Search

A new landscape map of The Netherlands: previous history and basic principles Since the late 19th century numerous Dutch geographers have made landscape typologies of The Netherlands. In 1951 the first landscape map of The Netherlands was published by Hendrik Keuning, depicting eleven landscape types and seven subtypes. Additional maps were made by Bijhouwer (1971), Visscher (1972) and the Working Group of Landscape Typology (1986). All map legends were based on soil types on the first level and cultural landscape characteristics on the second level. This paper describes a new landscape map of The Netherlands that will be published in a handbook called Landscapes of The Netherlands. Compared to former maps several landscapes have been split up into various regional landscape types, such as the sandy landscapes, marine clay landscapes, peat landscapes and river landscapes. Due to new scientific insights into the decay of peat in several regions of the Netherlands the mapping of medieval peat reclamation landscapes is more extensive on the new map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blaise Pascal is often depicted as the melancholic misanthrope with his particularly pessimistic view of man. Through his Thoughts, Pascal indeed describes man as a chaotic and contradictory creature, doomed to an insurmountable state of misery. Inspired by his Jansenist background, Pascal interprets the human misère as a consequence of the Fall: due to Adam, humanity is entirely depraved. The only greatness left to man corresponds to the thought of his miserable condition. However, every human hides that thought behind an illusory ego. In this paper, we will delve deeper into Pascals distinction between the ego and the human being. We intend to show that Pascal's bitter descriptions of man hide a message of equality and relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a corpus-based investigation of the diachronic evolution of the Dutch modal verbs zullen 'shall/will' and willen 'want'. Although they show considerable differences in their developments, neither of these verbs participates in the marked tendency to regain grammatical autonomy characterizing the 'central' modals kunnen 'can', mogen 'may', moeten 'must' and hoeven 'need'. While the latter verbs from New Dutch onwards occur increasingly often without an additional main verb in the clause, this evolution is largely absent in zullen and willen. The paper attempts to offer an explanation on the basis of the developments in the semantic profile of the modal verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 a colloquium was held at the STH Basel on the question 'Is Theology a science?' Five of the papers presented there are published in this volume, supplemented by four additional contributions. The research interests of the mostly Protestant (with some Roman Catholic) scholars lie in Christian Philosophy and Systematic Theology. They tend to give an affirmative answer to the question posed in the title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of Abraham occurs both in the Bible and in the Qur'an. In the Bible he is in particular held up as one whose faith is counted as righteousness. Similarly, the Qur'an reflects that Abraham is a 'pure monotheist' who will be among the righteous. He is also popularly understood as the Father of Faith, with interfaith and secular discourses representing him as the person who joins Judaism, Christianity and Islam together as Abrahamic religions. This paper considers biblical and qur'anic constructs of the righteousness of Abraham, including the qur'anic portrayal of Abraham as ḥanīf, as figurative of the ethics of hope for secular engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to establish the current situation in respect of Barth reception among evangelicals, focussing on Barth reception among evangelicals in Scotland. Describing my own theological pilgrimage, I noted that this reception involved a contrast between two Reformed 'tribes', the one centred on Cornelius Van Til (against Barth) and the other on T.F. Torrance (for Barth). In the early period of Van Til's criticism of Barth, most evangelicals supported him. Today the state of affairs is very different, with Barth finding acceptance among perhaps a majority of evangelicals. I note that, for some evangelicals, critical differences remain on Scripture, on the nature of Reformed Theology, on election and on the atonement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjectives and Adjective Phrases (A&AP) is the first, preliminary, result of the larger project A Modern Grammar of Dutch. The goal of this project is to provide a grammar of Dutch for the professional linguist that incorporates the results of modern theoretical syntactic research in such a way that it is accessible for linguists of all frameworks and disciplines. This article evaluates A&AP in the light of the above goal. It contains a description of the many things that the theoretical perspective of A&AP adds to the knowledge found in traditional grammars such as the Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst (ANS). In addition, it discusses some problems related to the theoretical perspective and makes a number of suggestions to solve these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer a typology of Dutch insubordinate infinitives, which, following Evans's (2007) definition of insubordination, are defined as 'the main clause use' of infinitival constructions. The main objectives of this paper are to provide a pragmatic analysis of these constructions in Dutch and, through cross-linguistic comparison, investigate whether their attested pragmatic functions correspond to the pragmatic functions of (a) insubordinate constructions in general and (b) insubordinate infinitives in particular. This is done on the basis of a corpus study, examining a sample of independent infinitival constructions attested in the Corpus of Spoken Dutch (CGN). Ultimately, three primary functions are distinguished for Dutch insubordinate infinitives that align with different types of insubordinate constructions attested cross-linguistically: they can be employed for (i) discursive strategies, (ii) interpersonal control, and (iii) evaluation and exclamation. In addition, through processes of insubordination and idiomatization a new type of output is created in which the insubordinate infinitival constructions behave as discourse markers. In adopting a language-specific, corpus-based approach, this study provides a first systematic and comprehensive functional typology of insubordinate infinitival constructions in Dutch. At the same time, it contributes to the ongoing theoretical debate on the functional load of insubordinate constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists and authorities for public safety warn for the growing risk of fire in Dutch landscapes. They expect fires to become more uncontrollable in the future, meaning that current fire suppression methods will no longer suffice. Therefore, a change of attitude towards fire as well as adaptation of landscapes is needed in order to learn how to live with its presence. In this paper we focus on one of the high-risk areas in the Netherlands, the Veluwe. We suggest how cultural history and historic landscape can offer inspiration and guidance for this cultural and physical climate adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general linguistics, a paucal is a specific construction that only allows for insertion of the lowest numerals (num), e.g. the Russian num + N.gen.sg, which only allows the numerals 2-4 (Pesetsky 2009). In this paper it is argued that also Dutch shows paucal effects in at least three constructions with numerals: (i) the alle + num + de + N construction, (ii) the num + diminutive construction, and (iii) the historical num + genitive construction. The third paucal construction, which is related to the modern quantitative er construction, which lacks the paucal effect, takes us to the origins and nature of the paucal. Following traditional grammarians who assume a connection of quantitative er with the genitive ending -er (Bech 1952; van der Horst 2009), we are led to the conclusion that extraction of the genitive morpheme to the verbal domain cancels the paucal effect. This brings us to an interpretive rule of paucality that an inflected num at the surface triggers the paucal restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the oblique argument of the Dutch two-place predicate wachten 'wait' behaves syntactically, semantically, and pragmatically as a subject. Conversely, its morphological subject behaves as an object. The starting point of this study is an instance of conjunction reduction in the Flemish newspaper De Standaard, in which the oblique argument of wachten is left unexpressed on identity with the nominative subject in the first conjunct, thereby affirming its status as a subject. Five additional subjecthood tests lend further support to this claim. They show that the oblique argument of wachten is strongly associated with the first position in declarative clauses, that it systematically inverts with the conjugated verb, and that it is often pronominal, definite, and nearly always animate. The data for this study have been randomly extracted from the nlTenTen20 corpus (Kilgarriff et al. 2004, 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to revisit the Dutch Binominal Expressive Construction (cf. een schat van een kind) through an extensive corpus study and to explore its comparability with a potential morphological counterpart in the form of a [N1 N2]N2 compound. We focus on four positively-connotated N1s, namely schat 'treasure', droom 'dream', pracht 'splendor, beauty' and wonder 'miracle', three of which occur in both the syntactic and the morphological pattern (e.g. een schat van een kind 'lit. a treasure of a child' / *een schatkind 'lit. a treasure child', een droom van een huis 'a dream of a house' / een droomhuis 'a dream house', een pracht van een dochter 'a beauty of a daughter' / een prachtdochter 'lit. a beauty daughter', een wonder van vrouw 'a wonder of a woman' / een wondervrouw 'a wonder woman'). The differences and similarities between the various patterns are determined through a corpus analysis of their semantic and formal properties, as well as their frequency and productivity. On the theoretical level, the case study will allow us to address the question whether the syntactic and morphological patterns are complementary or in competition with each other. We will show that some subpatterns form good alternates (e.g. [een pracht van een N2] vs. [een pracht-N2]), while others are used in quite divergent ways ([een droom van een N2] vs. [een droom-N2]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch has three seem-type verbs (schijnen, lijken, blijken), which behave in clearly different ways, although they can all be regarded as epistemicevidential markers in some of their uses. This paper addresses the semantic contribution of blijken, its morpho-syntactic variability and the possible link between both. The analysis is based on data taken from the Corpus of Spoken Dutch (CGN). One of the main findings of this paper pertains to the fact that blijken not only has (typically intersubjective) epistemic-evidential meaning, but also expresses mirativity, especially in those constructional patterns in which the qualification expressed by the verb is non-focal (and hence has only secondary information status). The corpus data show that such non-focal uses of blijken can occur in every construction type the verb occurs in, but clearly favour inherently non-focalizing syntactic patterns like the auxiliary use of blijken with a te-infinitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructions in which the verb combines with a fixed preposition in many cases have a verb taking a prepositional object (PO). It is often said that the preposition with a PO is very close to meaningless, and therefore arbitrary, but there are reasons to doubt this assertion. This paper aims at exploring the paths followed by prepositional and constructional meaning towards abstraction. For a relevant sample of PO-prepositions, it turns out to be possible to reconstruct the path that connects it to its literal sense, even synchronically. Important gateways to abstraction turn out to be the use of analogy and the shift from literal to figurative meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europeans are increasingly challenged by the multiplicity of languages that surround them. In this paper I offer a thought experiment on what our best answer regarding the phenomenon of language in the new creation might be, and I suggest that this might help Christians to engage positively with the multiple languages in their daily lives and local churches. I argue that we should expect the presence of a diversity of languages in the new creation. I do so on the basis of a biblical-theological analysis of key scriptural passages, support from the doctrine of the resurrection, and an appreciation of the significance of missions for language in the eschaton. These steps lead to a weighing of conceivable alternatives and a defence of my preferred solution. I conclude that these results encourage a generous and hospitable attitude towards speakers of other languages and provide a renewed incentive to make space for them in our churches and our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss two different evangelical approaches to the question how the morally challenging passages of the Old Testament are to be interpreted. Gregory A. Boyd argues that this problem can be solved by interpreting these passages in light of Jesus' crucifixion and death. Paul Copan, on the other hand, argues that a careful reading of the texts in question reveals that God acts in a way that is God-befitting. Although the hermeneutics of Boyd and Copan are quite different, and therefore can be defended and criticised in different ways, I argue that they are actually trying to solve the problem in a similar manner: by removing the offensiveness of the Old Testament passages in question. By contrast, I argue that the offensiveness of the Old Testament must not be removed but retained, because God reveals himself in his hiddenness, sometimes under his contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the merits of Dirk Geeraerts in the field of lexicology, lexicography and lexical semantics. The article highlights some of the major achievements and insights in the field developed by Geeraerts. From the very first beginning of his research and the publication of his PhD, his work at the Institute for Dutch Lexicology up to the development of his academic career at KU Leuven, Geeraerts' research focus is on the lexicon. The paper highlights how this research was born out of, and nurtured by, an ongoing dialectic between the practice of lexicography and the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roberto Bellarmino was the defender of Roman Catholic orthodoxy as it was re-affirmed at the Council of Trent over against the critical claims made by the various strands of the Protestant Reformation. This paper will provide a brief introduction to Bellarmine's life, especially as far as his early engagements with Protestantism are concerned. Then it will sketch the apologetic import of his critical interaction with Protestant theology as it is presented in his magnum opus, namely the Controversies. The question will be asked if, and in which ways, articles 9 and 10 of the Apostles' Creed are the central points of conflict between Rome and the Reformation. Until now this issue has not received sufficient attention and the present paper will try to address it. Bellarmine worked hard to achieve his objectives by way of winning the 'war' with theological arguments. For him it was either Rome or the Reformation (aut-aut). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to explain and illustrate the theory of Distributed Morphology for non-specialists. The goal is to take away any misunderstandings and to provide some illustrations of the workings of the theory, mainly on the basis of data from Dutch. Distributed Morphology is a theory of morphology that embraces the so-called Separation Hypothesis: derivation – the forming of a new word by some abstract operation – is separated from affixation – the realization or spell-out of the abstract operation by the addition of some phonologically specified element. The means used by DM to implement the Separation Hypothesis is by late (after syntax) insertion of affixes. Furthermore, Distributed Morphology claims that there is no separate component of the grammar where word-formation takes place. The operations that form new words are the same operations that may create syntactic phrases. Starting from these fundamental claims, we go into some detail of the way Distributed Morphology accounts for different morphological patterns. The paper also points at some cognate, but alternative, approaches to word-formation and inflection. In particular, we briefly address Borer's so-called exo-skeletal model, and the nanosyntactic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International research indicates that the number of adults with very low literacy levels is rising in the Netherlands. Illiterate adults may feel the instrumental need to develop their reading proficiency. However, for them reading is associated with negative feelings such as shame and frustration. Additionally, they do not have the motivation, knowledge or skills to find an interesting book or paper and, furthermore, they often lack social support to start reading and to persist in a reading habit. This suggests that reading interventions should be designed along the lines of social processes of reading; to support people in finding interesting books, reading and talking about them. This paper illustrates, by means of the 'read-along club for adults', what such an intervention could look like. The paper elaborates on four topics. Firstly, how read-along clubs for adults can reduce reluctance in reading. Secondly, how reading-along clubs for adults could mediate all social processes, such as seeking information, deciding on a book, reading and discussing the book, so illiterate adults know what to do when they want to read. Thirdly, how reading-along clubs can support building a reading habit. And finally, it illustrates the importance of a social support network of all readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how an article by Marita Mathijsen on literary subsidies in the nineteenth century (1996, Nederlandse letterkunde) has served as a prelude to later research on post-romantic private literary patronage in The Netherlands on the one hand, and Dutch government policy on the other. It provides an overview of research carried out by Dutch researchers since 1996 into practices of and discourses on the public and private support of authors. Over the past two centuries, governments and private citizens have taken care of writers in multiple ways, with varying motives and with varying degrees of success. Since 1996, researchers have researched these practices from a number of angles. One important question they grappled with was whether these forms of public and private support are essentially similar and should be examined as such, or essentially different. Another dilemma: is it more effective to approach and examine writers after 1850 as passive recipients of charitable (emergency) aid, or to emphasize their role as (non)equal partners in the reciprocal relationships they maintained with their public or private benefactors? In the last section of the paper, the author outlines four directions in which (inter)national patronage research could develop over the next 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper revisits Neuckermans's (2008) proposal concerning the geographic distribution and diachronic genesis of different functions of the particle en, a remnant of Jespersen's Cycle in the Southern Dutch dialects, and addresses van der Auwera's (2009) claim that en may in some dialects of Dutch have developed into a non-negative marker of clausal subordination at the end of the cycle. Based on a 400,000-word corpus of spontaneous dialect speech data from 65 locations in the southern Dutch dialect area (with an emphasis on West and East Flemish ones) as well as on historical data from the literature, it is concluded that Neuckermans's implicational hierarchy (a) needs to be revised and (b) cannot not be a reflex of a diachronic retraction scenario, and that (c) an analysis of non-negative en as a marker of subordination as proposed by van der Auwera cannot be confirmed for the Southern Dutch dialects more generally. Instead, it is argued that the observable distribution points to the synchronic coexistence of several layers of change that have affected en since Middle Dutch, and have led to it having become co-opted as a mirative strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review recent research illustrating the importance of prosody in foreign language acquisition, and to examine whether music might help in this learning process. The paper starts off by defining prosody and by examining previous research on foreign language prosody acquisition, stating the difficulties for learners and the potential effect of non-native prosody on communication, notably on comprehensibility, intelligibility and accentedness. A subsequent section focuses on prosodic characteristics of Dutch and the problems foreign language learners may encounter in acquiring them. Based on this general description of foreign language prosody acquisition, the paper then zooms in on the link between music and prosody, and on the potential effect of musical training, musical abilities or the use of music in the foreign language classroom on foreign language prosody acquisition. The paper ends with a short discussion on avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the variable placement of the particle of particle verb constructions in Dutch and German. In particular, the option to place the particle in first sentence position is studied in a judgment task. We asked native speakers of Dutch to judge utterances which differ with respect to the semantic transparency of the particle and with respect to the distance between particle and verb. In spite of an overall awkwardness of constructions with a fronted particle, the factors under investigation turned out to influence their well-formedness. Our observations thus raise some questions about the acceptability and the grammaticality status of such dubious structures. When comparing our results to those found by Trotzke et al. (2015), who did a similar study for German, we find that the patterns in the two languages are similar but that there are nonetheless some important differences to note. We suggest that this discrepancy has to do with the more flexible use of the first sentence position in German. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samenvatting: De gehechtheidstheorie heeft een grote invloed gehad op de manier waarop er zowel in de wetenschap als in de praktijk gedacht wordt over de sociale en emotionele ontwikkeling van kinderen. Kernbegrippen die te maken hebben met gehechtheid, zoals "veiligheid", "sensitiviteit" of "desorganisatie" zijn herkenbaar voor veel mensen. Binnen het gehechtheidsonderzoek wordt echter geen van deze begrippen op dezelfde manier gebruikt als in het dagelijkse taalgebruik. Dit artikel beschrijft de misverstanden die kunnen ontstaan door onduidelijkheden in de terminologie, waarbij onderzoekers uit bijv. de pedagogische wetenschappen en de sociale psychologie, en professionals uit bijv. de (ortho)pedagogiek, de klinische psychologie of de jeugdbescherming vergelijkbare begrippen gebruiken, maar hier niet dezelfde invulling of betekenis aan geven. Dit veroorzaakt misverstanden en staat een effectieve communicatie en samenwerking tussen wetenschap en praktijk in de weg. Om een betere communicatie te bevorderen, is het belangrijk om meer duidelijkheid te verschaffen over de technische betekenis van begrippen en termen die binnen het gehechtheidsonderzoek gebruikt worden. Om hier een begin mee te maken, is onlangs een Engelstalige begrippenlijst gepubliceerd op de website van de Society for Emotion and Attachment Studies (https://seasinternational.org). In deze paper introduceren wij deze begrippenlijst en de Nederlandse vertaling van deze begrippen. De begrippenlijst is bedoeld als het begin van een naslagwerk voor onderzoekers, clinici en professionals die werken met kennis over gehechtheid. De lijst is een eerste stap richting heldere definities van kernbegrippen met betrekking tot gehechtheid en meer overeenstemming over de betekenis hiervan. Het uiteindelijke doel is meer en betere uitwisseling tussen onderzoek en praktijk op het gebied van gehechtheid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacob van Maerlant concludes his Historie van Troyen (HvT, ‘History of Troy’, ca. 1264) with an adaptation of Virgil’s Aeneid. De Ceukelaire (1991, 1996) has demonstrated the importance of translatio imperii in understanding Maerlant’s decision to follow book II of the Aeneid for the fall of Troy rather than the trusted Roman de Troie (ca. 1165) by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. In this paper, I further explore translatio imperii in Maerlant’s adaptation through a comparative close-reading with Aeneid books IV and XII (HvT vs. 36.826-37.065 and vs. 40.035-40.795). I find that in HvT the transfer of empire is driven by a conception of love which pushes Aeneas away from Dido in book IV and pulls him towards Lavinia in book XII. A dynamic of amour and chevalerie notably coincides with the fulfilment of Aeneas’ translatio imperii. HvT follows the development of chivalric romance and conf irms the historical importance of the Trojan matter in Maerlant’s time, thus strengthening the place of the Low Countries in these European traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses gender marking, i.e. the morphological marking of masculine, feminine and neuter lexical gender in the adnominal domain, in Brabantish dialects spoken in the southern Dutch province North-Brabant. Gender markers belong to the most salient features of North-Brabantish, but with a process of dialect levelling well on its way for at least fifty years, knowledge of lexical gender is fading away. This study delves into these variation patterns. The results of a quantitative analysis of written questionnaires (mainly filled out by elderly dialect speakers, N=700) triggered us to conduct a small in-depth study of speech data from adolescents in the Eindhoven region (N=15). Based on these data, we argue that there is a high level of heterogeneity when it comes to adnominal gender marking. In this paper, we aim at describing and categorizing the various types of variation. The data includes omissions of the traditional Brabantish masculine gender marking, indicating that speakers are converging towards Standard Dutch. However, the data also reveals that in 30% of all utterances speakers apply gender marking in multiple ways. We find three types of variation: 1) masculine gender marking is only partly applied in comparison to the traditional rules of dialect grammar (compromise-constructions), 2) masculine gender markers appear in noun groups where they should not appear according to the dialect grammar (e.g. feminine, neuter, plural), so-called hyperdialectisms, and 3) speakers use innovative gender marking constructions: accumulate forms with two masculine suffixes, so-called hypermarkings. Based on previous research, we argue that typical dialect features, such as gender markers, are part of a regional speech style and play an important role in identity formation. As shibboleths of such a speech style, gender markers are over-generalized by speakers who want to profile themselves as 'genuinely' Brabantish. Also, individual patterns of gender marking indicate that salience in non-canonical sentence structures (e.g. focus) might be an important factor when it comes to emphasizing a deviation from the standard language, in line with (regional) identity construction through the use of shibboleths. Future research is necessary to validate these initial findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a qualitative analysis of a construction that has not been studied extensively yet, namely the Dutch beter-construction, as in Beter ga je bij Starbucks koffie halen, 'You better get yourself a coffee at Starbucks'. The paper gives a detailed description of the syntactic structure and the pragmatics of the construction. We argue that the sentence-initial adverb beter in the beter-construction differs, in both meaning and distributional characteristics, from the comparative adverb beter. By conducting three tests based on Broekhuis & Corver (2016), we show that it functions as a clause adverb in contrast to comparative beter, which functions as a VP-adverb. Moreover, we show that the adverb beter in the beter-construction shares important properties with modal and subjective adverbs. Adopting the generative-linguistic approach to clausal structure, we further propose that modal beter is a phrase that undergoes movement from a sentence-internal modifier position to the clause-initial position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many languages use verbs of perception to express evidentiality. This paper studies the evidential use of the object-oriented perception verb eruitzien 'look' in Dutch. The results of a Twitter corpus study show that, whereas ziet eruit alsof 'looks as if' occasionally comes with an evidential interpretation, the construction ziet ernaar uit 'looks like' predominantly expresses inferential evidentiality. A diachronic investigation shows how the evidential reading of this construction developed from the object-oriented use of the verb, through a stage in which the construction is used to mark a prediction. This predictive reading, which is still available in present-day Dutch, is not evidential. It does not indicate a speaker has supporting evidence for a factual claim, but rather they have evidence for something they expect to become a fact in the near future. Our diachronic study also reveals how another construction, with a subject-oriented verb (eruit) zien 'see (from it)', once used to be an expression of inferential evidentiality as well. This particular construction appears to have lost the competition to its object-oriented counterpart ziet ernaar uit 'looks like', as it is no longer attested. We argue that the construction ziet ernaar uit 'looks like' has fully developed into an evidential construction, since its current primary function is to express evidentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the merits of Dirk Geeraerts in the field of (diachronic) lexical semantics. The article highlights Geeraerts' work on prototypes and metaphor. Some of Geeraerts' most illuminating case-studies are reviewed and a number of characteristic features of this part of Geeraerts' work are identified and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces three articles which each highlight a specific aspect of Dirk Geeraerts' research in the field of Dutch linguistics. At the same time, some general observations are made regarding Geeraerts' theoretical, methodological, and organizational contribution to linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a regional and socio-demographic overview of languages and dialects used most often in and outside the home and on social media in the Netherlands based on a large-scale national representative survey by Statistics Netherlands conducted in 2019 among 7,652 people aged 15 years or older. 149 different languages/dialects were reported to be spoken at home, in other places or used for writing messages on social media. For 25 percent of the people surveyed, Dutch is not dominating at home: 8.2 percent speak another language than Dutch; 10.2 percent a regional language (Low Saxon 4.8 percent; Limburgish 3.4 percent, and Frisian 2.0 percent), and 5.3 percent dialect. The five most widely spoken other languages are English (1.6 percent), Turkish (0.9 percent), Moroccan Arabic/Berber (0.8 percent), Chinese/Mandarin (0.4 percent) and Polish (0.4 percent). 83 percent mostly use Dutch to write messages on social media with English following (35 percent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicknames for imaginary remote hamlets are widespread. One may think, for example, of Podunk Hollow (US). In the Netherlands, Boerenkoolstronkeradeel is best known (boerenkool = kale, stronk= stembase, deel = municipality). The leading Dutch dictionary defines Boerenkoolstronkeradeel as 'a remote hamlet, alledgedly unreachable for "modern civilisation"', the reference – most probably – being the Randstad, the urban conglomeration in the western part of the country. At least two factors may be supposed to have played a part in making some really existing locations inspirational: 1) remoteness, 2) rural or agrarian character. This paper identifies regional linguistic characteristics in these nicknames, and relates them to specific existing locations, leading to the paradox that an almost unknown and remote location becomes a known icon for 'the middle of nowhere'. It will analyze to what extent each of the two factors may have made such really existing names inspirational. One of the conclusions will be that a third factor, too, must be considered: the estimated (subjective) linguistic distance between regional languages concerned on the one hand, and the standard language on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch van is used to mark emotions and feelings which cause bodily reactions and mental states in combinations such as rillen van angst 'shiver with fear', sprakeloos van verbazing 'speechless with astonishment' and blaken van zelfvertrouwen 'beam with self-confidence'. The classification of emotions along the four dimensions of evaluation (valence), potency (control), activation (arousal) and (un)predictability of Fontaine (2006) is discussed and shown to be of linguistic interest. Predicates such as stralen 'beam' or het uitschreeuwen 'to cry (it) out' have strong collocation relations with words denoting emotional extremes on one of the four axes, such as high valence or high arousal. While most of the paper is devoted to the construction with causative van, some suggestive evidence from adverbs of degree is offered to make a broader case for the usefulness of the four dimensions in linguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the generative-linguistic study of Dutch syntax over the last five decades. This is done from three perspectives: a quantitative perspective, a theoretical perspective, and a case study perspective, specifically the case of manner-adverbial patterns of the type A+P; for example, hardop 'aloud'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I reanalyze the data provided in Barbiers (2018) on Dutch adverbs which occur in an embedded (complement) clause while they semantically pertain to the matrix (main) clause (or vice versa). Whereas Barbiers analyzes adverb placement in Dutch along the lines of the Cinque hierarchy (Cinque 1999), I will propose an analysis and explanation along semantic lines which does not need any movement, thereby stressing the importance of semantics and pragmatics in syntactic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subject what needs research. Revisiting DeSchutter & Kloots 2000 De Schutter & Kloots (2000) present an explorative analysis of the use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs in seventeenth-century literary Dutch, when w-forms are gradually replacing d-forms. They argue that the incoming w-forms were informal compared to the older d-forms. In the present paper, however, it is argued that recent historical-sociolinguistic research suggests that the new w-forms represented a change from above, and thus did not index informality. More research into changes in relativization is needed, and some suggestions for future research are given at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency and arm-chair linguistics. A Frisian linguist looks back on Dutch Linguistics and on himself In this contribution I focus on a paper written by Maarten Lemmens on progressive constructions, which appeared in Dutch Linguistics (2015). This paper illustrates the usefulness of frequency in linguistic research convincingly. Additionally I discuss the tension within generative grammar between vision on the one hand and a methodologically adequate treatment of data on the other hand. Finally, I look back on my own activities as a linguist, presenting some personal thoughts about the question what the usefulness is of mediocrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a pattern in which a finite verb is preceded by a locative PP which combines with an initial or final occurrence of the adverb dan ('then') and which may look like a violation of the V2 constraint. The paper is relevant in the context of how to handle what look like exceptions to the V2 pattern, a point that is sometimes neglected in the formal literature, though Zwart (2008a) draws attention to the importance of also capturing such recalcitrant data. Based on standard arguments for constituency, it will be shown that the adverb, which has a non-temporal reading, and the associated PP form one constituent. Thus, a pattern that might at first appear to be a violation of V2 in fact is shown to be in line with the constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of [PART+AUX] and [AUX+PART] word order in Flanders. A descriptive, methodological and theoretical addition toMeyer & Weerman (2016) This paper presents new data on the acquisition of verb clusters in Flemish children. The data were collected by means of a sentence repetition task and the results are in line with the development path for verb clusters in Dutch children as proposed by Meyer & Weerman (2016). While Flemish children also show a development from more 2-1 orders in the youngest group to more 1-2 orders in the older group, this development seems to happen more slowly in Flemish children than in Dutch children. In spite of the fact that the results of both the Flemish and the Dutch study refute an analysis that takes the input adult language as the main factor in verb cluster formation in children, the Flemish data suggest that the higher frequency of 2-1 orders in the Flemish context could help to explain why 1-2 orders are acquired more slowly in Flemish children than Dutch children. In addition, this paper also discusses the results of a production test in Flanders that shows a high preference for 2-1 orders until the age of 7, thus questioning the type of linguistic skills that are assessed in a sentence repetition task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On etwat, etwuk and iets: geography and dynamics of the indefinite pronoun (for things) in West-Flanders This paper focuses on the geography and dynamics of indefinite pronoun variants in West-Flanders (Belgium). Whereas traditional dialect data show etwat ('something') as being the traditional West-Flemish dialect variant, recent studies have attested a new variant in the area: etwuk. This paper addresses the questions (1) where this new dialect variant is used, (2) by whom, (3) how it relates to other variants of the indefinite pronoun and to the interrogative pronoun variants and (4) whether the grammatical context in which it occurs is of any influence. To answer these questions, we analyse 10.000 surveys collected in 2018 in 249 West-Flemish locations. Given that a sample of this size is difficult to analyse using traditional dialectological methods, we introduce generalized additive mixed-effects regression as a means of simultaneously analyzing the diatopic, diastratic and diachronic variation in these surveys (cf. Wieling et al. 2014:689). These generalized additive mixed-effects models reveal striking dynamics in the pronominal system in West-Flanders: the variant etwuk is clearly taking over the role of etwat as dialectal indefinite pronoun, with the region of the cities Ieper and Poperinge as 'expansion tank'. The rise of the non-standard pronoun etwuk is remarkable, given that Flanders is generally marked by dialect shift and dialect levelling (usually in favour of the standard language). We will argue that the pronominal changes in West-Flanders can be interpreted as a sign of linguistic glocalisation, with etwuk as means of indexing regional identity in times of homogenizing informal language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of 'pedagogical tact' in relation to experiencing wonder in the classroom. Research has both empirically shown and philosophically defended the importance of 'wonder' in and for education. This paper aims to contribute to answering the question how, given the important role wonder can play in education, teachers can stimulate experiences of wonder in the classroom. An experience of wonder is an emotional experience, characterized by experiencing something new and unexpected, or incomprehensible, and which puzzles, surprises, fascinates, and/or astonishes the wonderer. In this paper we will describe four central elements of wonder, being alienation, non-enforceability, vulnerability and involvement. We will argue that the notion of 'pedagogical tact', as coined by Max van Manen, and interpreted here as a paradigmatic aspect of the pedagogical relationship, is particularly well-suited to express how teachers should respond to these four elements of children experiencing wonder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'I acted spontaneously and did what I thought was right.' Pedagogical experiences of teachers in vocational education What is it like to teach at a vocational school? What are the pedagogical challenges for teachers who are responsible for vocational training for young people? Since September 2015, the Research Center Urban Talent of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences has conducted field research at six different schools of vocational education. As a member of the center's research staff, I conducted a series of conversations with a team of vocational teachers at each school between September 2015 and July 2018. This paper offers an account of this field research. The research focused on the pedagogical experiences of vocational teachers and aimed to get the teachers to articulate their experiences and to investigate their meanings. The approach was phenomenological. The teachers were encouraged to share and reflect on their experiences. The paper continues with a phenomenological analysis of several topics that were discussed in the conversation with the teachers. It ends with a plea for phenomenological research in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the history of sentence-internal capitalisation in Dutch – a corpus-based study on genre influence on the capitalisation practice Though sentence-internal capitalisation of nouns is – unlike in German – no hallmark of Modern Dutch orthography at all, initial studies on Early Modern Dutch writing practice have affirmed Maas' (1995, 2007) claim that Dutch once exhibited at least a moderate tendency to uppercase nouns in sentence-internal position (cf. Nowak, 2019 & 2020a): Since both studies were restricted on a corpus of bible prints, it remains an open question whether the capitalisation practice was restricted to this text type only. Therefore, the present paper aims at analysing the use of majuscules in other texts types to gain a more conclusive picture on the overall phenomenon. The contrastive analysis of bible prints with printed travel reports and sailing letters (1500-1800) confirms – on the one hand – previous findings, mainly the fact that the use of majuscules within common nouns was increasingly motivated by cognitive factors, mainly animacy and concreteness of the referent; on the other hand, however, the present study shows that sentence-internal capitalisation of common nouns was much more pronounced in non-biblical texts than expected by previous studies (cf. Nowak, 2019 & 2020a). In contrast to bible prints, non-biblical texts did not abolish sentence-internal uppercase letters by the end of the 17th century, suggesting that this spelling convention was not abandoned due to religious reasons as suggested by Maas (1995 & 2007). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kijksluiters: watching conversations between pharmacists and patients As of 1975, Dutch patients receive a package insert with their medication. Due to extensive national and EU legal regulation efforts, the insert developed into a mandatory genre par excellence. However, its communicative functionality remained doubtful: the patient information leaflet has always been regarded as lengthy, complex and user-unfriendly. Recently, the Dutch Medicine Board has introduced a new, audiovisual medication instruction, the so-called Kijksluiter, that shows a video animation of a conversation about the medicine between a pharmacist and a patient. After a historical introduction, the second section of the paper surveys empirical studies that shed light on the main design parameters of the new genre: spoken instead of written information, animated speakers, dialogue instead of monologue. In the third part, we report on an observation study in which 16 users answer 9 scenario questions using a Kijksluiter video. The results indicate that Kijksluiters are not without user problems. Overall, two-thirds of the answers are more or less correct. Half of the participants first watched the video in its entirety before attending to the questions. The main problem this group encountered is: insufficient recollection of the relevant information. The other half of the participants navigated the Kijksluiter for each question, using the menu offering twelve small chapters. The main problems in this group was not finding the question-relevant chapter; but even after listening to the relevant information, some answers are incorrect. We conclude that, although Kijksluiter does not immediately solve all medication communication problems, its concise audiovisual format broadens the range of media available for medicine users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the discursive construction of emotional problems in head-and-neck cancer follow-up consultations Cancer survivors often experience heightened emotional distress, resulting in reduced quality of life. However, previous research has shown that oncologists tend to avoid discussing emotional issues with these patients. In this paper we analyse doctor-patient interaction in follow-up head-and-neck cancer consultations in a major cancer centre in The Netherlands, comparing data from a Control group and a group that used the Distress Thermometer and Problem List (DT+PL) to stimulate the discussion of emotional concerns. We found that, although emotional problems were addressed in both conditions, the change in the doctors' epistemic status occasioned by the DT+PL caused there to be a marked difference in who first nominated the concerns as topics. When and how which issues were discussed was mutually, discursively, negotiated by the participants in the situation. Doctors were seen to rely in these negotiations on their bio-medical knowledge, while patients and companions used their own lived experience and the experiences of third parties. Detailed analysis of the data shows that when there was a disjunct between the knowledge that patients and doctors relied upon, both doctors and patients were very diffident when expressing disagreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misconception and contraception: knowledge and decision-making in contraceptive consultations with a language barrier Just like in general medical consultations, different domains of knowledge come together and are negotiated in contraceptive consultations, followed by decision-making on the contraceptive method. Research shows that a language barrier can hamper knowledge negotiation and decision-making in medical consultations. Our paper contributes to those findings by focussing on contraceptive counselling as a specific and underexplored consultation type. We gathered our data in a Belgian abortion clinic, where contraception is discussed during the consultations, and where an important part of the consultations are characterised by a language barrier. We adopt a Bourdieusian view on language as capital, and use a linguistic ethnographic and interactional sociolinguistic approach, complemented with analytical tools from conversation analysis on epistemics and deontics. The analysis of data fragments, ranging from a limited to a double language barrier, shows that this barrier is connected in various ways with how, and how much, knowledge is negotiated. Incomplete renditions, interruptions, epistemic and deontic claims from non-professional interpreters, along with a lack of shared contextualisation, impede clients to gather information and therefore influence decision-making. We conclude that a language barrier involves a potential risk for knowledge negotiation and decision-making in contraceptive consultations. More attention from healthcare professionals to language barriers could empower women in their sexual and reproductive health choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical papers in this special issue show that how knowledge is made relevant and negotiated in interaction is a complex matter. Traditionally, research on knowledge conceptualizes knowledge as being distributed across patients and health care providers, who respectively have access to experiential knowledge and medical knowledge of illness. In this view, both forms of knowledge then need to be transferred from one party to the other. However, our contributions show that interactions are more complex in many ways. First of all, there are more actors involved in medical interaction, such as translators and family members, who each uniquely contribute to what knowledge is constructed and how. Secondly, the forms and domains of knowledge cannot be reduced to medical and experiential knowledge, but for instance also concern knowledge on how health care interactions are structured. Thirdly, knowledge is not only about informing the other party in interaction but is for instance also used to account for decisions or to seek alignment. In this contribution we explore how these insights can inform future research and how it can help deepen our understanding of patient centredness and shared decision making in health care communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on a study of gender reference in Limburgian, specifically the use of the neuter subject pronoun het 'she' (lit. 'it') to refer to a female referent. This pronoun is used in addition to the feminine pronoun ze 'she'. We investigate the role of the referent's social and grammatical characteristics in the variation between grammatically feminine and 'non-feminine' (nf; i.e., neuter and masculine) pronouns in two experiments. First, we test the effect of a referent's age in a language production study, in which 41 native speakers participated. The results of this study indicate that speakers use het more often to refer to younger than to older women. Second, we use an acceptability judgment task (N = 72) to assess whether the preference for non-feminine pronouns for younger women might be explained by grammatical agreement with non-feminine antecedent nouns (e.g., grammatically neuter maedje 'girl'). The results indicate that this is not the case: het is preferred as a pronoun for younger but not older women, regardless of an antecedent noun's grammatical gender. We conclude that the variation in pronoun gender in Limburgian is a socio-pragmatic phenomenon, and we offer suggestions for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]