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In today’s world, where a car is present in almost every family, the parking problem plays an extremely important role. Parking is one of the most important factors in modern transport infrastructure, because it allows to save the time of both drivers and passengers, to increase the level of comfort and safety of road trips. In Ukraine, this problem is especially relevant, since nowadays it is going through the process of improving its parking infrastructure.The paper examines the problem of parking in large cities, proposes a system for recognizing occupancy of parking spots using computer vision. Such system would use camera feed to track the occupancy of each parking space within a slot. Its benefits would include ease of scalability, saving time of drivers and passengers, automation of parking payment and detection of unpaid parkings. In addition, it makes it possible to easily collect statistics about the busyness of various areas throughout the day or week.The paper also describes the algorithm of classifying the parking spot, as well as a possible architecture that the system may have.Possible problems in training a computer vision model for building the proposed system are considered. Firstly, the available parking datasets are lacking images collected in snow conditions or during nighttime. The hypothesized solution is to use vehicle detection datasets, the number of which that are publicly available is considerably bigger. Another problem is that classification accuracy drops drastically when using different images in train and test dataset. The hypothesized solution here is to apply incremental learning to improve the model as it is being used in a real-life scenario., У роботі розглянуто проблему паркування у великих містах, запропоновано систему розпізнавання вільних місць на паркувальних майданчиках із використанням комп’ютерного зору. Розроблено алгоритм визначення зайнятості паркомісць і архітектуру системи. Розглянуто можливі проблеми під час навчання моделі комп’ютерного зору для побудови подібних систем.

In order to alleviate traffic congestion-parking challenges, this research investigates the causal relationship between road density and parking occupancy. We use Granger causality tests based on vector error correction modeling. During the daily period of twelve consecutive hours, data were collected on road density and parking occupancy in a parking lot and on-street parking in Tunis city center. The empirical results highlight that the dominant type of Granger causality is unidirectional. Hence, we conclude that there is an endogenous relationship between road density and parking occupancy. The findings of this study indicate a need to rethink policy and can be incorporated into modeling parking.

Curb parking is notoriously difficult to find in certain parts of New York City (NYC). NYC Department of Transportation (DOT) is considering implementing demand-responsive pricing for its passenger metered spaces to manage parking demand. This is a pricing mechanism whereby the price of curb parking fluctuates spatially and temporally in accordance with expected or actual demand. This report assesses successful permanent citywide implementations of demand-responsive curb pricing in San Francisco and Seattle to determine the most effective strategies for NYC DOT: these include using meter transaction data and historical occupancy data to estimate current parking occupancy and exploring possibilities of vehicle-mounted license plate recognition technology. To help make demand-responsive pricing more efficient and politically acceptable, the city can implement additional policies such a two-tier system for disability placards to target placard abuse or parking benefit districts to direct meter revenue toward public services on metered blocks. A data-driven demand-responsive curb pricing program that follows a set model for rate adjustments, in conjunction with technology and legislation changes to increase support for the program and reduce parking violations, as described in this report, can effectively increase parking availability in New York City and guide other city transportation agencies in their efforts to do the same.

Motorcycle parking facilities at PT Tirta Investama (TIV) Wonosobo are relatively new, but its application is felt less comfortable because it is too narrow. Moreover, some motorcycles are not parked in the places that have been provided but parked on the driveway and alleyway, which makes parking access even more limited. This research is aimed to evaluate motorcycle parking facilities. Data collection was carried out by direct survey at the PT TIV motorcycle parking location from 06.00 a.m. to 06.00 p.m. on Monday and Tuesday. The evaluation method compares the parking space needed (KRP) with the available Parking Space Unit (SRP). KRP was obtained from parking characteristics by Hobbs (1995) and Indonesian Technical Guidelines for The Implementation of Parking Facilities (1996). The evaluation showed that the parking space (SRP) was lacking because only 168 SRPs were available, but 223 SRPs were needed based on the analysis. In addition, the existing alleyway needs to be widened to comply with the regulations from the Directorate General of Land Transportation. This research also provides an additional design for motorcycle parking buildings that will be carried out according to the needs and available space, which is only sufficient for 206 SRP., Motorcycle parking facilities at PT Tirta Investama (TIV) Wonosobo is relatively new, but in its application, it is felt less comfortable because it is too narrow. Some motorcycles are not parked in the places that have been provided, but park on the driveway and alleyway, which makes parking access even narrower. This research is focused on evaluating motorcycle parking facilities. The results showed that parking spaces (SRP) was lacking and alleyway that was too narrow had to be widened to comply with the rregulations from the Directorate General of Land Transportation. With the lack of parking space units (SRP), additional designs for motorcycle parking buildings will be carried out according to the needs and available space.

Cities are currently struggling with how to regulate new micromobility modes, including e-scooters and dockless bikeshare. Cities are particularly concerned about micromobility parking regulations, which have implications for both traveler safety and mobility. We ask two research questions: 1. How often and for how long are scooters, bicycles, and motor vehicles improperly parked? 2. What are the approximate impacts of improper parking on other travelers, in terms of frequency, duration, and characteristics? In addition to answering the current and pressing need to understand parking on city sidewalks and streets, this project has the potential to influence long-range planning as cities adapt parking for a new era of urban transportation.

Parking supply is one of the most neglected elements of the built environment in travel behavior research, despite evidence linking parking with vehicle use. As transportation impacts of new development are increasingly measured by vehicle miles traveled (VMT), explicitly connecting parking characteristics with vehicle travel is necessary to better inform transportation and land use policy. In this paper, we begin to address this research gap and explore the relationship between constrained parking and household VMT. Utilizing the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) California add-on sample, we estimate residential parking constraint for households in Los Angeles County. Then, we develop a two-level model framework. Level 1 (Cost) models estimate travel costs, represented by vehicle ownership as a function of parking constraints, the built environment, and demographics. Level 2 (Demand) models regress household-level total and homebased-work VMT on predicted vehicle ownership, controlling for temporal and environmental characteristics. To further explore the relationship between parking and VMT by place type, we applied Level 1 and Level 2 models to develop a suite of scenarios for typical households in Los Angeles County. Our findings support the hypothesis that the built environment (including parking) influences VMT through travel costs (vehicle ownership). Results from scenarios analysis reveal constrained on-site residential parking (

Autonomous grounded vehicle-based social assistance/service robot parking in an indoor environment is an exciting challenge in urban cities. There are few efficient methods for parking multi-robot/agent teams in an unknown indoor environment. The primary objective of autonomous multi-robot/agent teams is to establish synchronization between them and to stay in behavioral control when static and when in motion. In this regard, the proposed hardware-efficient algorithm addresses the parking of a trailer (follower) robot in indoor environments by a truck (leader) robot with a rendezvous approach. In the process of parking, initial rendezvous behavioral control between the truck and trailer robots is established. Next, the parking space in the environment is estimated by the truck robot, and the trailer robot parks under the supervision of the truck robot. The proposed behavioral control mechanisms were executed between heterogenous-type computational-based robots. Optimized sensors were used for traversing and the execution of the parking methods. The truck robot leads, and the trailer robot mimics the actions in the execution of path planning and parking. The truck robot was integrated with FPGA (Xilinx Zynq XC7Z020-CLG484-1), and the trailer was integrated with Arduino UNO computing devices; this heterogenous modeling is adequate in the execution of trailer parking by a truck. The hardware schemes were developed using Verilog HDL for the FPGA (truck)-based robot and Python for the Arduino (trailer)-based robot. Published version This work was supported by a Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) grant funded by the Indian government (No. ECR/2016/001848).

This paper investigates car parking users’ behaviors from social media perspective using social network based analysis of online communities revealed by mining the associated hashtags in Twitter. We propose a newinterpretablecommunity detection approach for mapping user’s car parking behavior by combining Clique, K-core and Girvan–Newman community detection algorithms together with a content-based analysis that exploits polarity, relative frequency and dominant topics. Twitter API was used to collect relevant data by tracking popular car-parking hashtags. A social network graph is constructed using a similarity-based analysis. Finally, interpretable communities are inferred by monitoring the outcomes of clique, K-core and Girvan–Newman community detection algorithms. This interpretability is linked to the aggregation of keywords, hashtags and/or location attributes of the tweet messages as well as a visualization module that enables interaction with users. In parallel, a global trend analysis investigates parking types and Twitter influence with respect to both sentiment polarity and dominant trends (extracted using KeyBERT based approach) is performed. The implementation of this social media analytics has uncovered several aspects associated to car-parking behaviors. A comparison with some state-of-the-art community detection methods has also been carried out and revealed some similarities with our developed approach.

Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are small, self-contained housing units that share the same lot as a primary dwelling, usually a single-family detached house. In places with major housing shortages ADUs can be an efficient and cost-effective way to increase supply. Over the last few years, the California Legislature has passed laws to reduce barriers to permitting ADUs, and some California cities have liberalized their regulations even further. However, loosening ADU regulations—particularly those related to parking—can spark neighborhood opposition to ADUs. Recent surveys indicate that both homeowners and local government staff remain concerned that ADUs will overwhelm neighborhood parking supplies.Whether these concerns are justified is unclear. A UC Davis-led research team surveyed 396 homeowners in Sacramento and collected lot size and other data to investigate whether the total effective parking supply of the average single-family detached home is sufficient to accommodate the vehicles associated with the residents of both a primary dwelling and a potential ADU. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications.View the NCST Project Webpage

Urban street space is increasingly contested. However, it is unclear what a fair street space allocation would look like. We develop a framework of ten ethical principles and three normative perspectives on street space – streets for transport, streets for sustainability, and streets as place – and discuss 14 derived street space allocation mechanisms. We contrast these ethically grounded allocation mechanisms with real-world allocation in 18 streets in Berlin. We find that car users, on average, had 3.5 times more space available than non-car users. While some allocation mechanisms are more plausible than others, none is without disputed normative implications. All of the ethical principles, however, suggest that on-street parking for cars is difficult to justify, and that cycling deserves more space. We argue that ethical principles should be systematically integrated into urban and transport planning.

Smart parking systems typically get information only regarding accessible parking areas. All smart cities commonly face a key problem related to parking facilities and traffic management systems. Due to vehicles in a no-parking zone, several folks ought to face traffic problems. Therefore, to reduce this, projected work combines IoTand cloud. The target of the projected work is to create a model, "Detection and Identification of Vehicle's No-Parking area using IoTand cloud”, that helps the drivers to acknowledge the present parked space. No parking area is detected by making use of geolocation of vehicles with the assistance of a real-time cloud server. Projected work does not simply reduce the traffic jam, but it is collectively giving user authentication, cost-efficient and real-time. This method is enforced by putting geolocation, real-time cloud server, a microprocessor for instant data assortment and no-parking detection mobile-application into service. There will be no wastage time anymore searching for a parking space because the parking space will find them.

Three main changes are currently taking place in the context of the automotive industry: electrification of vehicle propulsion, automated driving and a shift towards mobility as a service. While the first two represent opportunities for the industry growth, the later questions the private ownership of a car. Keeping the concept of a privately owned car will involve reducing the economical and environmental cost of such ownership. In this paper, we address the reduction of the parking footprint of cars, leveraging on electrification and low-level driving automation to more than double the density of cars parked in a given area, compared to conventional parking lots. We perform a complete evaluation of different strategies of vehicle coordination based on large-scale datasets of parking sessions in distinct scenarios and under varying demand patterns. Our results on the key metrics, namely area per vehicle, travel distance while parked, and removal time - clearly highlight the relevance and efficiency of this novel approach to parking. We also empirically derive guidelines for designing high-density parking systems (e.g. parking lot layout or capacity) and show the involved trade-offs.

Introduction. The load models of the road network make it possible to understand a lot of the transport, social, environmental, and other city problems. Creating transport models requires knowledge of the traffic flows’ formation and functioning. The paper formulates a goal and poses tasks for the research conducting of the adjoining territories of residential areas in Tula as one of the urban traffic flows’ sources and of the identifying patterns of the parking places near houses’ influence on the road network loading.Materials and methods. The basis of the research was the development in the field of predictive simulation of automobile transport systems. The authors used complex of computer-aided design “TransNet”, which allowed adjusting the initial data in the base model by the results of the parking places’ functioning.Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the improved transport model of Tula allows making the forecast for determining the main parameters of the transport system taking into account the dynamics of vehicles’ local area departure at different time intervals. Moreover, the proposed methodological tools and algorithm for solving the problem of the road network loading in a quasi-dynamic setting helps to solve existing transport problems and to improve the traffic organization.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

The width of street rights-of-way is normally determined by traffic engineering and urban design conventions, without considering the immense value of the underlying land. In this article, I develop an economic framework that can inform decisions on street width, and I use tax parcel data to quantify the widths, land areas, and land value of streets in 20 of the largest counties in the United States. Residential street rights-of-way in the urbanized portion of these counties average 55 ft wide, far greater than the functional minimum of 16 ft required for access. The land value of residential streets totals $959 billion in the urbanized portion of the 20-county sample. In most counties, subdivision regulations are binding. That is, few developers choose to build streets that are wider than code requirements, implying that softening requirements would mean more land devoted to housing and less to streets. Although I highlight the potential for narrower street rights-of-way, I did not consider detailed design issues. Nor did I analyze how any windfall from reduced land requirements would be divided among landowners, developers, and house purchasers. Particularly in places with high land values and housing costs, reallocating street rights-of-way to housing would increase economic efficiency. In the most expensive county in the data set���Santa Clara (CA)���narrowing the right-of-way to 16 ft would save more than $100,000 per housing unit through reduced land consumption. Where streets have little or no function for through traffic, the costs and benefits accrue almost exclusively to neighborhood residents. Thus, planners could reduce or even eliminate street width requirements in subdivision ordinances, leaving developers to make the trade-off between land for streets and land for housing.

In Poland, the number of vehicles owned per capita is systematically increasing. There is also a noticeable increase in traffic in large urban agglomerations. This creates a number of problems, such as difficulties in finding a parking spot. Then it becomes necessary to search for a long time to stop, which is correlated with higher emission of harmful substances and energy consumption. The aim of the work is a multi-criteria analysis of the selection of a parking spot at a shopping center focused on travel times, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In addition, consideration was given to the selection of the optimal parking spot. The tests were carried out in Real Driving Conditions similar to Real Driving Emissions testing. The procedure, currently used as an extension of the type-approval tests, reflects the actual exhaust emissions from vehicles more accurately than tests under laboratory conditions. Specialized PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) apparatus was used for the measurements.

We analyze what ridehail drivers do when out of service between paid trips. We use a dataset of 5.3 million trips in San Francisco and partition each out of service trip into cruising, repositioning, and parking segments. We find that repositioning accounts for nearly two-thirds (63%) of the time between trips, with cruising and parking accounting for 23% and 14% respectively (these figures exclude short trips). Our regression models suggest that drivers tend to make reasonable choices between repositioning and parking, heading to high-demand locations based on the time of day. However, we also find suggestive evidence of racial bias, supporting previous studies of both taxis and ridehailing that indicate that drivers tend to avoid neighborhoods with high proportions of residents of color.

Every public space requires vehicle parking facilities. The registration system was created to ensure the safety of parked vehicles. The existing registration system is done manually by giving a ticket written by the vehicle number by the officer. During exit, ticket is shown to the officer for being matched with the vehicle number. This system has a disadvantage because parking tickets have the opportunity to be counterfeit; the time of verification is dependent on humans and the use of disposable paper. The purpose of this study is to solve problems at low cost. The chosen solution is to register with the QR Code on the driver and vehicle when entering and leaving. This frees the riding-vehicle pair when entering the same as when exiting, because the system will not open the door if the driver-vehicle pair is different between when entering and exiting. The next advantage is reducing human problems. To support this goal, use smart and smart devices that use Android-based smartphones, Google Sheets, Google Forms, MIT App Inventor and TinyDB. This Android-based parking registration system has been proven to increase parking safety levels and reduce waiting times while reducing paper usage.

Purpose the results over of researches brought in the article is determination of rational structurally-technological variants of mastering of underground space, in particular arranging of the underground parking, in attitude toward the method of connection of armature of collapsible reinforce-concrete elements. Methodology. Front-rank experience of building of analogical objects is studied on territory of Ukraine. The variants of connection of armature are considered bath welding and threaded muffs. Findings. Certain basic methods are their realization set major parameters of efficiency of methods of erection of vertical bearing elements. It is confirmed importance of reanimation of building industry in making area of vertical bearing elements of collapsible frameworks of building and building and their adaptation to connection by means of modern mechanical methods of connection of armature. Originality. It is set that one of the most perspective methods of connection of armature there is mechanical connection by the threaded muffs. Application of him for connection of vertical bearing elements of collapsible reinforce-concrete frameworks the term of editing of elements allows to shorten, to decrease the amount of necessity at implementation of works of equipment and considerably to accelerate the process of arranging of load carrying structures. At an association with technology of implementation collapsible-monolithic to framework of building rapid and quality erection of modern building is possible by effective industrial methods. Practical value. Experience of mastering of underground space is studied in Ukraine and world, the problems of building of underground building are certain in the specific difficult terms of geohydrology. The effective technological variants of arranging of vertical bearing elements of the combined teams and collapsible-monolithic frameworks of building and building are offered with connection of armature by the threaded muffs. The results of the conducted researches can be drawn on by designers for development of projects of arranging of the underground parking and other building in Ukraine. The offered technological solutions give an opportunity to realize such project decisions in the difficult terms of geohydrology at making more compact building and maintenance of historical objects of city., Целью приведенных в статье результатов исследований является определение рациональных конструктивно-технологических вариантов освоения подземного пространства, в частности о подземных паркингов, в отношении к способу соединения арматуры сборных железобетонных элементов. Методика. Изучен передовой опыт строительства аналогичных объектов на территории Украины. Рассмотрены варианты соединения арматуры ванношовной сваркой и резьбовыми муфтами. Результаты. Определенные основные способы их реализации, установленные важнейшие параметры эффективности способов возведения вертикальных несущих элементов. Подтверждена важность реанимации строительной отрасли в области изготовления вертикальных несущих элементов сборных каркасов зданий и сооружений и их адаптация к соединению с помощью современных механических способов соединения арматуры. Научная новизна. Установлено, что одним из наиболее перспективных методов соединения арматуры есть механическое соединение резьбовыми муфтами. Применение его для соединения вертикальных несущих элементов сборных железобетонных каркасов позволяет сократить срок монтажа элементов, уменьшить количество необходимого при выполнении работ оборудования и значительно ускорить процесс сооружения несущих конструкций. При объединении с технологией выполнения сборно-монолитного каркасу зданий возможно быстрое и качественное возведение современных зданий эффективными индустриальными методами. Практическая значимость. Изучен опыт освоения подземного пространства в Украине и мире, определены проблемы строительства подземных сооружений в специфических сложных условиях гидрогеологии. Предложены эффективные технологические варианты сооружения вертикальных несущих элементов сборных и сборно-монолитных каркасов зданий и сооружений с соединением арматуры резьбовыми муфтами. Результаты проведенных исследований могут использоваться проектировщиками для разработки проектов сооружения подземных паркингов и других сооружений в Украине. Предложенные технологические решения дают возможность реализовать такие проектные решения в сложных условиях гидрогеологии при уплотняющей застройке и сохранении исторических объектов города., Метою наведених в статті результатів досліджень є визначення раціональних конструктивно-технологічних варіантів освоєння підземного простору, зокрема улаштування підземних паркінгів, у відношенні до способу з’єднання арматури збірних залізобетонних елементів. Методика. Вивчено передовий досвід будівництва аналогічних об’єктів на території України. Розглянуто варіанти з’єднання арматури ванношовним зварюванням та різьбовими муфтами. Результати. Визначені основні способи їх реалізації, встановлені найважливіші параметри ефективності способів зведення вертикальних несучих елементів. Підтверджено важливість реанімації будівельної галузі в області виготовлення вертикальних несучих елементів збірних каркасів будівель та споруд та їх адаптація до з’єднання за допомогою сучасних механічних способів з’єднання арматури. Наукова новизна. Встановлено, що одним з найбільш перспективних методів з’єднання арматури є механічне з’єднання різьбовими муфтами. Застосування його для з’єднання вертикальних несучих елементів збірних залізобетонних каркасів дозволяє скоротити термін монтажу елементів, зменшити кількість необхідного при виконанні робіт обладнання та значно прискорити процес улаштування несучих конструкцій. При об’єднанні з технологією виконання збірно-монолітного каркасу будівель можливе швидке та якісне зведення сучасних будівель ефективними індустріальними методами. Практична значимість. Вивчено досвід освоєння підземного простору в Україні та світі, визначено проблеми будівництва підземних споруд в специфічних складних гідрогеологічних умовах. Запропоновано ефективні технологічні варіанти улаштування вертикальних несучих елементів збірних та збірно-монолітних каркасів будівель та споруд зі з’єднанням арматури різьбовими муфтами. Результати проведених досліджень можуть використовуватися проектувальниками для розробки проектів улаштування підземних паркінгів та інших споруд в Україні. Запропоновані технологічні рішення дають можливість реалізувати такі проектні рішення в складних гідрогеологічних умовах при ущільненій забудові та збереженні історичних об’єктів міста.

Small towns in the agglomeration structure have large connections with the central city, generating increased traffic. The paper presents the possibilities of locating a P & R car park at the railway station in Siechnice to relieve the road network. This location was then evaluated using the author’s fuzzy inference model. The obtained results indicate that Siechnice can play the role of an interchange after improving the quality of rail public transport. Małe miasta w strukturze aglomeracyjnej prezentują duże związki z miastem centralnym, generując wzmożony ruch drogowy. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zlokalizowania parkingu P & R przy dworcu kolejowym w Siechnicach w celu odciążenia sieci drogowej. Dokonano następnie oceny tej lokalizacji za pomocą autorskiego modelu wnioskowania rozmytego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na możliwości pełnienia przez Siechnice roli węzła przesiadkowego po poprawie jakości komunikacji szynowej. &nbsp

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Autonomous transit on demand are increasingly considered to become a viable substitute for taxi services. AVs can be managed through a centralized controlling system, targeting system optimization rather than user optimality. This centralized control can enable a more efficient, strictly-adhered-to parking strategy to reduce inefficient empty traveling. In this project, four different parking strategies are implemented in the AV extension of MATSim (Multi-agent transport simulation), namely demand-based roaming, parking on the street, parking in depots and a mixed strategy of parking on the street and in depots. The influence of different PT demand levels on the different parking strategies was explored, showing that the shared system is robust to varying levels of demand, and that the different parking strategies trade off user convenience for operational cost. The road parking strategy appears to be the best for consolidating rides into larger vehicles, especially for the increased demand scenario., Procedia Computer Science, 151, ISSN:1877-0509

This STS thesis and technical capstone project together address the widespread issues due to ubiquitous and necessary parking technologies. The STS component of the thesis analyzes the current systems and issues and suggests solutions for designers using mediation theory of technology, while the technical project provides a system which allows the goals in the STS component to be carries out. The technical component consists of a meshed network of inductive sensors and Bluetooth transponders which detects the presence of vehicles, authenticates them, and relays the current information back to management software on a PC. It addresses the inefficiency of parking lots by providing a management system which allows proprietors to enforce badged parking and gain insight into the usage patterns in their parking lot. The STS component investigates several case studies and analyzes current literature using mediation theory to derive conclusions about best practice to provide safety equity for users, to make parking more economically efficient, and to minimize environmental damage due to atmospheric heating and runoff.

Рассмотрены физико-химические процессы развития горения автомобилей и распространения пожара на закрытых автостоянках. Проведен анализ факторов, влияющих на распространение пожара на территории автостоянок закрытого типа. Классификация факторов проведена по трем признакам: по расположению автомобилей на закрытых автостоянках, по характеристикам автостоянок закрытого типа и по наличию и исправности систем пожаротушения, которые применяются на территории автостоянок закрытого типа. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для создания моделей анализа пожарной безопасности автостоянках закрытого типа., The physical processes of the development of a car fire and the spread of a fire in closed parking lots are considered. This article considers the analysis of the factors, affecting the spread of fire in the territory of closed parking lots. The classification of factors is based on three characteristics: the location of cars in closed parking lots, the characteristics of closed parking lots, and the availability and serviceability of fire extinguishing systems that are used in closed parking lots. The results obtained can be used to create models for analyzing fire safety in closed parking lots.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio consiste en la evaluación de diferentes políticas de estacionamiento regulado en áreas urbanas. El estudio combina el análisis de condiciones ambientales y de tráfico para cada una de las políticas analizadas. El modelo para realizar la microsimulación, DYNAPARK, ha sido implementado a través del software Aimsun. Este modelo permite simular políticas de limitación temporal de permanencia y diferentes tipos de tarifas de estacionamiento, tanto estáticas como dinámicas. El modelo DYNAPARK es un modelo de comportamiento de estacionamiento basado en agentes y espacialmente explícito. La simulación de las diferentes políticas de estacionamiento tiene como resultado una serie de datos que permiten cuantificar la influencia de estas políticas a partir de diferentes indicadores tales como: el tiempo de búsqueda de estacionamiento, el número de vehículos que buscan estacionamiento, la generación de emisiones y la tasa de ocupación de estacionamiento. El proyecto se aplica a un caso real en una zona del aparcamiento regulado en superficie de la ciudad de Santander. Adicionalmente, el estudio realiza un análisis de sensibilidad de diferentes parámetros ambientales y de tráfico en función del porcentaje de usuarios informados en el sistema. De esta forma, los usuarios son clasificados en función de su conocimiento en tiempo real sobre las tarifas y la ubicación de las plazas de aparcamiento disponibles. Este análisis expone el posible impacto que tendría el fomento del uso de aplicaciones de estacionamiento para la búsqueda y pago de aparcamiento. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio demuestran que un sistema tarifario dinámico con restricción de tiempo de estacionamiento sería capaz de generar un menor impacto en el tráfico, así como reducir la generación de emisiones contaminantes al medio ambiente. A su vez, este trabajo revela algunos de los posibles beneficios del uso de aplicaciones de estacionamiento. ABSTRACT: The study of the impact of parking pricing and time limitation is currently a substantial need to implement the most favourable parking policies that contribute to more efficient and cleaner transport systems. The current study explores and evaluates different parking measures for on-street parking in urban areas. It combines the analysis of environmental and traffic conditions for each of the measures analysed. A microsimulation model, DYNAPARK, is implemented to simulate policies for temporary limitation of parking permanence and both static and dynamic rate variations. DYNAPARK model is a spatially explicit agent-based parking behavioural model. The software used for the microsimulation is Aimsun. Through the simulation of different parking policies, data is obtained to quantify the influence of these policies on users’ parking search time, number of vehicles searching for parking, generation of emissions and parking occupancy rate. The project is applied to a real case in the regulated surface parking in the city of Santander. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis of different traffic and environmental parameters is performed based on the degree of informed users in the system. Users are classified depending on whether they have real-time information about the availability, rates and location of parking spaces. This analysis thereby exposes the impact of promoting the use of parking phone applications for parking search and payment. The results obtained proof that the dynamic rate system with parking time restriction policy is able to generate a lower impact on traffic and the environment when compared to other policies. It also reveals some positive impacts of promoting the use of parking phone applications for parking search and payment. Máster en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (Plan 2020)

The Davis Amtrak station, a stop on the regional Capital Corridor line has the third highest passenger usage along the Capitol Corridor and up until early 2020, ridership was increasing. However, the station’s parking lot fills up before 6am on weekday mornings and this poses an access challenge to passengers. City of Davis Transportation staff have planned shared-use mobility programs as a cost-effective solution to make commuting by train easier, more productive, affordable, and travel-time competitive. This research brief summarizes findings from a University of California, Davis study, the objective of which was to inform and evaluate the City’s planned programs.

Adequate and affordable parking infrastructure is crucial to the health of a community, and as the world becomes increasingly digitized, efficient ways for running software are crucial for community infrastructure implemented with the latest technology. The technical project of this paper involves the research and implementation of a compiler, which is a program used for converting human-readable programming languages into machine-readable languages. It is important to demonstrate an understanding of the fundamentals of compiler design because the reliability of software used to solve community problems ultimately depends upon whether machines correctly interpret the instructions given in the software. The STS paper gives a thorough analysis of the technical solutions and policies pertaining to parking infrastructure in Charlottesville. By understanding the challenges and solutions of local community infrastructure such as parking, one would lay the foundations necessary for solving social problems on a larger scale. By understanding the elements needed for correctly compiling software, an engineer would form the intuition necessary for ensuring that technical solutions for solving social problems are reliable and efficient. The first line of defence against errors in software is the compiler, which is responsible for identifying patterns and spellings that do not conform to the grammar of the programming language. The main focus of the technical research is studying the literature of compiler design. After grasping the various concepts of compiler implementation, a grammar for a programming language was designed. Afterwards, the compiler for that programming language was written in an existing programming language called C++. The research resulted in a functioning compiler that is capable of performing arithmetic, handling text, notifying the programmer of errors, and other essential features of programming languages within a scope reasonable for a semester of work. Compilers are essential tools for aiding the programmer of errors in code and for executing software efficiently. The STS project involved investigating the advantages and limitations of parking technology and how different stakeholders could cooperate so that parking would remain accessible and non-intrusive to the general public. The results showed that not all residents welcome advanced parking technology, that advanced parking technology should be implemented as an option in addition to traditional parking solutions, that sound parking policies make a larger impact, and that participation and dialogue are critical. This topic was researched by studying literature about this topic and by conducting interviews with different members of the Charlottesville community who are impacted by parking infrastructure. The research showed that mobile parking apps often produce operation difficulties and concerns about digital privacy for residents that are not accustomed to the latest technology. Deadlock in the middle of discussing policies for large parking garages severely harm small businesses. The topic of parking in Charlottesville is part of the larger problem of maintaining public infrastructure in a manner that does not harm the interests of participating entities. When faced with any social problem, engineers must thoroughly understand relationships between the people involved and norms that influence the problem. When designing a technical solution to solve a problem, engineers must ensure that software is reliable and efficient. To that end, engineers should have an understanding of how software is compiled and read by machines.

Credibly identifying how the built environment shapes behavior is empirically challenging, because people select residential locations based on differing constraints and preferences for site amenities. Our study overcomes these research barriers by leveraging San Francisco's affordable housing lotteries, which randomly allow specific households to move to specific residences. Using administrative data, we demonstrate that lottery-winning households' baseline preferences are uncorrelated with their allotted residential features such as public transportation accessibility, parking availability, and bicycle infrastructure---meaning that neighborhood attributes and a building's parking supply are effectively assigned at random. Surveying the households, we find that these attributes significantly affect transportation mode choices. Most notably, we show that essentially random variation in on-site parking availability greatly changes households' car ownership decisions and driving frequency, with substitution away from public transit. In contrast, we find that parking availability does not affect employment or job mobility. Overall, the evidence from our study robustly supports that local features of the built environment are important determinants of transportation behavior.

Expanding the network of bus lanes in Los Angeles can alleviate slow bus speeds, which are caused by the fact that most buses share a lane with general traffic. Many corridors in the city feature curb lanes that allow traffic during peak hours, but restrict access to allow parking in the off-peak. Introducing a bus lane on these corridors during peak periods, instead of a travel lane, offers an opportunity to improve bus service while preserving parking outside of peak hours. This report examines bus performance along 75 miles of peak-hour parking restriction (PHPR) corridors to determine whether bus lanes could improve travel times for riders and increase net person throughput. I developed a novel methodology to scrape the real-time position of LA Metro buses from a publicly accessible application programming interface (API) and convert collected coordinates into accurate representations of bus speeds on PHPR lanes. Using two months of data, I describe the speed of buses on PHPR lanes and calculate the potential travel time savings provided by bus lanes. With these findings in hand, I draw on historical traffic counts and the planned person capacity of LA Metro bus service to weigh the potential benefits of bus lanes. I find that bus speeds and travel times on PHPR lanes will likely universally benefit from bus lanes. However, only one-half of studied corridors will see an increase in net person throughput with the addition of a bus lane, typically on corridors with more frequent bus service.

Ubicar un punto estratégico perimetral del casco urbano para proponer un diseño del nuevo Terminal de pasajeros para el municipio de Barbosa que cumpla con los requerimientos necesarios según el decreto 2762 del 2001 para la mejora de llegada y salida de la población flotante, proporcionando comodidad y seguridad a los usuarios tales como pasajeros y dueños de los negocios a instalarse en el nuevo Terminal de Transporte de pasajeros. Realizar una intervención urbana sobre la carrera decima a la altura del aeropuerto con el fin de habilitar accesos vehiculares, priorizando el acceso peatonal para ingreso al nuevo Terminal de Transporte. Reubicar la venta ambulante dentro del nuevo Terminal de Transporte mediante unos espacios considerables para la venta de diferentes productos típicos de la región, fomentando el empleo formal y controlado para el aporte económico de cada familia representada. Locate a perimeter strategic point of the urban area to propose a design of the new Passenger Terminal for the municipality of Barbosa that meets the necessary requirements according to Decree 2762 of 2001 for the improvement of arrival and departure of the floating population, comfortable comfort and safety Users tell stories such as passengers and business owners to install in the new Passenger Transport Terminal. Carry out an urban intervention on the tenth run at the airport in order to activate the vehicles, prioritizing pedestrian access to enter the new Transport Terminal. Relocate the street sale within the new Transport Terminal through considerable spaces for the sale of different typical products of the region, promoting formal and controlled employment for the economic contribution of each family represented. Pregrado

Culver City is anticipating a surge in economic growth in upcoming years, attributed to an influx of large employers. Its challenge will be in meeting growth objectives while managing increasing traffic congestion and emissions – a tall order on any given day, but especially so in light of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Culver City faces additional headwinds in counteracting potentially long-term, destructive changes to travel behavior, and operating under constrained city budgets during these times of austerity. This report focuses on three promising, cost-effective, and infrastructure-light strategies local officials can consider to advance their vision of a more walkable, bikeable, sustainable, and livable Culver City with improved circulation; they are: formation of a local transportation management association, transforming parking management, and consideration of various road pricing schemes. An analysis of local employment patterns, regulations, and traffic conditions informs our context-specific recommendations for their implementation in Culver City.

The technical portion of this thesis documents the process of taking an existing software development project and building off of it to create a feature rich, efficient, and bug free program. The previous group’s software was created to streamline horse show administration by creating digitized entry forms to replace handwritten posters and charts, though it contained some bugs and inefficiencies that ultimately made it too slow to use in an actual horse show. Our group of five took on this project and worked with the same local residents the previous team developed for to create a better product that they could use in actual horse show administration. We held biweekly meetings with them and our capstone advisor to provide status updates on fixes and new features for the software. We developed an efficient and organized workflow with tools such as JIRA and Git, and we created documentation throughout the project to describe the process in organizing our team, setting up a server to host the software, and testing our code. These documents would then be used by our capstone advisor as an example to direct future groups so they can create better projects. The STS portion of this thesis analyzes the parking situation in the city of Charlottesville, Virginia as well as in Hangzhou, China to determine if Hangzhou’s smart parking technologies can be implemented in Charlottesville. Both cities are reviewed to see what their current parking issues are in addition to their plans for future improvements. Hangzhou is a densely populated metropolitan city that serves as a good example for the parking issues that can arise in an urban environment, so analyzing its parking infrastructure and its integration with smart technology can possibly improve Charlottesville’s parking systems in the same manner. The technical and STS theses are unrelated.

The lack of appropriate and convenient truck parking locations has been identified as a major safety, cost, and environmental issue in both the United States and the European Union. Without access to appropriate parking locations, drivers might be forced to either drive while tired, increasing the risk of accidents, or park illegally in unsafe locations, posing a potential safety hazard to themselves and other drivers. The parking shortage also impacts shipment costs and the environment, since drivers burn more fuel while looking for places to park or idling their engines to provide cab power when parked in inappropriate locations.This research brief summarizes findings from the associated project, the objective of which was to generate parking assist algorithms that can help truck drivers better plan their trips. By providing information about parking availability, the researchers hope to induce truck drivers to better distribute themselves among existing rest areas. This would decrease the peak demand in the most popular truck stops and attenuate the problems caused by the parking shortage.View the NCST Project Webpage

The Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), and Scoop Technologies, Inc. (Scoop) partnered on a program to better integrate carpool access to public transit by matching transit passengers into carpools with a transit station as their destination using the carpool matching app Scoop and providing a seamless way to reserve and pay for highly-coveted parking spaces at BART stations. This report discusses how the project was developed and implemented and the project outcomes and lessons learned.

En el presente trabajo se pretende estudiar el contrato de aparcamiento. Primero trataremos de ofrecer un concepto válido del mismo, que lo permita diferenciar de figuras análogas. A continuación expondremos la normativa aplicable que lo regula y realizaremos una exposición de la misma con el fin de determinar y delimitar su naturaleza jurídica. Para ello haremos uso de la doctrina disponible en materia de contratos de aparcamiento, así como de gran material jurisprudencial, hecho que resulta indispensable pues en ocasiones hay que matizar ciertas imperfecciones que la Ley no ha conseguido esclarecer del todo., In the present work, we are going to study the parking contract. First we will try to offer a valid concept of it, which allows it to differentiate itself from similar figures. Next we will expose the applicable regulations that regulate it and we will make an exposition of it in order to determine and define its legal nature. For this, we will use the available doctrine in the matter of parking contracts, as well as large jurisprudential material, a fact that is indispensable because sometimes we have to clarify certain imperfections that the Law has not managed to clarify at all., Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155)

The chapter reflects on the 12 case studies discussed in the book and considers their implications for future research. At the end of the chapter, a new agenda for parking research in large cities is set out.

In this article we analyse the socio-spatial contexts and consequences of the practice of car parking in housing estates. Fredrik Barth’s idea of socially constructed boundaries and the theory of social practice form the theoretical basis of our analysis. The empirical material comes from research conducted in 2016 and 2017 in three Polish cities. We analyse the practice of parking in terms of the specific aspect of mobility that is ‘mooring’. The research shows that parking practices influence the structuring of territorial communities in housing estates on two levels: everyday activities, norms and rules, as well as social differences and boundaries in the space occupied by the housing estate.

This article introduces the schedule assignment problem for public transit, which aims to assign vehicle blocks of a planning period to buses in the fleet of a transportation company. This assignment has to satisfy several constraints, the most important of which is compatibility, meaning that certain blocks can only be serviced by buses belonging to given types. Other constraints come from the fact that the problem considers a long-term plan for several days or weeks, which means that daily parking and periodic maintenance activities also have to be taken into account. We give a state-expanded multi-commodity flow network for the above problem. This model takes parking constraints into account, and also assigns preventive maintenance tasks to buses after serving blocks for a fixed amount of time. The solutions of this model are presented for real-life and randomly generated instances.

the paper presents an analysis of the motorization level in the Volga-Grad region. The lack of places for temporary storage of cars in Volgograd was confirmed and influence degree of parking insufficiency on the deterioration of traffic conditions and the risks of the occurrence of road accidents were assessed. Theoretically were justified and proposed options for the organization of temporary storage of vehicles on the example of the Central District of Volgograd.

The standard additive coalescent starting with n particles is a Markov process which owns several combinatorial representations, one by Pitman as a process of coalescent forests, and one by Chassaing & Louchard as the block sizes in a parking scheme. In the coalescent forest representation, some edges are added successively between a random node and a random root. In this paper, we investigate an alternative construction by adding edges between the roots. This construction induces the same process at the level of cluster sizes, but allows one to make numerous connections with some combinatorial and probabilistic models that were not known to be connected with additive coalescent. The variety of the combinatorial objects involved here – size biased percolation, parking scheme in a tree, increasing trees, random cuts of trees – justifies our interests in this Acknowledgement : The research has been supported by ANR-14-CE25-0014 (ANR GRAAL).

This paper describes the design of SimPark, an agent-based micro-simulator with state-of-the-art parking components. The goal is to allow the simulation of parking policies and strategies while capturing their effects on traffic flow and personal schedules. Though individuals’ parking strategies are an important part of the simulator, they are out of scope in the presented research. All other components of the simulator are discussed in depth and compared with existing parking simulators.

This paper uses a juridical empirical research method. Juridical research is using a statutory approach, namely Qanun/Perda (das sollen), while empirical research uses a field approach (das sein) by conducting direct interviews with parking attendants and parking retribution users. This study aims to understand and determine the responsibility of parking attendants on the edge of public roads in collecting retribution and applying sanctions to irresponsible parking attendants on the edge of public roads. The results of the study show that the parking attendant is required to use the official clothes/vest provided by the Banda Aceh City Transportation Service, the parking attendant at the time of collecting the parking fee is required to submit a coupon to the user of the retribution service as proof of the parking levy collection and the parking attendant is obliged to submit the levy result to the Banda City Government Aceh through the Quotation Officer assigned in accordance with the provisions that have been set, but if the parking attendant does not carry out his obligations, he will be given a sanction in the form of cancellation of the Management Agreement for the Collection of Parking Retribution. By submitting the coupon as proof of payment of the parking fee, the user of the levy service will count the number of vehicles entering and leaving. Keywords: Accountability; Retribution; Parking. Abstrak Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian yang bersifat yuridis empiris. Penelitian yuridis adalah menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu Qanun/Perda (das sollen) , sedangkan penelitian empiris menggunakan pendekatan lapangan (das sein) dengan melakukan wawancara langsung terhadap Juru Parkir dan pengguna retribusi parkir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mengetahui pertanggungjawaban Juru Parkir di tepi jalan umum dalam pemungutan retribusi dan penerapan sanksi terhadap Juru Parkir di tepi jalan umum yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Hasil penelitian bahwa Juru Parkir wajib menggunakan pakaian/rompi resmi yang diberikan oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Banda Aceh, Juru Parkir pada saat memungut retribusi parkir wajib menyerahkan kupon kepada pengguna jasa retribusi sebagai bukti pungutan retribusi parkir dan Juru Parkir wajib menyerahkan hasil retribusi kepada Pemerintah Kota Banda Aceh melalui Juru Kutip yang ditugaskan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan, namum apabila Juru Parkir tidak melaksanakan kewajibannya maka akan diberikan sanksi berupa pembatalan Surat Perjanjian Tata Kelola Pemungutan Retribusi Parkir. Dengan diserahkannya kupon sebagai tanda bukti pembayaran retribusi parkir maka pengguna jasa retribusi akan terhitung jumlah kendaraan yang masuk dan keluar. Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban; Retribusi; Parkir.

We consider the Train Unit Shunting Problem, an important planning problem for passenger railway operators. This problem entails assigning train units from shunting yards to scheduled train services in such a way that the resulting operations are without conflicts. The problem arises at every shunting yard in the railway network and involves matching train units to arriving and departing train services as well as assigning the selected matchings to appropriate shunting yard tracks. We present an extensive comparison benchmark of multiple solution approaches for this problem, some of which are novel. In particular, we develop a constraint programming formulation, a column generation approach, and a randomized greedy heuristic. We compare and benchmark these approaches with two existing methods, a mixed integer linear program and a two-stage heuristic. The benchmark contains multiple real-life instances provided by the Danish State Railways (DSB) and Netherlands Railways (NS). The results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the considered approaches.

The author's final peer reviewed version can be found by following the URI link. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. A Workplace Parking Levy (WPL) scheme raises a levy on private non-domestic off street parking provided by employers. In April 2012 Nottingham became the first UK City to implement such a scheme with the revenue generated hypothecated for funding transport improvements. The lag between the introduction of the WPL and the opening of related public transport improvements represents an opportunity to study the impact of a WPL on congestion as a standalone measure. In order to achieve this it is necessary to consider changes to variables external to the WPL, which also impact on congestion, which may obscure any beneficial impact of the scheme. An autoregressive time series model which accounts for the impact of these exogenous variables is used to evaluate the impact of the introduction of the WPL on congestion. Delay per Vehicle Mile is used as the dependent variable to represent congestion while the number of Liable Workplace Parking Places (LWPP) is used as a continuous intervention variable representing the introduction of the WPL. The model also contains a number of economic, transportation and climatic control variables. The results indicate that the introduction of the WPL as measured by the number of LWPP has a statistically significant impact on traffic congestion in Nottingham. Additionally, external explanatory variables are also shown to impact on congestion, suggesting that these may be masking the true impact of the scheme. This research represents the first statistical analysis of the link between the introduction of a WPL and a reduction in congestion.

This paper extends a trip-based aggregate dynamic traffic model to account for on-street parking search. The trip-based approach for a road network defined as a reservoir characterizes the internal traffic states by a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) in speed while individualizing all vehicle travel distances. This paper first investigates distances to park for on-street parking based on real data in Lyon (France) and stochastic numerical experiments. An updated formulation compared to the existing literature is proposed for the relation between such distances and the parking occupancy. This new formulation is then incorporated into an event-based numerical scheme that solves the trip-based MFD model.

One of the most important features of motor vehicles is their steering maneuverability. Ways of determining single axle steering are well known. This paper presents an idea of how to determine maneuverability of motor vehicles with two steering axles. The concept makes use of elements of kinematic analysis as well as of a 3D model of the steering system. It is based on the theoretical analysis of the most unfavorable situations, such as parallel and perpendicular parking techniques, on the basis of which wheel-steering angles are specified. As a result, it was possible to create a 3D model to simulate the actual operation of the steering system. This made it possible to compare the theoretical approach with the actual system design.

El transporte terrestre, con el paso del tiempo ha progresado constantemente hasta convertirse en una forma indispensable de desplazamiento para la gran mayoría de personas, estos movimientos vigilados y reglamentados dentro de las terminales de transporte, teniendo allí un mejor control de movimientos. Las terminales de transporte terrestre son, a nivel mundial importantes ya que gracias a estos se ha podido conectar diferentes ciudades con un medio de transporte accesible a todo público. Siendo estas terminales el punto de partida y llegada de todas las ciudades, tienden a ser grandes lugares de concentración de publico y a su ves de flotas. Al igual que los diferentes puntos de llegada de cualquier tipo de transporte; las terminales terrestres cuentan con variedad de servicios los cuales son necesarios para el agrado del usuario antes y después de viajar. En Colombia los terminales de transporte terrestre son uno de los puntos mas importantes de cada ciudad, siendo estos una de las primeras impresiones que se le da al usuario al momento de descender o ascender del/al autobús, a pesar de que este tipo de infraestructura tiende a generar diferentes falencias dentro de las ciudades. El municipio de Sogamoso actualmente se encuentra con un constante crecimiento ya que es una de las ciudades mas importantes dentro del departamento en cuanto a turismo, educación, economía, negocios, entre otros. Por esta razón su crecimiento ha sido tan constante que a su ves los viajes a diferentes destinos aumentaron, ya sean viajes cortos o largos. Actualmente esta terminal presenta a necesidad de re ubicación, ya que no cubre las diferentes necesidades en cuanto a capacidad, infraestructura, servicios y áreas de permanencia, para el flujo constante que se esta presentando durante el año. Por esta razón es necesario re ubicar esta terminal de transporte la cual brinde servicios que actualmente faltan, dando solución a diferentes problemas y necesidades. Land transport, with the passage of time has constantly progressed to become an indispensable form of displacement for the vast majority of people, these movements monitored and regulated within the transport terminals, having there a better control of movements. The terrestrial transport terminals are important worldwide because, thanks to these, different cities have been connected to a means of transport accessible to all public. These terminals being the starting point and arrival of all cities, tend to be great places of concentration of the public and in turn of fleets. Like the different points of arrival of any type of transport; The terrestrial terminals have a variety of services which are necessary for the user's pleasure before and after traveling. In Colombia, land transport terminals are one of the most important points in each city, these being one of the first impressions that the user is given when descending or ascending from / to the bus, despite the fact that this type of infrastructure It tends to generate different shortcomings within cities. The municipality of Sogamoso is currently in constant growth as it is one of the most important cities within the department in terms of tourism, education, economy, business, among others. For this reason its growth has been so constant that in turn the trips to different destinations increased, whether short or long trips. This terminal currently presents a need for relocation, since it does not cover the different needs in terms of capacity, infrastructure, services and areas of permanence, for the constant flow that is being presented during the year. For this reason it is necessary to relocate this transport terminal which provides services that are currently missing, giving solution to different problems and needs. Pregrado