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Abstract: Papermaking enterprises are major polluters that cause water pollution and air pollution. This paper aims to provide analysis of the energy saving and emission reduction in papermaking enterprises.It is the inevitable choice of establishment industrial ecology park as the leading of the papermaking industry by the implementation of cleaner production and circulation economy. Shandong Haiyun efficient ecological park is taken for example.Researches of the developing strategies and policy support of energy saving and emission reduction is discussed. The paper is divided into five parts, the first part is the preface, the second part introduces the general of Haiyun efficient industrial park, the third part puts forward the scheme of clean production of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fourth part puts forward ecological industry pattern of Haiyun efficient ecological industrial park, the fifth part puts forward policy guarantee measures, and the sixth part makes the summary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Dentification of the water intensive industry—pulp and paper industry (PPI) at the firm level. • The partial static equilibrium model was applied to explore the economic effects. • Environmental regulation shows positive impacts on multiple indicators. Whether environmental regulation has negative impact on the economic performances of manufacturers in the real world cannot be concluded without reliable policy evaluations. The regional policy experimentation on raising the wastewater discharge standard in the pulp and paper industry in Shandong Province, China in the early 2000′s has been considered a success and has provided lessons for the crafting and strengthening of water pollution regulation for the whole country at a later stage. There has been, however, long lack of rigorous study that comprehensively evaluates the environmental and economic consequences of the policy experiment. The question about whether cleaner water came at a substantial economic cost remained unanswered. This may hinder cumulative policy learning and development. In this article, we adopt plant-level economic and environmental statistics and a difference-in-differences design to examine the economic effect of the Shandong wastewater policy in the 2000′s. Our results revealed that on average the environmental regulation enhanced the economic performances of pulp and paper plants. The regulation had positive effects on total output, total assets, and total profit, and it did not cause a statistically significant decline in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There has been much debate on the topic of whether stricter environmental regulations can promote environmental performance and economic performance at the same time. Different researchers have used different indicators to measure environmental performance and economic performance in their empirical studies. However, it is a surprise that few studies have checked the relationship between environmental regulation and eco-efficiency, as the latter is widely regarded as a quite powerful tool of considering ecology and economy together. In this study the background is the implementation in 2003 of the Stricter Discharge Standard (SDS) in Shandong Province’s Pulp and Paper Industry (SPPI), compared to the national standards of China. The stricter regulations were intended to promote corporate change from passive management to active control and from end-of-pipe treatment to cleaner production. This study investigated the eco-efficiency trends of SPPI from 2001 to 2008 in three fields: water efficiency, energy efficiency and environment efficiency. A “de-linking” and “re-linking” tool was used to attain a further evaluation. The study showed that with the implementation of stricter regulation most of the efficiency indicators (except CO2 emission and energy consumption) had achieved significant improvements, and the overall environmental performance trends of SPPI showed it to be more sustainable. However, the study also found that it was not enough to address a single indicator in the environmental regulation of the pulp and paper industry. More holistic eco-efficiency indicators need to be further considered and introduced to the industry as the next step to create true sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, extreme rainfall events have frequently occurred frequently, and heavy rainfall can cause drastic changes in the troposphere. Therefore, achieving to achieve real-time high-precision numerical prediction of key tropospheric parameters during heavy rainfall has become a major problem in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) meteorology. In this paper, two extreme rainfall events in southern China (Guangdong region) and northern China (Shandong region) in 2022 are used as case studies. Twenty-four-hour real-time numerical forecasts of key tropospheric parameters (atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm), precipitable water vapor (PWV), and GNSS zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD)) are obtained using three models, namely, the HGPT2, GPT3, and WRF models. Two optimization models, i.e., WRFDA (am) and WRFDA (pre), are then constructed by assimilating two types of data (global upper air and surface weather observations and daily advanced microwave sounding unit A (AMSU-A) brightness temperature) based on the WRF model. The experimental results for heavy rainfall show that (1) the WRF model predicts the key tropospheric parameters with better accuracy than the HGPT2 and GPT3 models, and the WRFDA (pre) model predicts PWV and ZTD with the highest accuracy; (2) the WRFDA (pre) model achieves a higher accuracy than the WRF model in predicting PWV and ZTD, where the PWV prediction accuracy is improved relative to the WRF model (in the south: MAE: 32.7 %; RMSE: 33.9 %; MAPE: 36.8 %; in the north: MAE: 27.3 %; RMSE: 24.2 %; MAPE: 28.0 %); this model achieves an MAE of 2.17 cm and an RMSE of 2.70 cm in 24-h ZTD prediction in the south, while the MAE reaches 2.48 cm, and the RMSE is 3.18 cm in the north; (3) the models provide a higher forecast accuracy in the southern region than in the northern region for heavy rainfall. The WRFDA (pre) model provides a favourable ZTD accuracy at GNSS stations near the ocean, while the WRFDA (am) model provides a satisfactory ZTD accuracy at inland GNSS stations, and the WRFDA (am) model provides the highest ZTD prediction accuracy at GNSS stations above 100 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposing a recognition scheme based on the combination of IEC 61850 and K-means. • Propose a region delineation method that can identify only unknown regions. • Propose a configuration method for phase-line relationships. • Improving k-means clustering accuracy. • Identify only unknown areas to avoid wasting resources. Accurate phase line topology identification of LV lines facilitates the handling of line faults, which is of great significance for the safe and stable operation of distribution networks. In this paper, we model and analyze the LV lines based on graph theory, and propose a phase line relationship identification scheme based on the combination of HPLC and k-means clustering for the problem of missing or dynamically changing phase line relationships of LV lines in the station area. Aiming at the known phase-line relationship in the station area such as distribution panel, two phase-line configuration schemes, Terminal extension and new phase-line description logical node PPLD, are proposed. The area is divided by combining the configuration information of IEC 61850 SCL and the information of metering automation system. If HPLC is configured in the unknown region, HPLC is used to identify the phase line relationship. If HPLC is not configured, k-means based algorithm is used for correlation analysis between voltage measurements. Example results from a place in Shandong show that the accuracy of the method proposed in this paper is 93.96 % on average, which is higher compared to the existing methods. Significance: Accurate identification of phase-line relationships in LV lines is essential for optimising load through phase-change switches. In this study, we propose a novel phase line relationship identification scheme that combines HPLC and k-means algorithm based on the existing equipment in the station area. Leveraging the known topology within the existing equipment (LTU, switchboard, etc.) in the station area, we introduce two phase line configuration schemes, Terminal extension (extending the known phase line relationship) and the new phase line description logical node PPLD (a novel approach for configuring known phase line relationships). Additionally, we suggest a method of regional division to recognise phase line relationships in unknown regions. If HPLC is configured, it is used for phase line identification; otherwise, a k-means based algorithm analyses voltage measurements. By tailoring identification schemes to the actual characteristics of the station area, we significantly reduce the amount of data to be identified, improving accuracy and resource efficiency. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fracture evolution in dual gob-side entries varies spatially and temporally. • A formula to calculate arbitrary dip rock layer cutting angles was derived. • A technology based on the fracture evolution's turning points was proposed. • Differential roof cutting-anchor grouting boosts stability in dual gob-side entries. The coal pillar-free gob-side entry retention technology (GER), which enhances resource recovery rates and reduces the amount of tunnel excavation, has been applied in multiple mining areas in China. However, cases of implementing gob-side entry retention on both sides of a single working face are rare. The asynchronous extraction of long-distance working faces leads to significant differences in the stress environment of roadways on both sides, and uniform technical means are poorly adapted to the control of surrounding rock on both sides, affecting the safe and efficient production. This paper, taking the dual gob-side entry retention on both sides of the 61001 W working face with thick mudstone roofs in Zhao Guan Coal Mine, Shandong Province, as the engineering background, utilizes a combination of theoretical calculations, numerical simulations, and on-site detailed monitoring to analyze the uncoordinated deformation characteristics of the upper part bulging and the lower part concaving of the two roadways. It clarifies the differentiated spatiotemporal evolution law of the number of fractures and the development turning points at different depths of the surrounding rock of the two entries, revealing the differential deformation mechanism of the surrounding rock of the two entries caused by stress state and fracture development differences. A "cutting roof to relieve pressure-multilevel continuous anchor-grouting" combined control technology system is proposed. By cutting off the stress transmission of the roof through drilling and blasting, and then reconstructing the integrity of the surrounding rock and improving the rock strength with the help of anchor-grouting. With the application of this new technology, the deformation of the surrounding rocks of the two entries was reduced by more than 60 % and 29 %, respectively, and the maximum crack depth of the roof was controlled within 3 m, significantly enhancing the stability of the roadways. The research results of this paper provide a reference for the control of surrounding rock in gob-side entry retention under similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway line planning problem (LPP) plays a crucial role in determining the quality of services provided to passengers, as well as operation costs borne by railway companies. In periodic railway LPPs, it is common to consider passenger transfers between train lines to realize a general passenger travel cost setting in the railway system. While detecting passenger transfers requires incorporating passenger routing into mathematical formulations, thereby significantly complicating the problem. Studies on transfer-included LPPs are generally based on the Change&Go network that is constructed based on a pre-given line pool, which however is usually non-exhaustive due to computational intractability. To efficiently include passenger transfers in large-scale railway LPPs, this paper proposes a novel extended direct-service network representation of LPP, where lines are dynamically generated within the optimization process, and part of passenger transfers between lines can be precisely captured without the need for explicit modeling of passengers' distribution on specific lines. A two-phase solution approach based on the representation is designed. The first phase formulates LPP with part of transfers as a path-based service network design model, solved using a branch-price-and-cut algorithm. The second phase conducts a neighborhood search around the first-phase solution to seek better ones when considering all passenger transfers. Numerical results showcase the good performance of the two-phase solution approach. It delivers optimal solutions in 18 out of 24 test instances for a small case and achieves optimality gaps within 2.85% across all small instances. The large case study of China's Shandong high-speed railway network whose line pool size reaches millions demonstrates the scalability of the approach and its advantage over the traditional Change&Go method with partial line pools and an exact model developed in the paper. • A new network representation of periodic railway line planning problem with passenger routing without line pools. • A powerful two–phase solution approach incorporating two mathematical models and a branch-price-and-cut algorithm. • Validated on the Shandong high-speed railway network in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of high-speed rail (HSR) systems in China, the evaluation of the accessibility of HSR has become an important issue, especially for daily accessibility, or daytime round-trip travel (one-way journeys taking within 4 h), as this form of travel has significantly redefined the concept of the business trips are. This paper presents an improved approach to measuring potential-based accessibility by adding train frequency as an important weight and distinguishing the travel time into different intervals to measure accessibility. With a case study of Shandong Province, China, the paper verifies that the improved approach is more suitable for evaluating the daily accessibility and more practical for regional and transport planning than the original approach. First, the method is more effective in analyzing the differences in accessibility between cities and revealing more detailed changes or improvements in accessibility resulting from HSR. Second, there is a stronger correlation between the accessibility of different time intervals and the local economic level (GDP). Third, the method is more in line with the actual conditions in explaining the improved accessibility and corresponding spatial structures of a region. As a result, the improved approach provides an improved ability to better characterize the impacts of accessibility on regional development and will play an important role in regional planning and transportation planning. Finally, the paper also notes that the proposed approach is primarily suited for the middle-or macrolevel accessibility studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the biomass–coal co-firing (BCC) production planning problem under the carbon emission quota allocation (CEQA) mechanism. However, carbon emission parameters are uncertain due to many factors, such as the type of power units and coal quality. To address this challenge issue, this paper proposes a new globalized robust bi-level optimization model, where the uncertain parameters are characterized by a pair of uncertainty sets. In the proposed model, the upper government as the leader decides the CEQA mechanism, while the lower power plants as the followers develop the production planning according to the given CEQA mechanism. Moreover, based on the Lagrange duality theory and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, the proposed model is equivalently converted into a computationally tractable single-level model. Finally, a practical case study in Shandong Province demonstrates that compared with the nominal bi-level and robust bi-level models, the proposed optimization model can not only effectively resist parameter uncertainty, but also be less conservative. [Display omitted] • A bi-level GRO model for BCC production planning problem under CEQA mechanism is proposed. • The uncertain carbon emission parameters are characterized by a pair of uncertainty sets. • The established globalized robust counterpart is transformed equivalently into a finite convex system. • The effectiveness of the developed GRO approach is verified via a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined heat and power is an inevitable trend in the development of waste-to-power industry. Many waste incineration power generation projects that have already put into operation in China are waiting for transition and upgrading to combined heat and power projects. From a growth option perspective, this paper considers the irreversible process and uncertainty in economic benefits, introduces carbon emission trading mechanism and develops the growth option theory to design the expansion decision making model of waste-to-energy combined heat and power projects, so as to obtain the project value and find the optimal expansion timing. In this paper, a case study is carried out on the expansion decision making of a waste-to-energy combined heat and power project in Shandong Province in China. And two scenarios with specific and flexible expansion times are developed from European and American options separately, as European options require investors to expand at a certain time but American options not. The results indicate that 1) real option approach successfully improves the project value through considering uncertainty, and American option can achieve the optimal expansion time, 2) under the carbon emission trading mechanism, the carbon price affects the expansion index, which has a positive effect on the project value, 3) the linear nature of the income and cost expansion index can help investors make judgments on expansion investments. The effectiveness of the case study implies the practicality of the expansion option method for similar projects to reach dual carbon targets in cost and benefit analysis. • Real option approach is applied in energy transition in WTECHP projects. • European and American options are proposed for certain and flexible decision times. • Expansion time and triggers of WTECHP are incorporated into life cycle management. • CCER is introduced as an environmental element to evaluate expansion decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The comprehensive indices of urbanization and ecological environment are constructed by the comprehensive evaluation model. • There is a long-term equilibrium between urbanization and the ecological environment. • In the long term, the development of urbanization will not degrade the ecological environment. To realize the coordinated development of urbanization and ecological environment is a research hotspot in recent years. There is a very complicated relationship between them. Understanding their relationship is key to realize their coordinated development. In this paper, the long-term dynamic balance behavior between urbanization and ecological environment was studied by means of long-term equilibrium model and error correction model (ECM) based on the data of Shandong Province. In order to comprehensively reflect urbanization and ecological environment, this paper employed comprehensive evaluation model to construct comprehensive index of urbanization and ecological environment respectively, and used coupling coordination degree (CDE) and relative development degree model (RDE) to study the dynamic changes of the two. The results showed that: (1) The relationship between urbanization and ecological environment in Shandong Province is becoming more and more harmonious, and the coupling coordination type between them has gradually developed from extremely uncoupling (EUC) type to highly coupling (HC) type; (2) In the long run, there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between urbanization and ecological environment in Shandong Province, and this equilibrium can be achieved through short-term dynamic adjustment. Therefore, a correct understanding of the short-term and long-term development laws between them can provide the corresponding theoretical basis for policy makers, and shorten the time for urbanization and ecological environment to reach an equilibrium state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a semantic edge-aware multi-task neural network (SEANet) to obtain closed boundaries when delineating agricultural parcels from remote sensing images. It derives closed boundaries from remote sensing images and improves conventional semantic segmentation methods for the extraction of small and irregular agricultural parcels. SEANet integrates three correlated tasks: mask prediction, edge prediction, and distance map estimation. Related features learned from these tasks improve the generalizability of the network. We regard boundary extraction as an edge detection task and extract rich semantic edge features at multiple levels to improve the geometric accuracy of parcel delineation. Moreover, we develop a new multi-task loss that considers the uncertainty of different tasks. We conducted experiments on three high-resolution Gaofen-2 images in Shandong, Xinjiang, and Sichuan provinces, China, and on two medium-resolution Sentinel-2 images from Denmark and the Netherlands. Results showed that our method produced a better layout of agricultural parcels, with higher attribute and geometric accuracy than the existing ResUNet, ResUNet-a, R2UNet, and BsiNet methods on the Shandong and Denmark datasets. The total extraction errors of the parcels produced by our method were 0.214, 0.127, 0.176, 0.211, and 0.184 for the five datasets, respectively. Our method also obtains closed boundaries by one single segmentation, leading to superiority as compared with existing multi-task networks. We showed that it could be applied to images with different spatial resolutions for parcel delineation. Finally, our method trained on the Xinjiang dataset could be successfully transferred to the Shandong dataset with different dates and landscapes. Similarly, we obtained satisfactory results when transferring from the Denmark dataset to the Netherlands dataset. We conclude that SEANet is an accurate, robust, and transferable method for various areas and different remote sensing images. The codes of our model are available at https://github.com/long123524/SEANet_torch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The application influence of three typical sunrooms in rural houses were compared. • The additional sunroom has the best performance in the rural area in Southeast Shandong, China. • The order of influence of factors on the heating performance of the additional sunroom in rural houses was given. • Additional sunroom optimization suggestions based on different angles are proposed. The sunroom, a passive solar heat collecting component, is widely used in rural residential houses in Southeast Shandong Province, China. However, many forms of sunroom are applied in this area, and the impact of their application on the indoor thermal environment, energy-saving, and economy is unclear. In this paper, the influence of additional sunroom, courtyard sunroom, and additional sunroom coupling with courtyard sunroom on the indoor thermal environment are tested and studied. A comprehensive evaluation method based on the Energy Plus and dynamic investment payback period analysis is adopted to evaluate the energy-saving rate and economy. Furthermore, the optimization of the sunroom is performed, and the impact of seven key structural factors of sunroom for the indoor thermal environment, energy-saving, and economy was analyzed and evaluated. The additional sunroom has the best performance in improving the indoor thermal environment compared with the courtyard sunroom and the additional sunroom coupling with the courtyard sunroom. Compared to the typical additional sunroom existing in this area, the heating performance of the additional sunroom after comprehensive optimization is improved by 7.1%. Compared with the typical ordinary rural residential house without additional sunroom, the energy-saving rate of the additional sunroom after comprehensive optimization is 44.8 %, and the indoor temperature increases by 2.38 ℃. The conclusions will provide a theoretical basis for improving the indoor thermal environment of rural residential houses in Linyi and other areas in cold zones where solar energy resources are not abundant and the construction of rural residential houses with sunrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel solar-assisted ground-source heat pump system was proposed. • Heat cascade storage and utilization can be feasible using this system. • A sufficient temperature gradient was created in the ground heat storage. • The schematic was introduced, while field test was conducted. To maintain the energy quality with high temperature and reduce the energy loss of seasonal heat-storage in solar-assisted ground-source heat pumps (SAGSHPs), a novel SAGSHP system with the heat-cascading of borehole heat-exchangers was designed and its field-test was conducted in this paper. The borehole heat-exchangers were divided into two regions: the core region and the peripheral region. The core region can maintain a high temperature (e.g. 45 °C), which is much higher than in previous studies, and the heat from this region can be used directly, without the operation of a heat pump. A field-test was conducted in a community in the province Shandong, China. The results indicate that a sufficient soil-temperature gradient (the temperature is high in the core but low at the periphery) can be created and maintained. The monthly averaged borehole-wall-temperature difference between the borehole heat-exchangers (BHEs) at the core and the periphery can be as high as 30.1 °C. This means that both cascaded heat-storage and heat-utilization can be realized. In addition, an average performance of CCOP = 5.15 and SCOP = 4.66 can be achieved. Compared with previous studies, despite the lower CCOP , a higher SCOP can be attained, thanks to heat cascade storage and -utilization. The novel approach described in this paper represents a viable alternative for space heating in North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic with its main characteristics of clean and abundant reserves has been widely used. This paper investigates how to select a satisfactory industrial and commercial rooftop distributed photovoltaic (ICR-DPV) project to invest from the small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) view. Flaws and inadequacies existing in the current decision-making process may cause an inaccurate investment result. Therefore, this paper establishes a cloud-TODIM framework to deal with the problems. First, criteria covering the economy, resource, risk factors and engineering feasibility are established. Second, hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) and cloud model are applied to describe the indeterminate information so that the hesitation and randomness of linguistic variables can be fully expressed. Third, the analytic network process (ANP) method and entropy method are combined to gain the criteria weights, which can not only avoid too much subjectivity in weight determination but also measure the mutual influence between the various criteria simultaneously. Furthermore, the TODIM method considers the psychological behavior of investors, so it is utilized to rank alternatives to make the framework more applicable for practical evaluation. Finally, a case in Shandong province validates the applicability of the proposed framework. This paper provides a more rational and scientific decision-making framework for investors. • The optimal investment selection of ICR-DPV project is based on SMEs' perspective. • A cloud-TODIM model is employed to select the optimal ICR-DPV project. • ANP method and entropy method are applied to determine the combination weights. • Psychological behaviors of investors are taken into consideration in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of urbanization in China inevitably leads to a sharp increase in building energy consumption, and Passive House (PH) have received much attention in China in recent years. In this paper, the annual energy demand (AED) and summer discomfort hours (SUH) of PH are used as optimization objectives to establish a set of design solutions for multi-objective optimization (MTO) and economic analysis of a PH in Shandong Province, China. It is found that (1) the algorithm based on nearest neighbor component analysis (NCA) feature extraction applies to the sensitivity analysis of multivariate nonlinear high-dimensional data, and the NCA-GA-RBF neural network technique is proposed, which has significantly improved the goodness of fit and generalization ability for AED and SUH. (2) The NSGA-II genetic algorithm is used for the optimization search, and the results show that the overall improvement rates of AED and SUH are 25.5% and 21.6%, respectively, among the nine solutions after comprehensive evaluation; (3) Finally, the optimal scheme of energy saving and the optimal scheme of the economy are selected for economic evaluation. By comparing the economics of the two options and the improvement rates of AEDs and SUHs, the guidelines for design decision-makers are provided. In summary, the design scheme of this paper is forward-looking and reference-oriented and provides some reference suggestions for the development of PH in China. • The NCA algorithm is suitable for multivariate nonlinear sensitivity analysis. • NCA-GA-RBF has stronger and more stable generalization ability and accuracy. • In this paper, climate is the main factor affecting thermal parameters. • Global costs have a stronger economic interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, general secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed the issue of college students shouldering social responsibilities in the new era. He encourages college students to bear the responsibility of the times and learns to assume social responsibility. Based on the literature analysis, using the methods of data investigation and case analysis, the study explores how colleges and universities reasonably use and actively guide students to correctly understand and then agree to translate into action showing social responsibility. At the same time, according to the investigation of college students' sense of social responsibility, this paper analyzes the existing problems in education, so as to put forward objective and accurate feasible strategies and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The NW–NWW-trending ductile shear zones in the western Shandong granite-greenstone belt show consistent sinistral strike-slip kinematics. • 40Ar–39Ar and zircon U–Pb La-ICP-MS dating results show that the deformation age is ∼ 2.58–2.47 Ga. • The ductile shear zones were shearing deformation caused by the SE-ward plate convergence during the late Neoarchean. The granite-greenstone belt is the main component of Archean crust, and is critical for resolving the disputes on the tectonic evolution and dominant regime of the early Earth. The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the oldest cratons in the world, and is composed of several continental micro-blocks. The greenstone belts, welding the micro-blocks, were generally considered to be continental or arc-continental collision belts during the amalgamation of the micro-blocks in the late Neoarchean. Thus, the structural pattern of these greenstone belts can provide essential clues for the crustal deformation style during early Precambrian orogeny. The western Shandong granite-greenstone belt (WSGB) located in the eastern NCC was considered as the collision belt of the Jiaoliao and Qianhuai Blocks. There exists a series of ductile shear zones with strike-slip kinematics, including Qixingtai, Nanliu, Yanlingguan, Xintai, Dongling–Huacun, Mengshan, Fengyang–Liangqiu, Qingyi and Baiyan. This paper conducts detailed geometric, kinematic and deformation geochronology studies, and reveal that the mylonitic foliation of the ductile shear zones in the WSGB strikes NW280–350° with angles of 60–80°. The mineral stretching lineation gently plunges to NE or SW at 2–25°. Kinematic indicators show sinistral strike-slip shearing sense. The deformation temperature can be divided into two ranges: 550–600 ℃ and 400–500 ℃, implying that the ductile shear zones in the WSGB was ought to experience early-stage high-temperature and late-stage low-temperature deformation. The deformation age is ∼ 2.58–2.47 Ga constrained by zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb and 40Ar–39Ar dating, and this age range includes early-stage high-temperature deformation. Structural restoration through balanced profiles and stereographic projection shows that the initial orientation of NW–NWW-trending ductile shear zones was dipping to the SW, and still were featured by strike-slip kinematics. Syn-kinematic arc-affinity magmatism and sedimentation demonstrate that the NW–NWW-trending ductile shear zones in the WSGB were caused by SE-ward plate convergence, which also led to the NW–SE-trending movement of different blocks along the strike of ductile shear zones. The WSGB represents an active continental margin in the southwestern Jiaoliao Block with intense arc-affinity magmatism and back-arc sedimentation, post-collision crustal-derived granites, traspressive shearing deformation, also indicating that the NCC was dominated by modern-style plate tectonism in the late Neoarchean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) through low-temperature pipelines is a promising method due to its advantages of low transmission cost and high energy density. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative design optimization model for long-distance LNG pipelines and verifies the economic feasibility of LNG pipelines when it is transported with superconducting power cables jointly. It considers flow and heat transfer characteristics along the pipeline, cryogenic insulation, cooling, and pressurization from intermediate stations. The model optimizes the life cycle of the entire system by minimizing construction and operation costs. A practical case in Shandong, China indicates that: (1) The optimal design theory is verified in the real world, it also has certain extensions to other scenarios. (2) The annual profit of the hybrid energy pipeline (LNG + superconducting cable) can be increased by 27.4 million USD, and the annual carbon emission can be reduced by 948.3 kilotons compared to conventional transmission systems (natural gas pipeline + normal cable). (3) The construction methods for intermediate refrigeration and pump stations of LNG pipelines are flexible; both the increment of the pressure and the decrement of the temperature can meet the transportation requirements. (4) There is a significant temperature rise space for LNG under dense phase transportation conditions. This technology can promote fundamental research on developing LNG pipeline design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the personal-environment matching theory and urban comfort theory, the paper constructs an evaluation index system for urban talent ecological environment. The entropy-weighted-TOPSIS method was used to measure the urban talent ecological environment in Shandong Province from 2018 to 2021, the Gini coefficient was used to explore regional differences in the urban talent ecological environment, and the obstacle factor model was used to determine the obstacle factors affecting the urban talent ecological environment. The results show that the talent ecological environment of cities in Shandong Province can be divided into 4 tiers. Qingdao city is in the leading tier, Jinan city is in the challenging tier, Yantai city and other 4 cities are in the catching up tier, and Dezhou city and other 10 cities are in the improving tier. The urban talent ecological environment shows the spatial distribution of " East Shandong > Central Shandong > Southwest Shandong > Northwest Shandong ". Per capita gross regional product, foreign direct investment, general public budget income, per capita urban road area, number of patent applications granted, number of research and experimental development personnel, education expenditure, housing expenditure and other indicators are the main obstacles factors affecting urban talent ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, air pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems facing humanity and an inescapable obstacle limiting the sustainable development of cities and society. Although air quality sensing and management systems based on artificial intelligence and signal analysis are evolving as essential parts of intelligent cities, the mixture of local emission sources and regional transport of air pollutants still makes PM 2.5 long-term prediction challenging, especially under complex geographical and climatic conditions. In this paper, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition based multi-stream informer (CEEMD-MsI) is proposed to predict the hourly PM 2.5 concentration, and extensive testing and comparisons are carried out in four typical cities in Shandong, China. Firstly, CEEMD is used for signal pre-processing to construct the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) based multi-channel representations. Then MsI is specifically designed to learn both temporal and spatial features, and complete the PM 2.5 concentration prediction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to predict long-term PM 2.5 concentrations using a deep learning model driven by data collected from monitoring stations spanning long distances and diverse terrains. Finally, test results demonstrate that CEEMD-MsI achieves the best PM 2.5 prediction performance by comparing it with state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the first application of Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery and model fusion techniques to assess the chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration and turbidity in Nansi Lake, Shandong Province, China, from 2016 to 2022. First, we innovatively employed the stacking method to fuse eight fundamentally different Machine Learning (ML) models, each utilising 20 and 17 feature bands, resulting in the development of a robust algorithm for estimating the Chla concentration and turbidity in Nansi Lake. The results demonstrate that the Stacking Model has achieved outstanding theoretical generalisation capability. Second, the sensitivity of the model to extreme value data in the sample was quantified, and we found that compared with extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), the optimal performance of the Stacking Model improved by 12%, to some extent, it solved the problem of high-value underestimation and low-value overestimation. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) results revealed that features such as Three Bands, Enhanced Three, R rs 492 / R rs 560 , R rs 705 / R rs 665 play a crucial role in estimating Chla concentration. For the turbidity estimation, the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), R rs 705 + R rs 560 , R rs 865 - R rs 740 made significant contributions. Finally, we utilised the Stacking Model to create spatiotemporal maps of the Chla concentration and turbidity in Nansi Lake from 2016 to 2022. We analysed the causes of the water quality changes and explored the driving factors. Compared with previous studies, this paper provides a new idea for the monitoring of lake water quality parameters by using the high resolution of Sentinel-2 image and the high precision of model fusion technology, these results can provide a reference for similar water area research and decision-making support for environment-related departments. • Innovatively fusion 8 algorithms with different principles, a robust algorithm suitable for estimating Chla and turbidity has been developed. • The SHAP was used to identify the key variables for Chla and turbidity of the lake. • Remote sensing mapping of Chla and turbidity in Nansi Lake, for the years 2016-2022 on quarterly and annual bases. • We analysed the spatiotemporal variations in the water quality of Nansi Lake, from 2016 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain is not only the basic living materials of urban and rural residents, but an important strategic resource related to the national security. Therefore, grain security is an important aspect of national security. Farmers' willingness to grow grain is the key factor to guarantee food security. Based on the structural equation model, the main factors that influence the farmers' willingness to grow grain were studied in this paper by investigating 486 dispersed farmers in six counties (cities, districts) of three prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province. The study indicated that aside from the difficulty of measuring the influence of personal characteristic factors, the national grain subsidy policies, grain price, grain planting scale, other farmers' production behaviors, and promotion of agricultural technology affected the farmers' willingness to grow grain in varying degrees. Further regional multi-group analyses demonstrated that the farmers' willingness to grow grain showed an increasing trend from east to west in Shandong Province. Additionally, grain subsidy policies and family characteristic factors had obvious regional differences on the farmers' willingness to grow grain. Therefore, optimizing and improving the national grain subsidy policies, encouraging the management of a moderate scale, stabilizing prices of grain, increasing the propaganda of agricultural information and promoting agricultural technology were the key factors to increase the farmers' willingness to grow grain. • Establishing a comprehensive model to study the influencing factors of farmers' willingness to grow grain. • Six main factors influencing farmers' willingness to grow grain were studied. • Each factor has different effects on the farmers' willingness to grow grain and shows significant regional differences. • The farmers' willingness to grow grain shows an increasing trend from east to west in Shandong Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract At present, Chinese residents have been suffering from the influence of air pollution, especially haze pollution. However, residents' consumption is also one of the main sources of haze pollution. Therefore, residents' green consumption can reduce haze pollution. This paper is to explore the impact of haze pollution on residents' green consumption behavior. Shandong Province is taken as the illustrative case to carry on the empirical analysis. Firstly, the grounded theory is used to develop the residents' green consumption behavior model affected by haze pollution. Secondly, based on the data obtained by investigation, the structural equation model is used to test the theoretical model. Finally, the hierarchical regression model is utilized to study the moderating effect of situational variables on residents' green consumption behavior. The green consumption willingness (GCW) has a significant positive driving effect on green consumption behavior. Furthermore, the haze pollution perception (HPP) plays the most positive role in promoting green consumption willingness, followed by behavioral constrain (BC) and haze mitigation responsibility (HMR). Among all situational variables, the government incentive (IM) has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between green consumption willingness and invested green consumption behavior (IGCB). However, publicity and education activities (PEA) have a reverse moderating effect on the relationship between green consumption willingness and invested green consumption behavior. The difference of the impact of age, income, occupation and household structure on habitual green consumption behavior (HGCB) is significant. However, there are significant differences in the effects of age, income, and educational background on invested green consumption behavior. According to the results received in this paper, more policy recommendations are presented. Highlights • The impact of haze pollution on residents' green consumption behavior is explored. • The grounded theory is used to construct residents' green consumption behavior model. • Haze pollution perception plays positive role in promoting green consumption willingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The change in urban construction land (UCL) and rural residential land (RRL) and their coupling relationship are the main manifestation of urban-rural construction land transition (URCLT) and the mapping of urban-rural factor flow. It is of great significance to systematically understand and master its laws for expanding the theory of land use transition (LUT) and adjusting the man-land relationship between urban and rural area. This paper constructs a theoretical model of URCLT, analyses the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban and rural construction land (UARCL) scale, elasticity and structure transition in Shandong Province from 1996 to 2015, reveals the transition process and coupling mechanism of UCL and RRL by using the method of geographic detector. The research shows that the UCL and RRL in Shandong Province have evolved along a coordinated track of increase and decrease as a whole, but with certain periodic fluctuations, resulting in insufficient elasticity and structural transition of URCLT. The rationalization degree of UCL growth was reduced, the low synchronization and non-synchronization of RRL reduction predominates, while the dominant type of urban-rural human-land relationship changed from urban-rural (UR) increase or decrease coordinated to both urban (U) and rural (R) increase uncoordinated. The URCLT had obvious spatial differences. The UARCL in the "blue-yellow" economic zone and the provincial capital urban agglomeration was active, but was dominated by uncoordinated transition, and the non-synchronization reduction of RRL was dominant. The factors influencing the transition of URCL were complex, diverse and unstable, and the transition mechanism was the interaction process of self-regulation of population, industry and land elements within the urban and rural system and intervention of external natural environment, science and technology and institutional policies. Highlights • The paper constructs a theoretical model of URCLT. • The paper reveals the transition process and coupling mechanism of URCLT. • The factors influencing the URCLT were complex, diverse and unstable. • URCLT was driven by the interaction of natural background, economic development, social progress and policy innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the rock mass structure of an excavation face is important for the safe construction of tunnels. Traditional artificial detection poses a threat to personnel and property; thus, it is necessary to develop unmanned detection technology. This paper innovatively develops an efficient method for detecting joints in rock tunnels based on laser scanning, and an intelligent robot is then designed to achieve the automation of this method. The functionalities of the robot are realized by combining three modules, namely, a travel module, an automatic data acquisition module and a remote control and data transmission module. Based on the information obtained from intelligent robots, a data analysis method for estimating the location and orientation of structure planes and performing 3D tunnel fractures mapping in an underground environment is proposed. The reliability of the developed intelligent robot and the accuracy of the identification of rock instabilities are validated in field tests. The robot developed herein can be used as an effective tool to detect the instabilities of rocks in tunnels. In addition, the approach for the detection of rock joints as well as the design methodologies presented in this paper can also serve as a guide for other relevant intelligent equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An assessment is carried out on the relationships between urbanization and ecosystem services. • There is a close interrelationship between ecosystem services and urbanization. • The response of different ecosystem services to urbanization varies. • The interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services is significantly influenced by scale effects. Rapid urbanization has brought about continuous urban expansion, which has put enormous pressure on ecosystems. In this paper, we take both temporal and spatial dimensions into account to discuss the interaction between various ecological services (ESs) and urbanization in Shandong Province based on data at different scales. We utilize the InVEST model for quantifying ESs indicators. Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate the relationship with the four urbanization indicators. The results of the study indicate that with the development of urbanization, the regulating and supporting services of land in Shandong province show an upward trend. In contrast, the supply services show a downward trend. There is a significant correlation between ESs and urbanization (p < 0.05). Regarding sub-indicators, water yield (WY) increases with urbanization, and carbon sequestration (CS)/grain providing (GP)/habitat quality (HQ) are negatively correlated with the four urbanization indicators. Geographically weighted regressions show that the results fit well only when we choose counties as the study scale, and there is a clear tendency of aggregation. In summary, this paper clarifies the spatio-temporal variation of ESs and the response to urbanization, which provides an effective reference for ecosystem management in Shandong Province. This paper suggests that the government should formulate targeted policies for ecosystem service management in different regions and make appropriate dynamic adjustments to the spatial scale of policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of today's energy shortage, wind energy plays a crucial role as one of the most widely used renewable energy sources. However, in order to fully utilize the potential of wind energy, it is necessary to build a precise and reliable wind-speed prediction system. Conventional wind-speed prediction models frequently rely on a solitary model for forecasting, and sometimes these models cannot accurately fit the nonlinear characteristics of the data, resulting in poor prediction performance. Therefore, to address this deficiency, a new wind-speed point-interval prediction system is proposed in this study. The fuzzy information granulation technology is adopted in this system to reduce the dimension of data and solve the problem of redundancy in wind-speed data. In addition, this paper uses the multi-objective dragonfly algorithm and combines sub-models using the multi-nonlinear weight strategy to address the issue of inadequate precision exhibited by an individual prediction model. In order to verify the effectiveness of this wind-speed prediction system, the Penglai wind farm in Shandong Province is used as the dataset to construct the model, and several reference models are selected to conduct point prediction and interval prediction comparison experiments respectively. The experimental results show that the combined prediction system has the best prediction performance, with MAPE values of 14.16%, 15.02% and 15.74%, respectively. Compared with other benchmark models, the average improvement rates for the multi-step prediction were 14.97%, 16.48% and 19.11%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal zones, as interfaces between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, possess great ecological and economic value but are environmentally fragile. This research provides a new perspective for studying development and change patterns in coastal zones, offering insights for land planning and contributing to the ecological preservation and sustainable development of coastal areas. We utilized Landsat TM and OLI sensor imagery (from the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) to extract coastline and land use information from the coastal zone of Shandong Province. Through the establishment of association mining models between coastline changes and land use patterns, the relationships between spatial layout changes and development processes in different geographical locations are revealed. In the initial stage, weak expansion and moderate changes in the coastline corresponded to units with lower land development intensity sequences. In the intermediate stage, with increasing coastline expansion and intense changes, the sequence of land development intensity was extremely strong > strong > moderate > weak from the sea to the land. This type of association was mostly distributed in the Laizhou Bay salt field and coastal port areas and was mostly focused on aquaculture and port trade, causing "strong" and "extremely strong" units of regional land development intensity. In the later stage, as coastline expansion slowed, the use of ports and docks caused the development intensity of the surrounding land to fluctuate. Farming, fishing, salt field and port construction in the coastal zone of Shandong Province were the major forms of land expansion and change. The association rules between coastline expansion or erosion and coastal development intensity revealed the impact of coastline changes on the spatial pattern from sea to land, which is important for planning layouts, optimizing industrial structures, and maximizing socioeconomic and environmental benefits in coastal areas. • This paper had established two association mining models between coastline changes and land use patterns. • This study had revealed the impact of coastline changes on the spatial pattern in the coastal zone of Shandong Province. • Farming, fishing, salt field and port construction were the major forms of land expansion in the research area. • The changes in the coastlines were closely related to land development patterns. • The research results provided informational support to enhance conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-front transport is a vital process in the offshore transport of terrestrial materials. The factors influencing cross-front transport are multifaceted and exhibit regional variability. As important factors regulating material transport patterns in the shelf seas of eastern China, the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and Kuroshio current (including its branches) vary on multiple time scales, yet their role in controlling offshore transport is not fully understood. In this paper, cross-front offshore transport in the North Yellow Sea is chosen to investigate the aforementioned issue using numerical simulation. By excluding other potential processes for offshore transport, frontal instability is identified as the primary mechanism for offshore transport, which is triggered by winter storms (bursts of the EAWM); hence, the intensity of offshore transport is highly associated with the strength of winter storms on synoptic scales. However, on the inter-annual scale, the intensity of offshore transport is more likely regulated by the strength of the Kuroshio current, and a warming Kuroshio facilitates offshore transport. Although the role of each factor in controlling the intensity of offshore transport is delineated, the interactive effects of the EAWM and Kuroshio current on offshore transport are quite intricate, and how to quantitatively estimate their roles on multiple time scales remains a challenge using modelling. The results obtained from this study can be applied to analyse cross-front transport throughout the eastern China seas and bear significant implications for future studies on pollutant diffusion, nutrient distribution, and sediment transport in the coastal area. • Cross-front transport around the Shandong Peninsula was revealed using a numerical model. • EAWM and Kuroshio affect the strength of cross-front transport on different time scales. • With global warming, the temperature of Kuroshio might gradually become the primary control of cross-front transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seabed sediment classification has important applications in ocean engineering and submarine pipeline design. This paper proposed the dimension-invariant residual network to improve the seabed sediments classification accuracy. The dimension of each channel of the feature extracted from the dimension-invariant residual block is the same as the original image. Compared with down-sampling, each feature vector has more feature parameters, which can improve the accuracy of seabed sediments classification. Shortcut connections were introduced in the proposed network, which can make the network easier to optimize and achieve good performance by using only a not very deep network. It also has a lower complexity compared to powerful classifiers like Transformer and has a better performance in small-scale seabed sediment classification. And to improve the accuracy of seabed sediment classification without consuming too much time for training the classifier, the network parameters optimization method was proposed in this paper. Recording the classification accuracy and training time of the network with these different parameters. Determining the parameters of the network by the proposed optimization method. The proposed classification model and optimization method were validated by using the side-scan sonar images, acquired from the area around the Shandong Peninsula of China. The layers and convolutional kernel sizes were determined to be 8 and 3, respectively. The classification accuracy of overall, rock, sand, and mud of the dimension-invariant residual network model were 97.83%, 94.04%, 97.80%, and 98.02% respectively. In comparison with state-of-the-art classifiers, the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed classification model achieved better performance, and the network parameters optimization method enables the network to achieve satisfactory classification accuracy while spending less time. The proposed classification model and network parameters optimization method show great potential in seabed sediments classification, which can also be extended to the task of underwater target recognition in future research. • The dimension-invariant residual network identifies seabed sediments more accurately. • The dimension-invariant residual block can retain more features than the traditional. • Network parameter optimization methods can balance the training time and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyzed the cause of secondary explosion accident in Hushan Gold mine in China. • Clarified the direct and indirect causes of the accident. • Calculated and verified the direct cause of the secondary explosion accident. • Put forward the suggestions for preventing secondary explosion accidents in mines. Explosion accidents often occur during mining, especially sudden secondary explosions, which pose a serious threat to the life and property safety of employees. Based on the development process and consequences of typical secondary explosion accidents in Hushan Gold Mine, Qixia City, Shandong Province, China, this paper uses accident analysis model and cone measurement calculation method to determine the direct cause of secondary explosion accidents. The main conclusions are as follows: The HFACS-CM model is used to analyze the causes of secondary explosion from five aspects: external environment, organizational influence, unsafe leadership, the prerequisite conditions of unsafe behavior and unsafe behavior. It is found that the CO ignition explosion in the mining process is the direct cause of secondary explosion. Then, combined with the experimental data of the cone measuring instrument, the field CO amount was calculated, and the M CO ≥ 101.4 m3 was obtained, indicating that the CO production did reach the condition of explosion range, and the analysis results of the model were verified. Through HFACS-CM model analysis and calculation verification, the key causes of secondary explosion accidents in such mines are found and lessons are learned, which provides an effective reference for the effective prevention of deflagration accidents in the field of mine safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The vulnerable branches which affect the transient voltage security are identified. • Image-form samples combine grid structure and power flow information visually. • Knowledge visualization makes CNN-based transient voltage stability assessment model more understandable and reliable. • A comprehensive vulnerability indicator integrates the knowledge in CNN, grid topology and branch state. • The proposed method is demonstrated on a real-life provincial grid with renewable energy integration. Because of the increasing proportion of grid-connected converters, the transient voltage problem has increased the risk of the secure and stable operation of power systems. As the extension of transient voltage stability assessment (TVSA), transient voltage vulnerability assessment is the key technique to detect the crucial elements which can cause the insecurity risk of power system transient voltage. Although deep learning-based TVSA models have demonstrated the high accuracy, it is more important to display the knowledge learnt by the models and utilize it to recognize the weakness of transient voltage. This paper presents a transient voltage vulnerability assessment method by knowledge visualization of convolutional neural network (CNN). First, the image-form sample construction method is proposed to characterize the power system operating condition, which prepares for training CNN-based TVSA model. Then, the knowledge in TVSA model is visualized based on Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and Activation Maximization (AM) algorithms, which is analyzed from the perspective of power system stability. Finally, a comprehensive vulnerability indicator is proposed for identify the weakness of transient voltage, which combines the knowledge inside the TVSA model and the indicators with clear physical meaning. Simulation results of the New England 39-bus test system and the real Shandong provincial power grid in China demonstrate that the visualization makes the model more reliable and the proposed method can accurately identify the vulnerable branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global energy demand continues to grow, the demand for renewable energy continues to rise. To meet this demand, many countries have begun to actively promote the development of offshore wind power projects. Since siting is the key to the success of offshore wind power projects, this paper aims to develop a mixed decision-making framework to address the siting of offshore wind power station (OWPS). Firstly, establish a relatively comprehensive OWPS evaluation attribute system. Secondly, the pythagorean hesitation fuzzy set (PHFS) was used to describe the evaluation information in the OWPS site selection process. It can ensure the hesitancy and fuzziness of evaluation information, and is not constrained by the sum of membership and non membership being less than 1. Thirdly, the improved SWARA method is used to calculate the weight of attributes. Finally, an extended MULTIMOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of a Ratio Analysis plus the Full Multiplicative form) method is proposed to rank the siting alternatives for OWPS. The proposed method is applied to the study of OWPS site selection in Shandong Province, China. Through calculation, the comprehensive ranking values are G 1 = 14, G 2 = 7, G 3 = 4, G 4 = 8 and G 5 = 13. Therefore, A 3 is the best alternative. Through sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis, it was verified that the proposed model has good reliability and stability. • A new multi-attribute decision-making model is proposed. • The attribute system for site selection evaluation of OWPS is established. • Expression of evaluation information by pythagorean hesitation fuzzy set. • Pythagorean hesitation fuzzy set and SWARA are combined to calculate attribute weight. • An improved MULTIMOORA method is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem service is the medium of interaction between humans and ecosystems. Reservoirs supply seasonal water to water-scarce areas and have been an important part of the regional ecosystem for their ecological impacts, also providing ecosystem services as an artificial ecosystem. The design and modification of reservoirs can affect the function of the reservoir itself and indirectly change its ecological benefits. In past studies, the selection of reconstruction options only considered the reservoir system, ignoring the long-term interaction within the regional ecosystems and socio-economic systems. To better evaluate the combined effects of schemes, this paper proposes a selection framework based on ecosystem service theory. The ecosystem services value and regional benefits of the reservoir are assessed, the long-term effect is simulated by constructing a dynamic model based on water flow, and the appropriate scheme is certified by the evaluation indicators. The framework is carried out in a case application for Datun reservoir in Shandong Province, China. It is found that: The ecosystem services value of Datun grows from 130.01 to 236.49 M RMB during 2014–2020. The level of ecological benefits is expected to decrease gradually after 2043 because of leakage and evaporation losses. Reconstruction can improve Datun's ability to serve the area, but the ecological and economic trade-offs between the different technology options vary widely. The main contribution of this paper is to weigh the continuous ecological benefits and inputs of different reconstruction schemes from a sustainable, systematic perspective, which is conducive to realizing the healthy operation of reservoirs and promoting regional development. • A framework including assessment, simulation and evaluation models is set up. • This framework analyzes the ecological benefits and balances the inputs of schemes. • The ecosystem services value of Datun grows to 236.49 million yuan during 2014–2020. • Anti-seepage treatment can slow down the bottleneck of reservoir ecological service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The equivalent coefficient is revised according to ability and willingness to pay. • The Best-worst method is used to determine the weight of the allocated indicators. • A 10 km buffer calculation strip is established in the compensated payment area. • The overflow of hydrological adjusting is greater than that of erosion prevention. • Ecological compensation in 2010–2020 is higher than that in 2000–2010. Coordinated governance and horizontal ecological compensation are important ways to realize ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin. Taking the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the research object, this paper analyses the compensation relationship and amount of cities along the line in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces. Firstly, the spillover value of regulation of water flows and erosion prevention of 32 counties along the Yellow River in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces were calculated during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 from the perspective of land use/cover change (LUCC). Secondly, the compensation accounting index system was established based on the classification of ecological services given the beneficiaries' individual preferences, and each indicator's weights were determined based on the Best-worst method. Finally, setting the water ecological service value of the 10 km buffer zone on both sides of the Yellow River as the accounting scope, this paper calculated the amount of ecological compensation paid by 16 cities in Shandong and Henan provinces. The results show that: (1) The spillover value of Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces in 2010–2020 is greater than that in 2000–2010, and the values of erosion prevention in both stages are lower than that of regulation of water flows; (2) From the perspective of providers, the highest is 3.68e + 08 yuan in Lvliang from 2000 to 2010, while the highest is 3.60e + 09 yuan in Yulin from 2010 to 2020; (3) From the perspective of beneficiaries, Zhengzhou has the highest amount of compensation in Henan province, which is 2.28e + 08 yuan in 2000–2010 and 9.41e + 08 yuan in 2010–2020 respectively. In Shandong province, Heze pays the highest value of 1.27e + 08 yuan from 2000 to 2010, and Jinan pays the highest value of 9.56e + 08 yuan from 2010 to 2020. The ecological compensation scheme obtained in this paper is more sustainable than the vertical compensation and expands the scope of the existing ecological compensation standards, which can effectively stimulate the enthusiasm for ecological protection, and reduce the financial pressure on the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural settlements, a type of rural locality where residents live and engage in production, always face significant changes and transitions when meeting the demands of rural development. By applying an integrated framework, we developed a new way to quantify the rural settlement transition (RST) through analysis of the interaction between population movements and land use changes and identification of the coupling relationship between the RST and rural development. This study revealed the dynamic process of the RST by calculating the per capita rural settlement area (PCRA) based on samples collected from 1996 to 2016 in Shandong Province. Our findings show that the rural population first decreased and then reached a relatively stable state, whereas the area of rural settlements experienced a rapid decline after a short increase in Shandong. However, the spatial patterns of rural population and rural settlements are similar to each other. In terms of the spatiotemporal characteristics of the RST, the PCRA shifted from growth to reduction in different periods and showed a spatially increasing tendency from downtown areas to suburban areas and then to exurban areas. The coupling relationship between the RST and rural development changed from extensive to intensive development during the process of urbanization. The coordinated interaction between the rural population movement and land use changes contributed to the sustainable RST as well as to rural development. Based on these findings, this paper also offers a critical discussion of the Chinese rural development policy, arguing that the land consolidation and integrated urban-rural land use planning derived from the RST should be taken into account by Chinese policy-makers and planners as viable strategies for achieving sustainable rural development targets. • Population movement and land use change have jointly promoted the rural settlement transition (RST). • RST can be measured from the perspective of human-landscape interaction. • The per capita rural settlement area (PCRA) index shifted from growth to reduction. • The coupling relationship between the RST and rural development changed from extensive to intensive pattern during the urbanization process. • Land consolidation and integrated urban-rural land use planning are viable strategies for achieving rural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the politics of rural water governance in China through a governmentality lens and village water intervention case. The China Rural Drinking Water Safety Project (RDWSP) was an attempt to control water, while also serving as a tool of power to impel the rural population towards national development goals. The authors analyzed official documents and conducted interviews in a village in Shandong Province to investigate the RDWSP's rationale and practices, as well as how water access and management were negotiated by rural water users. The paper argues that (1) confronted with a decline in local governance capacity and in an effort to rectify the mistakes of the supply-driven, technocratic paradigm, the RDWSP attempted to integrate social, environmental and economic concerns but did not achieve that goal; (2) the decline in local governance capacity and people's pragmatic everyday strategies contributed to an individualized approach to solving water problems, reflected in people's disengagement from the government project and local participation, an effect that may sustain people's marginalization and exclusion from good-quality water access and management. Using the Chinese water project as an example, the paper contributes to the debate on state-induced water control versus civil society "counter-conduct" formed by daily interactions. Furthermore, it enriches the study of politics in general by presenting the state as a site of contested institutionalization and ongoing negotiations, confronted by everyday narratives and encounters with marginalized citizens that go far beyond and are far more complex than overt resistance or covert weapons of the weak. • Water governmentalities aim to simultaneously conduct the social, economic and environmental. • Daily interaction and dynamics are essential to study the complexity of everyday water injustice. • Grassroots negotiations go beyond open resistance and weapons of the weak ds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carding the overall characteristics of population and economy from the macro level. • Analyze the coordination characteristics of population and economy from microcosmic level. • Explore the impact of economic growth on the change of population size. • Analyze the multi-level reasons of the formation of population and economic pattern. • Based on the research results, the sustainable development strategy is put forward. By analyzing the evolution relationship between population distribution and economic pattern in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Shandong region, this paper aims to provide decision-making reference for the social sustainable development of this region. Based on 29 cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Shandong region, using rank-size method, imbalance index and growth elasticity coefficient, this paper explored the internal flow and spatial-temporal evolution trends of population and economic factors in the region from 1990 to 2020. The results show that: The Zipf dimension of urban population size was between 0.86 and 1.15, and the population monopoly of big cities increases first and then decreases. The Zipf dimension of urban economic scale was between 0.83 and 1.01. The economic monopoly of big cities increases first and then decreases, and the population ratio was ahead of the economy. The index of population and economic disequilibrium in the study area ranged from 0.83 to 1.15, indicating that both population and economic distribution showed significant disequilibrium, and the evolution of population and economic distribution was not coordinated. The elasticity of regional population and economic growth declined in the fluctuation, and the economic growth was significantly uncoordinated with the population change. It is suggested that the industrial pattern should be optimized and the development of advantageous industries should be accelerated in the areas with excessive population gathering. For areas with high economic concentration, industrial structure can be adjusted to promote the coordinated development of population and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervision with risk highlights the key area, enterprises and period. It is great for finding the principal contradiction in supervision of safe production, to improve the efficiency of government's regulation and further to realize the optimal configuration of the limited supervisory force from local government. This paper establishes the risk evaluation index system of incident and disaster for manufacturing enterprises based on the systematic investigation and analysis of 209 enterprises in T city, Shandong Province by referring to many research outcomes of scholars abroad and domestic, related laws and regulations and professional standards, choosing 6 B indexes which include 35 C indexes according to the four characteristics and core objective of inherent risk level of manufacturing enterprise, safety regulation level, records of hidden dangers and punishments and accident occurrences. This paper also applies analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to determine the weight of every evaluation indexes, and make mathematics modelling according to the determined index system and weight, then use the model to evaluate and classify the risks of the 209 enterprises of T city Shandong Province, and finally propose measures of safety risk ranking supervision of production for local government according to the result of classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the conversion of the wave energy into electrical energy in low energy flow density sea areas in this paper, the capture power of the sealed-buoy wave energy converter (SBWEC) was investigated by dynamics methods of rigid bodies based on the hydrology data of Shandong Peninsula. The effect of buoy diameter on the response amplitude operator (RAO) was studied using frequency domain analysis method. The effect of buoy diameter on the instantaneous capture power and the effect of mooring angle on the pitch time domain response were studied using time domain analysis method. Results show that the pitch RAO is increased by 10.5 times from 8°/m to 93°/m with the decrease in buoy diameter. The maximum pitch time domain response and capture power are obtained in the SBWEC with the diameter 15m, mooring angle 45° and the slider mass 40 Kg. It is derived that the average capture power and wave energy conversion efficiency are 44.1 KW and 54.44% for the SBWEC in low energy flow density sea areas. Then, the relevant research results provide some reference for the design and utilization of wave energy converter in low energy flow density sea areas. Image 1 • The SBWEC used in low energy flow density seas is studied. • The optimal buoy diameter and mooring angle are 15m and 45°, respectively. • The average capture power 44.1 KW is obtained in wave frequency range 0.24–0.48Hz. • The optimal mass of the slider to obtain maximum efficiency is 40 Kg. • The conversion efficiency reaches to 54.44% in low energy flow density seas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power has demonstrated high-efficiency utilization in electricity system, accordingly, accurate and stable forecasting of wind speed is of vital significance in power grid security management and market economics. However, most former studies only consider either the accuracy or stability, with difficulty achieving the two targets simultaneously, which is insufficient for an effective forecasting method. This paper proposes a novel hybrid forecasting system that includes an effective data decomposition technique, a multi-objective optimization algorithm, a forecasting algorithm, and a set of comprehensive evaluation methods. In this system, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) divides the original wind speed sequence into a set of intrinsic mode functions and then extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by the multi-objective grey wolf optimization (MOGWO) is applied to achieve excellent forecasting performance. To validate the forecasting performance of the developed forecasting system, wind speed data at 10-min interval collected from Shandong Peninsula, China is considered as case study and comprehensive evaluations are introduced. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid system transcends the other compared single and traditional models and simultaneously realizes high accuracy and strong stability. Thus, the proposed CEEMD-MOGWO-ELM system can be effectively and satisfactorily used for smart-grid operation and management. • A hybrid system with multi-objective optimization is proposed to forecast wind speed. • The developed hybrid system can achieve accurate and stable forecasting concurrently. • Comprehensive valuation methods are used to effectively measure the proposed system. • The proposed hybrid model outperforms the benchmark models considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework was proposed for the allocation of PES funds under future scenarios. • The ESV is highest in ecological conservation scenario, while fund is the lowest. • In the future, financial investment in the Qinghai Province needs to be increased. • The exploration of horizontal compensation mechanisms should be encouraged. Reasonable payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) standards are crucial to provide eco-environment management countermeasures. However, existing research on the unified coordination of future PES from the overall perspective is insufficient. This paper proposes a framework derived from the patch-generating land-use simulation (PLUS) model and the ecosystem services value (ESV) assessment method for allocation PES funds. The Yellow River Basin (YRB) was taken as a case study, which is a highly integrated and interconnected entity. The PLUS model was used to analyze various land-use situations from 2010 to 2020, and predict future land-use status under different development scenarios including natural development (ND), cropland conservation (CC) and ecological conservation (EC). The ESV approach was applied to calculate the ESV in nine provinces of the YRB, and propose optimized fund distribution schemes. The results showed that (1) The most significant land-use changes during 2010–2020 were impervious, forests, grasslands, and croplands, where the impervious increased by 22.47 % (4642 km2) and the forest increased by 9 % (7623 km2). (2) The total ESV in the YRB will be highest under EC scenario in 2030, at 729.16 billion CNY, and Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Shandong will have the highest ESV under EC scenario. (3) The funds will reach lowest under EC scenario, at 13.35 billion CNY, while reach highest under CC scenario, at 13.58 billion CNY. (4) In any scenario, Qinghai and Gansu province will get the highest PES funds among nine provinces, and financial investment in the Qinghai Province needs to be increased. Based on our results, it is recommended to foster the exploration of horizontal compensation between the downstream provinces of Henan and Shandong, and the upstream provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, and Gansu, in order to enhance the protection of the eco-environment. The findings can provide scientific guidance for improvement of the PES funds allocation in the YRB, and methodological references for other river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon emissions are explored in China's building operations from provincial perspective. • GDIM is employed to factorize ten affecting factors of CO 2 emissions in building sub-sectors. • CO 2 emissions of building sub-sectors are predicted with dynamic simulation. • The contribution of provinces to the change and peak of national emissions are discussed. Carbon emissions from building operations have a critical impact on achieving carbon peaking goal in China. However, the provincial emission performance in building operations are quite different and it is still unidentified how they affect the national emission change and peaking target, making national emission reduction target hard to implement at the provincial level. This paper explores the driving factors leading to emission changes and examines the prospective emission peaks in China and China's provinces by adopting generalized Divisia index method (GDIM) and the combination of scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the regional emission heterogeneity and the contribution of provinces to the change and peak of national emissions are discussed to identify regions and provinces that should be focused on emission monitoring. Results show that in China and most Chinese provinces, energy consumption of commercial buildings, energy consumption and floor space of urban residential buildings besides income improvement, and the per capita CO 2 emissions of rural residential buildings contributed greatly to emission growth. Under current policies, commercial and urban residential buildings in most provinces would fail to reach their emission peaks ahead of schedule. The urban residential buildings in the northern region, commercial and rural residential buildings in the eastern region caused higher CO 2 emissions. At the provincial level, Shandong, Shanxi and Hebei made the top contribution to total emissions of commercial, urban residential and rural residential buildings, respectively. Shandong and the provinces in north China of urban residential buildings and four provinces including Shandong, Guangdong, Hebei and Zhejiang of commercial and rural residential buildings had the significant impact on the uncertainty of the peaking time of CO 2 emissions. These findings provide a strong decision-making reference for Chinese government to formulate targeted regional emission reduction policies in building operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A long-term water quality prediction model with higher accuracy. • A graph convolutional network obtains topological information among sequences. • A subsequence cross-fusion network captures local features of a sequence. • A destationarizing attention weakens the distribution shift problem of sequences. Water quality prediction is important for maintaining water stability and control in marine environments. However, water quality parameters are affected by complex environmental factors.Marine time series data exhibit distribution shift and nonstationarity problems, owing to environmental heterogeneity.It is still difficult to obtain the spatial and time dependence of time series data with existing models and the model prediction accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, this paper proposes a graph-based convolutional neural network model, allowing networks and sequences to interact smoothly. The Time-graph convolutional fusion network(T-GCFN) consists of a graph convolutional fusion network(GCFN) and Time-pyramidal fusion attention(T-PFA). To obtain the spatial dependence of the original sequence, the original sequence is first decomposed into three subsequences by STL, and then the GCFN obtains the original sequence and trinomial subsequence through a multilayer T-GCN.Internal topology information is also obtained. Second, to eliminate the distribution differences between the training and test sets, the T-PFA is weakened using RevIN.To address the distribution shift problem of the sequence and the nonstationarity problem of the destationarized attention attenuation sequence, a higher weight is assigned to the sequence. Finally, depending on the long and short time series of the obtained sequence, the subsequence is downsampled by cross-learning, and the local features are extracted. Experiments on dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature at six marine ranches on the Shandong peninsula were carried out using the T-GCFN, and the results were compared with those of other deep learning models. The experimental results show that the T-GCFN has better prediction performance and can achieve high-precision predictions of ocean chemistry parameters in the next three days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The limitation of traditional CCDM is revealed. • Both improved CCDM and dynamic decoupling model are used. • The contribution coefficients of CCDM affect the magnitude and type of results. • Static and dynamic CCR between urbanization and air quality are analyzed. Accurately elucidating the coupling coordination relationship (CCR) between urbanization and air quality is an important prerequisite for improving their coordinated development and realizing new urbanization. In previous studies, a traditional coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was used whose contribution coefficients of urbanization and air quality are assumed equal, which is inconsistent with the facts and could easily mislead decision makers, resulting in mistaken choices and policies. In addition, because the traditional CCDM is a static model, it cannot reflect the dynamic CCR between the two during the study period. This paper introduced an improved CCDM and a dynamic decoupling model to explore and elucidate the CCR between urbanization and air quality during 2013–2019. Our results revealed the following: (1) The static CCR between urbanization and air quality in Shandong Province shifted from moderate to good coordination during the study period. The dynamic CCR between urbanization and air quality includes weak decoupling, expansive negative decoupling and expansive connection, of which expansive negative decoupling is the main type. (2) The contribution coefficients α and β of the CCDM affects not only the magnitude but also the type of coupling coordination degree. Compared with the traditional model, the improved model can reflect the CCR between urbanization and air quality more objectively and accurately, and thus provide more reliable and useful information for effective decision-making. (3) Using both the improved model and Tapio's decoupling model, the CCR between urbanization and air quality and its changing trends can be accurately and comprehensively grasped from static as well as dynamic perspectives, providing a timely scientific basis for decision makers to formulate reasonable proactive and reactive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of economic globalization and the increasing strengthening of human exchanges, the Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus evaluation has become a new research area. The purpose of this paper is to develop an inverse approach of graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) to the conflict problems of WEF nexus evaluation in real life. Specifically, due to lack of information, some decision makers' (DMs') preferences over states may be incomplete fuzzy preference relations. Therefore, an algorithm is devised to amend the incomplete fuzzy preference relation to the complete fuzzy preference relation. Subsequently, a complete ordinal score vector is proposed to describe the preference ranking over different states based on the complete fuzzy preference relation. Moreover, in the framework of the inverse approach of GMCR, some mathematical models with the least constraint conditions are proposed to obtain all the required preference relations for opponent DM, which are required to make a given state be stable under four basic stability definitions. Finally, WEF nexus evaluation in Shandong province is illustrated to demonstrate the usefulness of the inverse approach of GMCR with the incomplete fuzzy preference relations. • An inverse approach of graph model is developed based on incomplete fuzzy preference relation. • The proposed method is helpful to model and analyze the WEF nexus evaluation conflict. • The paper integrates the IFPR into the inverse approach for the graph model. • The paper provides a new research perspective for the inverse approach for the graph model. • The proposed method promotes the development and expansion of the graph model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper constructed land use sustainable forecast model, which was based on spatial ecological footprint and econometrics model, to find an effective approach and technique for land use sustainable forecast. What''s the spatial ecological footprint(S-EF)? The paper firstly answered the question, namely the improved and expanded EF based on GIS. Then S-EF and econometrics model, such as GM(1,1), regression model were integrated to build the forecast model. As follows, the Shandong''s land use sustainable was forecasted by the above model, and the future will not be optimistic. The conflict between supply and demand of fossil energy land becomes more evident based on the time and spatial information diagram. In general, this model can be used to forecast the land use sustainable from time to space and was tested effectively; the forecast result may offer datum which are beneficial for land administrators to make land use planning and land administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Environmental taxes can play an important role in reducing pollution issues. However, they also have an impact on the entire economy. This paper uses panel data from Shandong Province in China from 2005 to 2016 to analyze the impact of pollutant charges on the economic and environmental performances. The results show that the payment transfer of pollutant charges can influence the output but the effects varies with regions and time. Pollutant charges increase the resource utilization efficiency and promote economic growth. After controlling output and industry structure, pollutant charges on waste gas improve the air quality. This study confirms the existence of the environmental tax double dividend and provides a reference for new environmental protection taxes. • The effects of pollutant charges on economics and environment are tested. • There are heterogeneity of the effect of pollutant charges on industry structure. • Pollutant charges improves the resource utilization efficiency in Shandong. • Pollutant charges promotes economic growth and improves the environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new zircon U Pb ages and Hf isotope data, and whole-rock geochemical and Sr Nd isotopic data, for lamprophyres in the western Shandong area of China. These data provide new insights into the nature of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton (NCC) during the Early Cretaceous. The lamprophyres are divided into low-Ti (TiO 2 < 1.1 wt%; Ti/Y < 270) and high-Ti (TiO 2 > 2 wt%; Ti/Y > 370) suites, where the Xiaya and Jingziyu minettes are defined as low-Ti lamprophyres and the Jingziyu pyroxene lamprophyres are defined as high-Ti lamprophyres. The igneous zircons yield weighted-mean ages of 126, 132, and 130 Ma for the low- and high-Ti lamprophyres, respectively, indicating these units formed during the Early Cretaceous. The inherited zircons within the Xiaya and Jingziyu minettes define six (2517, 1852, 725, 375, 276, and 236 Ma) and two (2523 and 462 Ma) main age populations, respectively. In comparison, the inherited zircons from the Jingziyu pyroxene lamprophyres yield two main age populations (2523 and 1848 Ma). The low-Ti lamprophyres are enriched in the light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), depleted in the heavy REE (HREE) and high-field-strength elements (HFSE), and have small negative Eu anomalies. In comparison, the high-Ti lamprophyres are enriched in the LREE but are slightly depleted in the HFSE. The low-Ti lamprophyres also have high 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios (0.7121–0.7123), low ε Nd (t) values (−18.81 to −18.62), and contain igneous zircons with relatively high ε Hf (t) values (generally between −9.94 and −3.36). In comparison, the high-Ti lamprophyres have 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios of 0.7066–0.7068, ε Nd (t) values from −5.01 to −4.64, and contain igneous zircons with ε Hf (t) values from −11.77 to −8.50. These data indicate the low-Ti lamprophyres formed from primary magmas generated by the partial melting of an enriched region of the lithospheric mantle that was previously strongly modified jointly by subduction breakoff of the downgoing Yangtze Craton basement material and delamination of the lower continental crust within the NCC. In comparison, the magmas that formed the high-Ti lamprophyres were generated by the partial melting of an enriched region of the lithospheric mantle that was weakly modified by interaction with the lower continental crust of the NCC. Both the low- and high-Ti lamprophyres formed in an extensional tectonic environment during lithospheric thinning, and the presence of these two suites of lamprophyres indicates that lithospheric thinning of the eastern NCC peaked during the Early Cretaceous. • Low- and high-Ti lamprophyres in the western Shandong area formed during the Early Cretaceous. • These lamprophyres indicate that peak lithospheric thinning of the eastern NCC occurred during the Early Cretaceous. • Delamination was an important process during the destruction of the NCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]