoids, named the thyrsiferol family that are structurally characterized by some tetrahydropyran (THP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) rings. The thyrsiferol family belongs to natural products that are often difficult to determine their stereostructures even by the current, highly advanced spectroscopic methods, especially in acyclic systems including stereogenic tetrasubstituted carbon centers. In such cases, it is effective to predict and synthesize the possible stereostructures. Herein, to elucidate ambiguous stereostructures and unassigned absolute configurations of aplysiol B, laurenmariannol, and saiyacenol A, members of the thyrsiferol family, we carried out their asymmetric chemical syntheses featuring 6‐exo and 5‐exo oxacyclizations of epoxy alcohol precursors and 6‐endo bromoetherification of a bishomoallylic alcohol. In this paper, we report total assignments of their stereostructures through their asymmetric chemical syntheses and also their preliminary cytotoxic activities against some tumor cells. These results could not have been achieved without depending on asymmetric total synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic systems of photoredox and copper catalyst have already appeared as a novel formation of green synthetic chemistry, which open new avenues for chemical synthesis applications. We describe a novel strategy for the cyclization of alkyne‐tethered α‐bromocarbonyls initiated by the cleavage of C(sp3)−Br bond via the collaboration of photoredox and copper catalyst. The present protocol exhibits mildness using economical copper catalyst and visible‐light at room temperature. The gram‐scale and sunlight irradiation experiments proceeded smoothly to show the practicality of the methodology. It is notable that the newly generated oxygen in the product originates from H2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum-nitride complexes bearing pincer ligands have been designed, prepared, and characterized spectroscopically. The synthetic method described in this paper provides a convenient and useful approach to the preparation of cationic molybdenum(V)-nitride complexes that may act as catalysts for the formation of ammonia from molecular dinitrogen under ambient reaction conditions.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yanagi et al. recently reviewed their progress in the field of amplified emission of thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers (TPCO) single crystals (Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1900136), which are a promising platform for highly efficient organic light‐emitting devices. In this comment, the most intriguing experimental data from this paper are naturally and easily explained as an effect of unintentional impurities or molecular self‐dopants that appear in the course of chemical synthesis of TPCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present paper an approach for the synthesis of multiperiod heat exchanger networks (HEN) using particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed, wherein all variables are optimized simultaneously. The model uses a stage‐wise superstructure in which stream splitting is considered. The HEN is synthesized for each period individually and a timesharing scheme procedure is used to integrate all the structures of different periods automatically in a unique step. The HEN is able to operate in all the considered conditions and heat transfer devices can be used for different streams in different periods. Two case studies from the literature were used to test the developed model and results for the total annual costs were better than those found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) depicts an attractive drug target for the development of neuro protective agents toward the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The current study involved synthesis, in silico and cytotoxic evaluation of N1‐alkylated‐5‐substituted 3‐imino isatin derivatives with the proposed MAO‐B inhibitory activities. The In silico molecular modeling investigation was performed through the induced fit docking, molecular mechanics‐generalized born surface area, and molecular dynamic method in order to uncover the binding mode interaction and their proposed impact on the active site environment and flexibility. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Compound 3‐Imino‐1‐pentyl indolin‐2‐one (3h) with the highest free binding energy adopts an extended conformation spanning from the flavin ring location to the entrance of the substrate cavity. In this way, Ile199 adopts the "open" conformation so the two separate cavities of MAO‐B active site fused and formed a single‐space, which abled the compound extending to the MAO‐B entrance cavity space. From consideration of the data presented in this paper, we reveal that longer N1‐alkylated‐3‐imino isatin derivative could be proposed as inhibitor that would occupy both cavities of the MAO‐B active site. Furthermore, the mentioned derivatives provided acceptable drug profiling based on in silico ADME calculation and MTT cytotoxicity test evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a survey of the synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterials using bio‐ and green‐ approaches that have attracted researchers' attention. Compared to the traditional physical and chemical synthesis, the green method of biosynthesis stands out and has become a favorite route in the research field as it conforms to the sustainable development of modern society. The biosynthesis process of ZnO nanomaterials is mainly divided into two parts: one is the pretreatment of plant components; the other is the dissolving of plant extracts in zinc precursor solution to form ZnO nanomaterials. During this process, the precursor that provides the zinc source is reduced to precipitate zinc oxide. As a routine confirmatory test, a series of characterization techniques are conducted, and the results show that the synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials can exhibit good antibacterial, photocatalytic, anti‐oxidant, and anti‐cancer properties. In addition, prominent trends and pivotal points in visualized networks of bioinspired zinc oxide are further verified and discussed in this work. An outlook for challenges and future studies is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the formation of intragranular ferrite in a V-Ti-N medium-carbon steel containing MnS inclusions. The (Ti, V)(C, N) particles precipitating on MnS inclusions are confirmed to be the main nucleation sites of intragranular ferrite. Because of the small lattice mismatch and low-energy ferrite/V(C, N) interphase boundary, the vanadium-rich edge of (Ti, V)(C, N) particles increases the nucleation potency of intragranular ferrite. The interphase of MnS inclusions and austenite provides suitable sites for (Ti, V)(C, N) particles to grow big enough to reach the critical size for intragranular ferrite nucleation. Furthermore, the efficiency of the formation of intragranular ferrite starts to increase rapidly when the length of MnS inclusions decreases to less than 10 µm. The shape of intragranular ferrite is also significantly influenced by the length of MnS inclusions. In addition, the intragranular ferrite is confirmed to have a new type of orientation relationship with the particles precipitating in liquid phase, which indicates that the orientation relationship between the intragranular ferrite and (Ti, V)(C, N) particles is not sole, but diversified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurora kinases inhibitors A and B have elucidated a vital role within the carcinogenesis and metastases of assorted sort of cancer. Variety of novel methodologies of drug style and support of potential enzyme inhibitors square measure listed in clinical trials, probably there‘s no advanced clinical role for kinases because the key targets for developing drug than in cancer medical care until date. Therefore, we have designed and synthesized novel tetrahydrodibenzo[b,g] [1,8] naphthyridinone molecules victimisation L-Proline in ethanol as associate adept organocatalyst for one-pot synthesis. This methodology is delicate, competent, high yielding, and also the product was directly crystallized from hot ethanol, in addition to this synthesized compounds were biologically evaluated for anticancer activity against human respiratory organ cancer (A549), human hepatocellular liver cancer (HepG2) and human cervical cancer animal tissue (HeLa) cells victimisation MTT assay victimisation VX-680 as normal drug, specifically inhibiting Aurora A and Aurora B kinases. The compounds 4f,4 h and 4k were found to be sensible anticancer agents against the complete selected cancer cell lines. The compound 4k was found to be the foremost potent anticancer compound among the synthesized derivatives with IC50 value 16.22 μM, 20.14 μM and 5.32 μM against A549, HepG2 and Hela cell lines. The potent compounds 4f,4 h and 4k were specifically inhibiting Aurora A and Aurora B kinases. The compound 4k was found to be potent Aurora kinases substance with IC50 value 24 nM and 58 nM against Aurora A and Aurora B, respectively. The results of Aurora enzymes restrictive activities recommend that the synthesized compounds exert their anticancer activity by inhibiting aurora kinase inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoline derivatives are attracting considerable interest due to their biological importance. In this paper, several 2‐amino‐4‐aryl‐6‐(quinolin‐2‐ylthio)pyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile derivatives are synthesized by adopting a one‐pot reaction of quinoline‐2‐thione, aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile in the presence of sodium hydroxide in absolute ethanol. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were determined using different spectroscopic techniques, including elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, and MS. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, and 4e exhibited promising antimicrobial activity compared to antibacterial and antifungal standard drugs. Additionally, 4f, 4d, and 4g showed potent cytotoxic activity against both MCF‐7 and A549 cells with IC50 values (6.39–9.3 μM). Our molecular docking results of compound 4f prove good binding affinity toward the three tested proteins as Jak2/STATA3 inhibition and are in accordance with the RT‐PCR mRNA expressions of the compound against MCF‐7 cells which downregulated the Jak2 and STAT3 genes, and this may be the proposed mode of action for anti‐breast cancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celastrol, a quinone‐methide triterpenoid, was extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. in 1936 for the first time. Almost 70 years later, it is considered one of the molecules most likely to be developed into modern drugs, as it exhibits notable bioactivity, including anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activity, and exerts antiobesity effects. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactivity are being widely studied, which offers new avenues for its development as a pharmaceutical reagent. Owing to its potential therapeutic effects and unique chemical structure, celastrol has attracted considerable interest in the fields of organic, biosynthesis, and medicinal chemistry. As several steps in the biosynthesis of celastrol have been revealed, the mechanisms of key enzymes catalyzing the formation and postmodifications of the celastrol scaffold have been gradually elucidated, which lays a good foundation for the future heterogeneous biosynthesis of celastrol. Chemical synthesis is also an effective approach to obtain celastrol. The total synthesis of celastrol was realized for the first time in 2015, which established a new strategy to obtain celastroid natural products. However, owing to the toxic effects and suboptimal pharmacological properties of celastrol, its clinical applications remain limited. To search for drug‐like derivatives, several structurally modified compounds were synthesized and tested. This review focuses primarily on the latest research progress in the biosynthesis, total synthesis, structural modifications, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of celastrol. We anticipate that this paper will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of this promising compound and provide constructive references for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets were prepared from eucalyptus tree leaves by simply mixing the leaf powders with KHCO3 and subsequent carbonisation. Porous carbon nanosheets with a high specific surface area of 2133 m2 g−1 were obtained and applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. For supercapacitor applications, the porous carbon nanosheet electrode exhibited a supercapacitance of 372 F g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1 in 1 m H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and excellent cycling stability over 15 000 cycles. In organic electrolyte, the nanosheet electrode showed a specific capacitance of 71 F g−1 at a current density of 2 Ag−1 and stable cycling performance. When applied as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, the as-prepared porous carbon nanosheets also demonstrated a high specific capacity of 819 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, good rate capability, and stable cycling performance. The outstanding electrochemical performances for both supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries are derived from the large specific surface area, porous nanosheet structure and nitrogen doping effects. The strategy developed in this paper provides a novel route to utilise biomass-derived materials for low-cost energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the synthesis of Ti3SiC2 matrix composites by incorporating (1 and 6 vol%) Al2O3, (1 and 5 vol%) BN, and (1 and 5 vol%) B4C ceramics particulate additives in the Ti3SiC2 matrix. All the composites were fabricated by pressureless sintering by using ~1 wt% Ni as a sintering agent at 155°C for 2h. SEM and XRD studies showed that Al2O3 is relatively inert in the Ti3SiC2 matrix whereas BN and B4C reacted significantly with the Ti3SiC2 matrix to form TiB2. Detailed tribological studies showed that Ti3SiC2-1wt%Ni (baseline) samples showed dual type tribological behavior where the friction coefficient (µ) was low (µ ~0.2) during stage 1, thereafter µ increased sharply and transitioned into stage 2 (µ ~0.8). The addition of Al2O3 as an additive had no effect on the tribological behavior, but the addition of B4C and BN was able to enhance the tribological behavior by increasing the transition distance (TD). For example, the TD of Ti3SiC2-1wt% Ni was ~10 m and TD increased to ~90 m and ~150 m in 312Si-5%B4C and 312Si-5%BN, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants are one of the important ingredients of cosmetics. However, their penetration and penetration‐promoting behavior in the skin has not been well understood. Aiming to explore the surfactant penetration in skin, a novel fluorescent surfactant F‐C16, based on sodium fluorescein, was synthesized in this paper. F‐C16 has a fluorescence maxima (λem) of around 530 nm, and its fluorescence increased with the polarity of solvent. It possesses good emulsifying properties and low cytotoxicity. Hence, it can be used as a quickly detected indicator for surfactants in cosmetics. As demonstrated by this fluorescent surfactant, it was found that the surfactants can penetrate well into skin and cells. It seems that surfactants in cosmetics can enter the cells and reach the dermal layer of skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of the worldwide chemical production from fossil to sustainable resources is currently one of the most urgent tasks for the chemical industry. Based on this approach cardanol, a mixture of phenols with C15‐chains as substituents is produced in some countries of the tropical zone from the processing of cashew nutshells. The paper reports the specific transformation of the aromatic moiety in this cheap material, and thus, the development of a novel route to potential useful green bifunctional chemicals in gram scale. Accordingly, cardanol was converted successfully in three steps into hexane‐1,6‐diols. The evaluation of appropriate synthesis methods and suitable conditions for each of these reaction steps is presented as an essential topic of these investigations. The target compounds synthesized in the reaction sequence are potential building blocks for future biomass‐based chemicals and monomers for green polymeric materials, surfactants, and lubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of deposition surface shape on temperature distribution of fused silica glass by SiCl4 chemical vapor deposition and performs the optimization of deposition surface shape to obtain the glass with a small temperature gradient. The computational model is first developed to describe the complicated physical and chemical phenomenon in the system. Numerical simulations are then performed to evaluate the effects of SiCl4 injection position on flame characteristics and SiO2 deposition rate. It is found that the SiO2 deposition rates with the unimodal, uniform, and bimodal distributions are obtained when SiCl4 is injected from the central, secondary layer and fourth layer nozzles, respectively. The deposition surface shape is mainly determined by the gas temperature gradient and particle number density near the deposition surface. Thereafter, the temperature distributions in synthetic silica glass are presented for the cases with convex, flat, and concave deposition surface shapes. Large temperature gradients exist at the side of glass if the convex and concave surfaces are formed, although a high temperature uniformity is obtained in the center of glass for the convex deposition surface. The optimal surface shape that has a very small temperature gradient in glass is obtained by the optimization of deposition surface depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a recent upsurge in the study and application of approaches utilizing cyclotriphosphate 1 (cyclo‐TP, also known as trimetaphosphate, TMP) and/or proceeding through its analogues in synthetic chemistry to access modified oligo‐ and polyphosphates. This is especially useful in the area of chemical nucleotide synthesis, but by no means restricted to it. Enabled by new high yielding and easy‐to‐implement methodologies, these approaches promise to open up an area of research that has previously been underappreciated. Additionally, refinements of concepts of prebiotic phosphorylation chemistry have been disclosed that ultimately rely on cyclo‐TP 1 as a precursor, placing it as a potentially central compound in the emergence of life. Given the importance of such concepts for our understanding of prebiotic chemistry in combination with the need to readily access modified polyphosphates for structural and biological studies, this paper will discuss selected recent developments in the field of cyclo‐TP chemistry, briefly touch on ultraphosphate chemistry, and highlight areas in which further developments can be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near‐infrared (NIR) persistent luminescent nanoparticles (N‐PLNPs) endow a long‐term in vivo imaging with deep tissue penetration and high signal to noise ratio. However, synthesis route and applicable afterglow center for N‐PLNPs are still limited. Here, we report on a new synthesis by employing chemical precipitation as the central pivot, which is simpler and has controllable and reproducible routes than the existing technique. We also introduce Fe3+ ion as a new member to join the group of afterglow emitters. Although its NIR luminescence is ubiquitous, its NIR afterglow is still almost never reported. In this paper, SrAl12O19: Fe3+ N‐PLNPs display a NIR persistent luminescence from 750 to 1000 nm, which is assigned to 4T1(4G)→6A1(6S) transition of Fe3+. Furthermore, a surface‐amination technique is proposed to improve the stability of SrAl12O19: Fe3+ N‐PLNPs in aqueous solution. After encapsulating the N‐PLNPs with 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), SrAl12O19: Fe3+ @APTES nanocomposites exhibit a hydrophilic stability beyond 20 days in aqueous solution. The results make them valuable in studying the biological functions of biomolecules and monitoring cellular networks in their native contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, different power transistors have been developed in silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) as replacements for silicon based IGBTs. This paper presents a simulation comparison of the static and dynamic performance of silicon IGBTs with different SiC and GaN based lateral and vertical power transistors (HEMT, MOSFET and IGBT) with breakdown voltage ratings between 1.2 kV to 15 kV. The strengths and weaknesses of different technologies which make them suitable at different voltage levels have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of cellulose and starch derivatives that bear amino or quaternary ammonium moieties is steadily increasing, and the applications in industry are continuing to grow. These promising products are routinely used in cosmetic and paper-making industries. This article provides an overview of strategies available to chemists for designing the syntheses of such compounds. The review provides a brief historical perspective on synthesis and describes recent developments that have enabled chemists to enhance their synthesis productivity. However, the graft polymerization techniques are far from the scope of this paper and will be noted in a few words only. In addition to the structural and synthetic aspects, applications of these derivatives are discussed in brief. We have divided this article in two parts mainly because of the vastness of the subject and limited space available. The first part of which reviews the advances in the synthesis of basic and cationic cellulose derivatives having amino or quaternary ammonium moieties and the second part of which considers starch ones. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel aluminium silicate hydroxide additive has shown excellent anti-wear effect in practical applications and has been mainly studied on steels in laboratory conditions. In this paper, the pin-on-disk sliding wear tests were carried out to investigate the wear and worn surfaces of grey cast iron with additives in different concentration. It was found that the silicate additive showed an obvious anti-wear effect and a reliable duration, reduced the number of pits and cracks on the worn surfaces and improved the nanohardness of the worn surfaces of grey cast iron disks by 72%. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy displayed that the carbon structure of the worn surface of grey cast iron disks with the additive had an obvious transformation from nanocrystalline graphite to amorphous carbon. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical coupling of biomass oxidation and nitrogen conversion presents a potential strategy for high value‐added chemicals and nitrogen cycling. Herein, in this work, CuO/Co3O4 with heterogeneous interface is successfully constructed as a bifunctional catalyst for the electrooxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and the electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia (NH3). The open‐circuit potential spontaneous experiment shows that more 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural molecules are adsorbed in the Helmholtz layer of the CuO/Co3O4 composite, which certifies that the CuO/Co3O4 heterostructure is conducive to the kinetic adsorption of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further shows that CuO/Co3O4 has faster reaction kinetics and lower reaction potential in oxygen evolution reaction and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural electrocatalytic oxidation. Moreover, CuO/Co3O4 also has a good reduction effect on NO3−. The ex‐situ Raman spectroscopy shows that under the reduction potential, the metal oxide is reduced, and the generated Cu2O can be used as a new active site for the reaction to promote the electrocatalytic conversion of NO3− to NH3 synthesis. This work provides valuable guidance for the synthesis of value‐added chemicals by 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural electrocatalytic oxidation coupled with NO3− while efficiently producing NH3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co and Ce based catalysts have been proven to possess a high Hg0 removal efficiency. However, these catalysts have a low dispersion of active components and low mass transfer rate, which limits their catalytic activity. MCM‐41 has a large surface area and a highly ordered mesoporous structure, which can improve the dispersion of Co and Ce, resulting in a high mass transfer rate. In this paper, different amounts of Co and Ce were loaded on MCM‐41 to synthesize Cox‐Cex/MCM‐41. The characteristic results of the catalyst showed that catalysts with a lower Co and Ce loading amount had a high dispersion and a low crystallinity, leading to more activity sites on the catalyst surface. Hence, the Hg0 removal efficiency of the catalysts first increased with the increase of the Co and Ce loading amount. However, with the further increase of the Co and Ce loading amount, the crystallinity of the catalysts increased, which might cause the blockage of the pores and the decrease of BET surface areas, leading to a low Hg0 removal efficiency. Along with the factors mentioned above, Co0.15‐Ce0.15/MCM‐41 had the best catalytic activity, which showed above 85 % Hg0 removal efficiency in the temperature range of 200–300 °C at 180 000 h−1. Flue gas components had different effects on catalytic activity. O2 and NO could promote, but H2O and SO2 inhibit the Hg0 removal efficiency. The simulated flue gas of 300 ppm SO2, 400 ppm NO, 6 % H2O, and 5 % O2 have serious effects on catalytic activity leading to a lower Hg0 removal efficiency of 20 % for Co0.15‐Ce0.15/MCM‐4. Ce and Co modified MCM‐41 catalyst for Hg0 removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS2, as a catalyst, has attracted broad attention in recent years due to its high catalytic activity and low cost. However, MoS2 stacks readily, especially the one synthesized by calcination which is close to bulk, so it limits the number of exposed active site. Carbon materials possess excellent electrical conductivity and large surface area. In this paper, N‐doped hollow carbon sphere coated MoS2 (NHCS@MoS2) nanocomposites are synthesized via one‐step calcination treatment of the polypyrrole@(NH4)2MoS4 core shell structure directly. Compared with bare MoS2, the NHCS@MoS2 shows remarkably high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution with the overpotential of 190 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Both small tafel slope and Rct suggest that NHCS@MoS2 has a high hydrogen dissociation rate. Furthermore, it also exhibits excellent stability. Nanocomposites consisting of N‐doped hollow‐carbon‐sphere‐coated MoS2 (NHCS@MoS2) are successfully synthesized via one‐step calcination of the polypyrrole@(NH4)2MoS4 core‐shell structure. The NHCS@MoS2 material shows a remarkably high electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow reactors heated by microwave irradiation attract attention. The reactors are suitable for difficult synthesis processes due to rapid heating and cooling, and easy pressurization. In order to predict the quality of the product, it is appropriate to estimate the outlet conditions of the reactor. In this paper, the outlet temperature of the flow direction is estimated by using the flow condition and dynamic thermal energy balance of the reactor. The outlet temperature of the flow direction is estimated by using the flow condition and dynamic thermal energy balance of a flow reactor heated by microwave irradiation. The temperature estimation can contribute to estimate the quality of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field‐assisted processing techniques can enhance the kinetics of powder synthesis, accelerate sintering processes, and drive phase transformations at significantly lower temperatures compared to conventional methods. However, the exact nature of this nonthermal interaction between field and matter remains vastly speculative. A 2‐day workshop on "Electromagnetic Effects in Materials Synthesis" was organized at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, USA) in June 2017, jointly sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. This workshop gathered the scientific community working on field‐assisted techniques of materials processing. Inspired by the discussions held at the workshop, this paper summarizes the advancements to date and opens scientific questions and research opportunities in the three major field‐assisted sintering techniques (laser, microwave, and flash sintering). Significant challenges remain in (a) experimental design, measurements, and computational simulations to distinguish the nonthermal effects of the externally applied fields from conventional thermal phenomena; and (b) identifying fundamental mechanisms behind low temperature, nonthermal effects that produce phase transitions and microstructural evolution in materials under externally applied fields. We also present the recent developments in multiscale characterization techniques and the theory and modeling efforts, which aim to tackle the aforementioned grand multidisciplinary challenges facing researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]