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In this work, we discuss and demonstrate the principle features of surface acoustic wave (SAW) aerosol generation, based on the properties of the fluid supply, the acoustic wave field and the acoustowetting phenomena. Furthermore, we demonstrate a compact SAW-based aerosol generator amenable to mass production fabricated using simple techniques including photolithography, computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. Using this device, we present comprehensive experimental results exploring the complexity of the acoustic atomization process and the influence of fluid supply position and geometry, SAW power and fluid flow rate on the device functionality. These factors in turn influence the droplet size distribution, measured here, that is important for applications including liquid chromatography, pulmonary therapies, thin film deposition and olfactory displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image denoising is an important preprocessing step in low-level vision problems involving biomedical images. Noise removal techniques can greatly benefit raw corrupted magnetic resonance images (MRI). It has been discovered that the MR data is corrupted by a mixture of Gaussian-impulse noise caused by detector flaws and transmission errors. This paper proposes a deep generative model (GenMRIDenoiser) for dealing with this mixed noise scenario. This work makes four contributions. To begin, Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN) is used in model training to mitigate the problem of vanishing gradient, mode collapse, and convergence issues encountered while training a vanilla GAN. Second, a perceptually motivated loss function is used to guide the training process in order to preserve the low-level details in the form of high-frequency components in the image. Third, batch renormalization is used between the convolutional and activation layers to prevent performance degradation under the assumption of non-independent and identically distributed (non-iid) data. Fourth, global feature attention module (GFAM) is appended at the beginning and end of the parallel ensemble blocks to capture the long-range dependencies that are often lost due to the small receptive field of convolutional filters. The experimental results over synthetic data and MRI stack obtained from real MR scanners indicate the potential utility of the proposed technique across a wide range of degradation scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review considers and systematizes the results of studying the deactivation of hydrotreatment catalysts currently available in the scientific and technical literature. The effect the composition of the feedstock and the conditions of hydrotreatment have on the coking of catalysts is shown. The reasons for the morphological changes of the active component and the possibility of reducing this type of catalyst deactivation during commercial operation are considered. The effect of a pressure drop on the run time, the action of catalyst poisons, and the ways, in which they enters the hydrotreatment distillates is shown. This information could be useful and interesting to chemical engineers studying catalytic systems, and to workers of oil refining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electron-radiative-collisional (eRC) calculation model of physicochemical processes and radiative processes in strong shock waves in air at velocities of approximately 10 km/s is presented. The author’s calculation model for the velocities of electron excitation of diatomic molecules during their collisions with electrons and lifetimes of excited states based on using ab initio data for the Einstein coefficients is used. The electron temperature is predicted by solving the equation of conservation of energy of electrons. The calculation data are compared with the experimental data for a shock wave in air at a velocity of 10.8 km/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider central L-values of even weight elliptic or Hilbert modular forms f twisted by ideal class characters χ of an imaginary quadratic extension K. Fixing χ , and assuming K is inert at each prime dividing the level, one knows simple exact formulas for averages over newforms f of squarefree levels satisfying a parity condition on the number of prime factors. These averages stabilize when the level is large with respect to K (the "stable range"). In weight 2, we obtain exact formulas for a simultaneous average over both f and χ . We allow for non-squarefree levels with any number of prime factors, and ramification or splitting of K above the level. Under elementary conditions on the level, these double averages are "stable" in all ranges. Two consequences are generalizations of the aforementioned stable (single) averages and effective results on nonvanishing of central L-values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a state estimation approach to time-varying magnetic resonance imaging utilizing a priori information. In state estimation, the time-dependent image reconstruction problem is modeled by separate state evolution and observation models. In our method, we compute the state estimates by using the Kalman filter and steady-state Kalman smoother utilizing a data-driven estimate for the process noise covariance matrix, constructed from conventional sliding window estimates. The proposed approach is evaluated using radially golden angle sampled simulated and experimental small animal data from a rat brain. In our method, the state estimates are updated after each new spoke of radial data becomes available, leading to faster frame rate compared with the conventional approaches. The results are compared with the estimates with the sliding window method. The results show that the state estimation approach with the data-driven process noise covariance can improve both spatial and temporal resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the Poincaré conjecture has probably been the most famous statement among all the contributions of Poincaré to the mathematics community. There have been many papers and books that describe various attempts and the final works of Perelman leading to a positive solution to the conjecture, but the evolution of Poincaré's works leading to this conjecture has not been carefully discussed or described, and some other historical aspects about it have not been addressed either. For example, one question is how it fits into the overall work of Poincaré in topology, and what are some other related questions that he had raised. Since Poincaré did not state the Poincaré conjecture as a conjecture but rather raised it as a question, one natural question is why he did this. In order to address these issues, in this paper, we examine Poincaré's works in topology in the framework of classifying manifolds through numerical and algebraic invariants. Consequently, we also provide a full history of the formulation of the Poincaré conjecture which is richer than what is usually described and accepted and hence gain a better understanding of overall works of Poincaré in topology. In addition, this analysis clarifies a puzzling question on the relation between Poincaré's stated motivations for topology and the Poincaré conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this paper, we give a global description of simply connected maximal Lorentzian surfaces whose group of isometries is of dimension 1 (i.e. with a complete Killing field), in terms of a 1-dimensional generally non-Hausdorff manifold (the space of Killing orbits) and a smooth function defined there. In the second part, we study the completeness of such surfaces and prove in particular that under the hypothesis of bounded curvature, completeness is equivalent to null completeness. We also give completeness criterions involving the topological structure of the space of Killing orbits, or both the topology of this space and the geometry of the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoryl-substituted cyclopropane derivatives were synthesized by reaction of (1-bromoethenyl)-(diphenyl)phosphine oxide with CH acids such as acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, and diethyl malonate in the presence of sodium hydroxide (reactant ratio 1:2:3) in acetonitrile at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of (1-bromoethenyl)(diphenyl)phosphine oxide with NH-, OH-, SH-nucleophiles were studied. The reaction of phosphine oxide with alcohols and alkanethiols led to the formation of the corresponding adducts, while in reactions with pyrazole, imidazole and triazole (E)-(vinyl)(diphenyl)phosphine oxide 2-(azol-1-yl)-derivatives were formed. Antibacterial and antitumor activity of (1-bromoethenyl)(diphenyl)phosphine oxide and its derivatives was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the potential use of porous ceramic materials as absorbers for hydrogen storage in the gaseous state and shows the prospect for the use of a steel reactor container filled with porous ceramic absorbers as an efficient hydrogen accumulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review here the results of experimental and theoretical studies on the dynamics of gas suspensions and individual particles in wave fields of resonators of various shapes. The effects of the coagulation and sedimentation of aerosols of various natures under acoustic and shock-wave impacts, as well as the patterns of the trapping, focusing, and separation of particles in wave fields, are considered. The main forces leading to the drift of particles in the wave field, as well as the effect of acoustic streaming , are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct p-adic triple product L-functions that interpolate (square roots of) central critical L-values in the balanced region. Thus, our construction complements that of Harris and Tilouine. There are four central critical regions for the triple product L-functions and two opposite settings, according to the sign of the functional equation. In the first case, three of these regions are of interpolation, having positive sign; they are called the unbalanced regions and one gets three p-adic L-functions, one for each region of interpolation (this is the Harris-Tilouine setting). In the other setting there is only one region of interpolation, called the balanced region: we produce the corresponding p-adic L-function. Our triple product p-adic L-function arises as p-adic period integrals interpolating normalizations of the local archimedean period integrals. The latter encode information about classical representation theoretic branching laws. The main step in our construction of p-adic period integrals is showing that these branching laws vary in a p-adic analytic fashion. This relies crucially on the Ash-Stevens theory of highest weight representations over affinoid algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) is recommended by the International Myeloma Working Group for all patients with asymptomatic myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma and by the UK NICE guidance for all patients with suspected myeloma. Some centres unable to offer WB-MRI offer low-dose whole-body CT (WB-CT). There are no studies comparing interobserver agreement and disease detection of contemporary WB-MRI (anatomical imaging and DWI) versus WB-CT. Our primary aim is to compare the interobserver agreement between WB-CT and WB-MRI in the diagnosis of myeloma.Methods: Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed myeloma imaged with WB-MRI and WB-CT were prospectively reviewed. For each body region and modality, two experienced and two junior radiologists scored disease burden with final scores by consensus. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), median scores, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated.Results: There was no significant difference in overall observer scores between WB-MRI and WB-CT (p = 0.87). For experienced observers, interobserver agreement for WB-MRI was superior to WB-CT overall and for each region, without overlap in whole-skeleton confidence intervals (ICC 0.98 versus 0.77, 95%CI 0.96-0.99 versus 0.45-0.91). For inexperienced observers, although there is a trend for a better interobserver score for the whole skeleton on WB-MRI (ICC 0.95, 95%CI 0.72-0.98) than on WB-CT (ICC 0.72, 95%CI 0.34-0.88), the confidence intervals overlap.Conclusions: WB-MRI offers excellent interobserver agreement which is superior to WB-CT for experienced observers. Although the overall burden was similar across both modalities, patients with lower disease burdens where MRI could be advantageous are not included in this series.Key Points: • Whole-body MRI is recommended by the International Myeloma Working Group for patients with multiple myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma and by the NICE guidance for those with suspected multiple myeloma. • Some centres unable to offer whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) offer low-dose whole-body CT (WB-CT). • This prospective study demonstrates that contemporary WB-MRI (with anatomical sequences and DWI) provides better interobserver agreement in assessing myeloma disease burden for the whole skeleton and across any individual body region in myeloma patients when compared with low-dose whole-body CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use gauge theoretic and algebraic methods to examine sufficient conditions for smooth points on the moduli space of flat connections on a compact manifold and on the character variety of a finitely generated and presented group. We give a complete proof of the slice theorem for the action of the group of gauge transformations on the space of flat connections. Consequently, the slice is smooth if the second cohomology of the manifold with coefficients in the semisimple part of the adjoint bundle vanishes. On the other hand, we find that the smoothness of the slice for the character variety of a finitely generated and presented group depends not only on the second group cohomology but also on the relation module of the presentation. However, when there is a single relator or if there is no relation among the relators in the presentation, our condition reduces to the minimality of the second group cohomology. This is also verified using Fox calculus. Finally, we compare the conditions of smoothness in the two approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object detection and recognition technology plays an important role in video advertising. Based on the deep learning algorithm, this paper first builds a real-time object detection model (Yes-Net) based on image global information which combines the advantages of CNN and RNN algorithm together and has achieved significant effects compared with other object detection algorithms. We used this model to build an accurate video advertising framework and applied the framework in an IPTV platform of a telecommunication operator to collect comparative data. We first performed image detection and recognition in video playing, and then associated the recognition results with the ads database to conduct real-time classification and accurate ads delivery. It proves that compared with traditional advertisement delivery method, this new framework dramatically improves the click-through rate, and achieves better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic hydrogenation of 15-benzoyloxybutyl-20-hydroxymethylpregn-16-enes under various conditions was studied. It was shown that at the use of a palladium catalyst along with the reduction of the double bond also its shift occurred giving Δ 14-derivatives. The reduction over a platinum catalyst is accompanied by the saturation of aromatic ring of the protecting group, but gives the best yield of the desired products and provides a preparative approach to 15-substituted analogs of brassinosteroids. The structures of the obtained compounds were proved by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) producing gibberellins (GAs) can be beneficial to plant growth and development. In the present study, we isolated and screened a new strain of Promicromonospora sp., SE188, isolated from soil. Promicromonospora sp. SE188 secreted GAs into its growth medium and exhibited phosphate solubilization potential. The PGPR produced physiologically active (GA and GA) and inactive (GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, GA, and GA) GAs in various quantities detected by GC/MS-SIM. Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plants inoculated with Promicromonospora sp. SE188 showed a significantly higher shoot length and biomass as compared to controls where PGPR-free nutrient broth (NB) and distilled water (DW) were applied to plants. The presence of Promicromonospora sp. SE188 significantly up-regulated the non C-13 hydroxylation GA biosynthesis pathway (GA→GA→GA→GA→ GA) in the tomato plants as compared to the NB and DW control plants. Abscisic acid, a plant stress hormone, was significantly down-regulated in the presence of Promicromonospora sp. SE188. Contrarily, salicylic acid was significantly higher in the tomato plant after Promicromonospora sp. SE188 inoculation as compared to the controls. Promicromonospora sp. SE188 showed promising stimulation of tomato plant growth. From the results it appears that Promicromonospora sp. SE188 has potential as a bio-fertilizer and should be more broadly tested in field trials for higher crop production in eco-friendly farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An authors index for the papers at the 29th Annual Scientific Meeting held Lisbon, Portugal on October 4-6, 2012 is presented.

In formal approaches, messages sent over a network are usually modeled by terms together with an equational theory, axiomatizing the properties of the cryptographic functions (encryption, exclusive or, ...). The analysis of cryptographic protocols requires a precise understanding of the attacker knowledge. Two standard notions are usually considered: deducibility and indistinguishability. Those notions are well-studied and several decidability results already exist to deal with a variety of equational theories. Most of the existing results are dedicated to specific equational theories and only few results, especially in the case of indistinguishability, have been obtained for equational theories with associative and commutative properties $(\textsf{AC})$. In this paper, we show that existing decidability results can be easily combined for any disjoint equational theories: if the deducibility and indistinguishability relations are decidable for two disjoint theories, they are also decidable for their union. We also propose a general setting for solving deducibility and indistinguishability for an important class (called monoidal) of equational theories involving $\textsf{AC}$ operators. As a consequence of these two results, new decidability and complexity results can be obtained for many relevant equational theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new 1D chiral metal-organic coordination polymer [Cu(Cphe)] · 3HO ( I) (HCphe = L-3-Cyanophenylalanine) has been synthesized in an aqueous solution and characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that I crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2. The adjacent copper(II) atoms are linked by Cphe ligands to form a 1D zigzag chain, which is further connected via strong hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular framework. The unit cell parameters for I are: a = 12.0201(8), b = 6.1495(4), c = 14.8576(10) Å, β = 94.1720(10)°, V = 1095.00(13) Å, and Z = 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the current achievements in the numerical studies of adsorption of molecular hydrogen in boron substituted nanoporous carbons. We show that the enhanced attraction of H by boron-substituted all-carbon structures may allow designing new porous materials with modulated capacity for hydrogen adsorption. Such new structures are characterized by modification of energy landscape of adsorbing surfaces extending beyond the vicinity of substituted atom over several graphene carbon sites, and show strong surface heterogeneity. Although the theoretical conception and description of boron-substituted carbons made a considerable progress during the last decade, the preparation of these materials involves tedious procedures and still needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasizes the need for a systematic and in-depth connection between the progress in quantum theory of energetic ion collisions and applications to hadron therapy. Scattering theory for fast ion beams has reached its stage of development where accurate and robustly applicable methodologies can advantageously be exported to applied fields such as space research, fusion energy program, medicine, etc. In particular, distorted wave collision theories at high energies readily provide total... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists the authors and co-authors of the journal "European Society of Radiology," including I.-J. Aandahl, D. Aarsland, and H. Abada.

A subject index for the 2009 issue of the journal "European Society of Radiology," is presented.

This article estimates the societal cost of alcohol consumption in Sweden in 2002, as well as the effects on health and quality of life. The estimation includes direct costs, indirect costs and intangible costs. Relevant cost-of-illness methods are applied using the human capital method and prevalence-based estimates, as suggested in existing international guidelines, allowing cautious comparison with prior studies. The results show that the net cost (i.e. including protective effects of alcohol consumption) is 20.3 billion Swedish kronor (SEK) and the gross cost (counting only detrimental effects) is 29.4 billon (0.9 and 1.3% of GDP). Alcohol consumption is estimated to cause a net loss of 121,800 QALYs. The results are within the range found in prior studies, although at the low end. A large number of sensitivity analyses are performed, indicating a sensitivity range of 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give a proof of the so-called generalized Waldhausen conjecture, which says that an orientable irreducible atoroidal 3-manifold has only finitely many Heegaard splittings in each genus, up to isotopy. Jaco and Rubinstein have announced a proof of this conjecture using different methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-containing chloromethylphosphorylated ureas undergo transformation involving evolution of chlorotrimethylsilane and formation of 1,3,4-oxazaphospholes. Their analogs, silicon-containing phosphorylated acylamides, transform in another way, viz. by β-cleavage to form the corresponding siloxyphosphonates. Quantum-chemical investigation of thermodynamic characteristics of these processes was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of some β-hydroxo-substituted η3-allyl Pd complexes based on the simplest 1,3-dienes is studied by the 1H and 13C NMR methods in neutral and weakly acidic methods. The composition of the reaction products is determined by the nature of the oxidizing agent and the structure of allyl fragment. The method of selective oxidation of the β-carbon atom of the allyl ligand with the allyl-metal bond remaining unchanged is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a two steps strategy for the parallel synthesis of highly diversified quinolin-ones. In the first step we have combined and improved different synthetic methods for generating quinolin-4-ones bearing four different substitutions at specific positions using round bottomed flasks. The synthesis was assessed for a large number of substituted quinolin-4-ones. In the second step, the improved method was adapted to a parallel array synthesis using a 12 positions carrousel as demonstrated for the synthesis of 42-variable quinolin-4-ones. The first combinatorial library set 14{ a− x} was obtained with a chemical purity of more than 95% without purification, the second library set 15{ a− r}, which included two synthetic steps, needed combinatorial purification using an innovative parallel purifier. The proposed approach contributes to a more extensive diversification of molecular scaffolds in general and provides access to highly substituted quinolinones in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give explicit formulae for the Euler characteristic and l 2-cohomology of the group of motions of the trivial link, or isomorphically the group of free group automorphisms that send each standard generator to a conjugate of itself. The method is primarily combinatorial and ultimately relies on a computation of the Möbius function for the poset of labelled hypertrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the range of economic issues that need to be addressed in attempting to evaluate the social costs and benefits of gambling. It considers, inter alia, the nature of private and social costs and benefits and their policy significance, the important distinction between real and pecuniary costs, the incidence of gambling costs and benefits and the sources of gambling costs and benefits. Similarities and differences between the analysis of gambling and alcohol are considered. The paper concludes with a consideration of why various estimates of the social costs of gambling have produced such divergent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article presents the traditional and medicinal uses, and examines recent investigations on the biological activities of extracts, and chemicals identified from mangroves and mangal associates. Metabolites identified from mangrove plants are classified according to `chemical classes', and some of their structures are illustrated. The article also presents some of the functions of the chemicals present and attempt to emphasize and create an awareness of the great of potential mangroves and mangal associates possess as a source of novel agrochemicals, compounds of medicinal value, and a new source of many already known biologically active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide an overview of Professor Leen van Wijngaarden's scientific work by briefly summarizing a number of his papers. The review is organized by topic and covers his work on pressure waves in bubbly liquids, bubble dynamics, two-phase flow, standing waves in resonant systems, and flow cavitation noise. A list of publications up till his retirement in March 1997 is provided in the Appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subgroup S of a group H is said to be normal-convex in H if for any subset R⊂ S, the natural map S/《R》→H/《R》is injective. In this paper, topological methods are used to show that normal-convexity is preserved under taking free products. In other words, if S is normal-convex in H and if T is normal-convex in K, then S*T is normal-convex in H*K. Similar results are obtained for free products with amalgamation and HNN extensions. The method of proof uses a concept of normal-convexity defined for pairs of topological spaces. These results and the topological methods are applied to study the question of when a set of equations over a group has a solution in some overgroup. Equations over groups are defined in the following fashion. An equation over a group H is of the form w=1 where w∈ H*F, F being some free groups, with its generators called the unknowns. The elements of H appearing in w are called the coefficients. The equation w=1 over H can be solved over H if there is a group H containing H and possessing elements which satisfy the equation w=1 when substituted in for the unknowns. To any set of equations over a group, we associate a two-complex. The manner is analogous to that for presentations. The one-cells correspond to the unknowns, and the two-cells are attached according to the words obtained by ignoring the coefficients. The two-complex so constructed does not change when the coefficients or the group H is changed. Thus different sets of equations may give rise to the same two-complex. We call a two-complex Kervaire if any set of equations associated to it has a solution. Using the topological notion of normal-convexity, we show that the property of being Kervaire is preserved under subdivision, so in particular, it does not depend on the cell structure. Further, we show that the class of Kervaire complexes is closed under combinatorial extensions, connected-sum, cellular two-moves, and amalgamations along two-sided α-injective subcomplexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we give a classification theorem of genus two Heegaard splittings of Seifert fibered manifolds over S with three exceptional fibers, except for when two of the exceptional fibers hava the same invariants with opposite orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of pests are associated with groundnut but not all are economically important. The distribution of, losses and damage caused by groundnut pests are discussed, along with a variety of control measures and methods for their integration for effective pest management. Disease resistant/tolerant varieties, including Girnar 1, ALR 1, ICGV 87160, ICGV 86590, DH 8, TG 3, MH 16, ICGS 37 and TAG 24 from India have been released for general cultivation and could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. A large number of advanced breeding lines possessing resistance to major diseases and insect pests have been identified. Biocontrol agents have been used successfully for insect and disease control. Intercrops such as pearlmillet and soybean suppress thrips, jassids and leaf miner; castor suppresses jassids and Spodoptera, and pigeonpea suppress early leaf spot, late leaf spot and rust. These plants act as traps or barriers for reducing pest incidence. The use of pheromone traps for gram pod borers, tobacco caterpillars and leaf miners, and the use of neem products against major insect pests and diseases, are novel approaches that may reduce the cost of groundnut production. If pest control measures are integrated in an optimum proportion and pest surveillance activity is strengthened further, maximum returns could be realized [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H=〈 a, b; a= b〉, where k, l≧2 and k+ l>4. McCool and Pietrowski have proved that any pair of generators for H is Nielsen equivalent to a pair x= a and y= b where In terms of x and y, H can be presented as and Zieschang has shown that if r=1 or s=1, then H can be defined by a single relation in x and y. We establish the exact converse of Zieschang's result, namely that H is not defined by a single relation in x and y unless r=1 or s=1. The proof is based on an observation of Magnus which associates polynomials with relators and some elementary facts about cyclotomic polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results from a series of injection tests of pressurized H2, N2 gases into Mach 1.8 airflows between parallel channel walls through a flush-mounted circular sonic opening have been presented. Schlieren pictures revealed complex interaction flow features including the occurrence of bow/separation shock waves due to the injection as well as the barrel shock/Mach disc structure inside the injected gas stream. The injectant penetration measured by the Mach disc height against the injection pressure showed a good agreement with the correlation curve based upon the “effective back pressure” concept. The reversed flow region beneath the separation shock wave, the injectant wake and its associated flow entrainment were also visualized by the oil paint method. Wall static pressure distributions around the injector were measured in detail, which corresponded very well to the above results of flow visualization. Gas samplings were also undertaken by using the pressure taps to confirm the presence of H2 gas in the separation region ahead of the injector. Traversing of total pressure and H2 gas concentration at the exit of the test channel showed monotonous increase of the loss while its profile was kept very similar with the injection pressure. The area indicating the loss and the presence of H2 gas almost coincided with each other, which remained to be small to indicate very slow gas mixing/diffusion with the main air flow. With the increase of airflow total temperature to 1200 K, a bulk flame was first observed at the exit section. Further increase up to 1460 K observed an ignition flame at the injector. However, the reflection of the bow shock wave was found to be a more likely trigger of the bulk flame ignition within the test section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the contributions of botanists from the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the war effort in the Pacific campaign during the World War II. Direct and indirect contributions; Enlistment of botanists; Collection efforts of the botanists; Search for sources of plants as raw materials; Involvement of botanists in the creation and design of new materials for the army.

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