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In economics, there is just one argument legitimising import tariffs - the infant industry argument -, but it ceases to be valid as the required learning time ends. This note offers a second argument: the neutralisation of the Dutch disease argument. If the country faces this competitive disadvantage, import tariffs and export subsidies may be a way of circumventing the problem. Many countries that industrialised were only successful because they pragmatically neutralised the disease with import tariffs. RESUMO Em teoria econômica, há apenas um argumento que legitima as tarifas de importação - o argumento da indústria nascente -, mas ele deixa de ser válido quando o tempo de aprendizado necessário termina. Esta nota oferece um segundo argumento: o argumento da neutralização da doença holandesa. Se o país enfrentar essa desvantagem competitiva, tarifas de importação e subsídios à exportação podem ser uma forma de contornar o problema. Muitos países que se industrializaram só tiveram sucesso porque neutralizaram pragmaticamente a doença com tarifas de importação.

The Lithuanian-Latvian illative was formed from the IE accusativus directivus and the local postposition *-ā́. Traces of the postponed *-ā́ have been preserved in yrà ‘is, are; OLith. there is, there are’ < *ī-r-ā́, and Lith. čià ‘here’ < *tj-ā́. Typologically, the Baltic illative can be compared to Greek derivatives with -δε, e.g. οἴκα-δε ‘homewards; at home’. As for the origin of the postponed *-ā́, two hypotheses can be formulated: 1. *-ā́ comes from the IE allative postposition *-eh₂ (see Hajnal 1992); 2. *-ā́ boils down to the instr. sg. of the anaphoric pronoun *h₁o-h₁. The primary illative plural ended in -s-ā́, e.g. OLith. (debesisa) ‘into heaven’. The postposition -na, which can be found e.g. in the ill. pl. miškúosna ‘into forests’, is an innovation resulting from reanalysis of the acc. sg. *-n + *-ā́ → *-nā́. The neutralisation of the privative opposition inessive : illative originally comprised an area much larger than today’s and included the West Aukštaitian dialect. The starting point of this neutralisation was plural forms. This primary state of affairs has remained until the present day in East Aukštaitian in the north from the line Raguva-Ukmergė-Molėtai-Salakas, where inessive sg. and illative sg. are distinguished, but inessive pl. and illative pl. are not, due to apocope of the final vowel, i.e. píevos ‘on meadows’ (= iness. pl. píevose) alongside píevos ‘onto meadows’ (= ill. pl. píevosna) (Zinkevičius 1966: 201). In the privative opposition inessive : illative, the illative form derived from the IE accusative of direction is the marked member of the opposition.

Après avoir rappelé les points-forts de ce que Joas propose dans Les pouvoirs du sacré, l’auteur repart de la question de la sécularisation qui obsède les institutions religieuses et les empêche de discerner les traits propres du contemporain : de l’inédit et de l’innovation, portant des quêtes et des refus, à déchiffrer, s’inscrivant en outre dans une redistribution de ce qui fait le social. Or n’en répond plus le jeu des désacralisations-resacralisations collectives cher à Joas, dont il faut dès lors se décaler, pour souligner que le social est d’abord disséminé et désinstitutionnalisé et que le religieux ne se résume pas à la fonction ici mobilisée. Ce dernier est aussi, foncièrement même, marque d’écart et de différence. L’auteur estime que cet aspect doit être validé au regard du contemporain et esquisse ce qui en est entrainé pour le statut et les formes des traditions religieuses. After recalling the key points of what Joas proposes in The Power of the Sacred, the author takes up the question of secularisation which obsesses religious traditions and prevents them from discerning the specific features of the contemporary era: unprecedented and the innovative developments, bearing quests and refusals, which must be deciphered, and which are part of a redistribution of what makes up the social. The game of collective desacralisations-resacralisations dear to Joas no longer responds to this, compelling us to move away, in order to emphasise that the social is first and foremost disseminated and de-institutionalised and that the religious is not limited to the sacral function mobilised here. Religion or the religious also, fundamentally, a mark of difference. The author believes that this aspect must be validated in the light of contemporary transformations and outlines what this means for the status and forms of religious traditions.

Given the high prevalence of intestinal disease in humans and animals, there is a strong need for clinically relevant models recapitulating gastrointestinal systems, ideally replacing in vivo models in accordance with the principles of the 3R. We established a canine organoid system and analysed the neutralising effects of recombinant versus natural antibodies on Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B in this in vitro system. Sulforhodamine B cytotoxicity assays in 2D and FITC-dextran barrier integrity assays on basal-out and apical-out organoids revealed that recombinant, but not natural antibodies, effectively neutralised C. difficile toxins. Our findings emphasise that canine intestinal organoids can be used to test different components and suggest that they can be further refined to also mirror complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium and other cells.

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to examine the direct effect of the dimensions of opportunity (i.e. ethical climate and institutional policy) and dimensions of job pressure (i.e. workload and work pressure) on workplace deviance (i.e. organisational and interpersonal deviance) and (2) to assess the mediation of neutralisation in the relationship between the dimensions of opportunity, job pressure and workplace deviance.Design/methodology/approachThe present study drew from the fraud triangle theory (FTT; Cressey, 1950) and the theory of neutralisation (Sykes and Matza, 1957) to achieve the research objectives. Survey data from 356 full-time faculty members in Nigerian public universities were collected. Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyse the data.FindingsThe results indicated that opportunity and job pressure significantly affected workplace deviance. As expected, neutralisation was found to mediate the negative relationship between ethical climate and interpersonal deviance and the positive relationship between workload, work pressure and interpersonal deviance. Contrary to expectation, neutralisation did not mediate the relationship between opportunity, pressure and organisational deviance.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was drawn from academics in public universities and the cross-sectional nature of this study means that the findings have limited generalisations.Practical implicationsThis study offers insights into the management of Nigerian public universities on the need to curb workplace deviance amongst faculty members. This study recommends that the management improve the work environment by enhancing the ethical climate and institutional policies and reviewing the existing workload that may constitute pressure to the faculty members.Originality/valueThe present study provides empirical support for the fraud triangle theory and theory of neutralisation to explain workplace deviance.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major global health problem, leading to large outbreaks in the developing world and chronic infections in the developed world. HEV is a non-enveloped virus, which circulates in the blood in a quasi-enveloped form. The quasi-envelope protects HEV particles from neutralising anti-capsid antibodies in the serum; however, most vaccine approaches are designed to induce an immune response against the HEV capsid. In this study, we explored systemic in vivo administration of a novel synthetic and myotropic Adeno-associated virus vector (AAVMYO3) to express the small HEV phosphoprotein ORF3 (found on quasi-enveloped HEV) in the musculature of mice, resulting in the robust and dose-dependent formation of anti-ORF3 antibodies. Neutralisation assays using the serum of ORF3 AAV-transduced mice showed a modest inhibitory effect on the infection of quasi-enveloped HEV in vivo, comparable to previously characterised anti-ORF3 antibodies used as a control. The novel AAVMYO3 capsid used in this study can serve as a versatile platform for the continued development of vector-based vaccines against HEV and other infectious agents, which could complement traditional vaccines akin to the current positive experience with SARS-CoV-2.

This work investigates electrodes consisting of phosphomolybdic acid/reduced graphene oxide (PMo/RGO) and copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) for proton adsorption/desorption and alkali metal ion intercalation/deintercalation, respectively. These electrodes can be used to harvest the energy resulting from the difference in ion concentrations during acid solution neutralization. HPMoO clusters were uniformly anchored on RGO sheets to ensure large electrode surface area and to facilitate proton access to the polyoxometalate electroactive sites. On the other hand, compared to iron ions in Prussian Blue, copper ions in the hexacyanometalate structure provided higher potassium ion intercalation/deintercalation rate. The experiments were performed in the time and frequency domains, and thermodynamic and kinetic models were proposed to improve our understanding of how the electrochemical system behaves with respect to energy harvesting. The reactions presented low energy dissipation due to low charge transfer resistance and diffusion impedance. The predicted energy harvested by the electrochemical full cell was 13.5 and 10.7 kJ per mol of adsorbed proton at 0.1 and 1.0 mA cm in acidic (pH = 2) and slightly acidic (pH = 6) media, respectively, which included acetate buffer and the feedback of the saline solution resulting from neutralization. The electrodes used here provided increased energy harvesting and power density compared to other electrode materials employed for the same purposes. Indeed, energy harvesting from acidic wastewater treatment can be a profitable and sustainable practice mainly for industries that generate enormous amounts of wastewater., We are grateful to FAPESP (Project 2018/07906-9 and 2021/12735-1) and CNPq (Project 140499/2021-0) for financial support.

Staphylococcus aureus is a human and animal pathogen as well as a commensal bacterium. It can be a causative agent of severe, life-threatening infections with high mortality, e.g., toxic shock syndrome, septic shock, and multi-organ failure. S. aureus strains secrete a number of toxins. Exotoxins/enterotoxins are considered important in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned conditions. Exotoxins, e.g., superantigen toxins, cause uncontrolled and polyclonal T cell activation and unregulated activation of inflammatory cytokines. Here we show the importance of genomic analysis of infectious strains in order to identify disease-causing exotoxins. Further, we show through functional analysis of superantigenic properties of staphylococcal exotoxins that even very small amounts of a putative superantigenic contaminant can have a significant mitogenic effect. The results show expression and production of two distinct staphylococcal exotoxins, SEC and SEL, in several strains from clinical isolates. Antibodies against both toxins are required to neutralise the superantigenic activity of staphylococcal supernatants and purified staphylococcal toxins.

Background: The CombiVacS study was designed to assess immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the heterologous ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 combination, and 14-day results showed a strong immune response. The present secondary analysis addresses the evolution of humoral and cellular response up to day 180. Methods: Between April 24 and 30, 2021, 676 adults primed with ChAdOx1-S were enrolled in five hospitals in Spain, and randomised to receive BNT162b2 as second dose (interventional group [IG]) or no vaccine (control group [CG]). Individuals from CG received BNT162b2 as second dose and also on day 28, as planned based on favourable results on day 14. Humoral immunogenicity, measured by immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), antibody functionality using pseudovirus neutralisation assays for the reference (G614), Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants, as well as cellular immune response using interferon-γ and IL-2 immunoassays were assessed at day 28 after BNT162b2 in both groups, at day 90 (planned only in the interventional group) and at day 180 (laboratory data cut-off on Nov 19, 2021). This study was registered with EudraCT (2021-001978-37) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04860739). Findings: In this secondary analysis, 664 individuals (441 from IG and 223 from CG) were included. At day 28 post vaccine, geometric mean titres (GMT) of RBD antibodies were 5616·91 BAU/mL (95% CI 5296·49-5956·71) in the IG and 7298·22 BAU/mL (6739·41-7903·37) in the CG (p < 0·0001). RBD antibodies titres decreased at day 180 (1142·0 BAU/mL [1048·69-1243·62] and 1836·4 BAU/mL [1621·62-2079·62] in the IG and CG, respectively; p < 0·0001). Neutralising antibodies also waned from day 28 to day 180 in both the IG (1429·01 [1220·37-1673·33] and 198·72 [161·54-244·47], respectively) and the CG (1503·28 [1210·71-1866·54] and 295·57 [209·84-416·33], respectively). The lowest variant-specific response was observed against Omicron-and Beta variants, with low proportion of individuals exhibiting specific neutralising antibody titres (NT50) >1:100 at day 180 (19% and 22%, respectively). Interpretation: Titres of RBD antibodies decay over time, similar to homologous regimes. Our findings suggested that delaying administration of the second dose did not have a detrimental effect after vaccination and may have improved the response obtained. Lower neutralisation was observed against Omicron and Beta variants at day 180. Funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). AMB, AJC, JO, and JF are members of the VACCELERATE (European Corona Vaccine Trial Accelerator Platform) Network, which aims to facilitate and accelerate the design and implementation of COVID-19 phase 2 and 3 vaccine trials. JO is a member of the INsTRuCT (Innovative Training in Myeloid Regulatory Cell Therapy) Consortium, a network of European scientists from academia and industry focused on developing innovative immunotherapies. This work is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, a Spanish public body assigned to the Ministry of Science and Innovation that manages and promotes public clinical research related to public health. The Spanish Clinical Trials Platform is a public network funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant numbers PTC20/00018 and PT17/0017), the State Plan for Research, Development, and Innovation 2013−16, the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2017−20, and the Subdirectorate General for Evaluation and Promotion of Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofinanced with FEDER funds. CombiVacS was designed under the umbrella of the VACCELERATE project. VACCELER ATE and INsTRuCT received funding from the EU’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement numbers 101037867 and 860003). The Instituto de Salud Carlos III is the Spanish partner in the VACCELERATE project. This work is partially funded by Institute of Health Carlos III (Instituto de Salud Carlos III − ISCIII −), (grants PI19CIII/00004 to JA and PI21CIII/00025 to MPO and JGP), and COVID-19 FUND (grants COV20/00679 and COV20/00072 to MPO and JA) and CIBERINFEC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “A way to make Europe”. The authors thank all trial participants, the international data safety monitoring board (Appendix 1 p 23), and the trial steering committee (Appendix 1 pp 24−25). The authors thank Esther Prieto for editorial assistance and writing support (employed by Hospital Universitario La Paz; funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grant number PCT20/00018) and María Castillo-de la Osa (PEJ2018-004557-A) for excellent technical assistance. Sí

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant global morbidity and mortality on a scale similar to the influenza pandemic of 1918. Over the course of the last few months, a number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified against which vaccine-induced immune responses may be less effective. These “variants-of-concern” have garnered significant attention in the media, with discussion around their impact on the future of the pandemic and the ability of leading COVID-19 vaccines to protect against them effectively. To address concerns about emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants affecting vaccine-induced immunity, we investigated the neutralisation of representative ‘G614’, ‘501Y.V1’ and ‘501Y.V2’ virus isolates using sera from ferrets that had received prime-boost doses of the DNA vaccine, INO-4800. Neutralisation titres against G614 and 501Y.V1 were comparable, but titres against the 501Y.V2 variant were approximately 4-fold lower, similar to results reported with other nucleic acid vaccines and supported by in silico biomolecular modelling. The results confirm that the vaccine-induced neutralising antibodies generated by INO-4800 remain effective against current variants-of-concern, albeit with lower neutralisation titres against 501Y.V2 similar to other leading nucleic acid-based vaccines.

Objectives Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly variable and globally important feline pathogen for which vaccination has been the mainstay of control. Here, we test whether the continued use of FCV-F9, one of the most frequently used vaccine strains globally, is driving the emergence of vaccine-resistant viruses in the field. Methods This study made use of two representative panels of field isolates previously collected from cats visiting randomly selected veterinary practices across the UK as part of separate cross-sectional studies from 2001 and 2013/2014. Phylogenetic analysis and in vitro virus neutralisation tests were used to compare the genetic and antigenic relationships between these populations and FCV-F9. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed a typically radial distribution dominated by 52 distinct strains, with strains from both 2001 and 2013/2014 intermingled. The sequence for FCV-F9 appeared to be integral to this phylogeny and there were no significant differences in the genetic distances within each studied population (intra-population distances), or between them (inter-population distances), or between each population and FCV-F9. A 1 in 8 dilution neutralised 97% and 100% of the 2001 and 2013/14 isolates, respectively, and a 1 in 16 dilution neutralised 87% and 75% of isolates, respectively. There was no significant difference either in variance between the FCV-F9 neutralising titres for the two populations, or in the distribution of neutralisation titres across the two populations. Conclusions and relevance Although FCV is a highly variable virus, we found no evidence for a progressive divergence of field virus from vaccine strain FCV-F9, either phylogenetically or antigenically, with FCV-F9 antisera remaining broadly and equally cross-reactive to two geographically representative and temporally separated FCV populations. We suggest this may be because the immunodominant region of the FCV capsid responsible for neutralisation may have structural constraints preventing its longer term progressive antigenic evolution.

Objectives SARS‐CoV‐2 can be transmitted by aerosols, and the ocular surface may be an important route of transmission. Little is known about protective antibody responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 in tears after infection or vaccination. We analysed the SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific IgG and IgA responses in human tears after either COVID‐19 infection or vaccination. Methods We measured the antibody responses in 16 subjects with COVID‐19 infection for an average of 7 months before, and 15 subjects before and 2 weeks post‐Comirnaty (Pfizer‐BioNtech) vaccination. Plasma, saliva and basal tears were collected. Eleven pre‐pandemic individuals were included as healthy controls. Results IgG antibodies to spike and nucleoprotein were detected in tears, saliva and plasma from subjects with prior SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in comparison with uninfected controls. While receptor‐binding domain (RBD)‐specific antibodies were detected in plasma, minimal RBD‐specific antibodies were detected in tears and saliva. By contrast, high levels of IgG antibodies to spike and RBD, but not nucleoprotein, were induced in tears, saliva and plasma of subjects receiving 2 doses of the Comirnaty vaccine. Increased levels of IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens were detected in plasma following infection or vaccination but were unchanged in tears and saliva. Comirnaty vaccination induced high neutralising Abs in the plasma, but limited neutralising antibodies were detected in saliva or tears. Conclusion Both infection and vaccination induce SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific IgG antibodies in tears. RBD‐specific IgG antibodies in tears were induced by vaccination but were not present 7 months post‐infection. This suggests the neutralising antibodies may be low in the tears late following infection., The ocular surface may be an important route of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. We found SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies in tears, saliva and plasma from participants either convalescent from COVID‐19 or receiving the Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine.

Highlights • Microneutralisation test (MNT) was carried out for 62 COVID-19 patients. • Results from six commercial SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays were compared to MNT. • Performance of different immunoassays were variable., There is an urgent need for reliable high-throughput serological assays for the management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Preferably, the performance of serological tests for a novel virus should be determined with clinical specimens against a gold standard, i.e. virus neutralisation. We compared the performance of six commercial immunoassays for the detection of SARS-COV-2 IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies, including four automated assays [Abbott SARS-COV-2 IgG (CE marked), Diasorin Liaison® SARS-COV-2 S1/S2 IgG (research use only, RUO), and Euroimmun SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgA (CE marked)], and two rapid lateral flow (immunocromatographic) tests [Acro Biotech 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM (CE marked) and Xiamen Biotime Biotechnology SARS-COV-2 IgG/IgM (CE marked)] with a microneutralisation test (MNT). Two specimen panels from serum samples sent to Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB) were compiled: the patient panel (N=70) included sera from PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients, and the negative panel (N=81) included sera sent for screening of autoimmune diseases and respiratory virus antibodies in 2018 and 2019. The MNT was carried out for all COVID-19 samples (70 serum samples, 62 individuals) and for 53 samples from the negative panel. Forty-one out of 62 COVID-19 patients showed neutralising antibodies.The specificity and sensitivity values of the commercial tests against MNT, respectively, were as follows: 95.1 %/80.5 % (Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG), 94.9 %/43.8 % (Diasorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 IgG; RUO), 68.3 %/87.8 % (Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 IgA), 86.6 %/70.7 % (Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 IgG), 74.4 %/56.1 % (Acro 2019-nCoV IgG), 69.5 %/46.3 % (Acro 2019-nCoV IgM), 97.5 %/71.9 % (Xiamen Biotime SARS-CoV-2 IgG), and 88.8 %/81.3 % (Xiamen Biotime SARS-CoV-2 IgM). This study shows variable performance values. Laboratories should carefully consider their testing process, such as a two-tier approach, in order to optimize the overall performance of SARS- CoV-2 serodiagnostics.

The SHS technique was experimented in chrysotile breakdown. By means of two reactions such as Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + Fe 2 O 3 + 3 Mg and 2Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + Fe 3 O 4 + 4 Mg the chrysotile was completely converted into forsterite-rich olivine. Different mixtures of hematite + Mg and magnetite + Mg were tested with chrysotile to establish the maximum chrysotile amount in order to allow the reaction. In comparison with conventional thermal treatments, the SHS process is characterized by a fast reaction, needs low activation energy and the apparatus is simple. For these reasons, the asbestos neutralisation is carried out with positive balance of time and costs of the process. Furthermore, the combustion product can be re-used as secondary material.

Spike-specific antibodies contribute significantly to the neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and are important for the therapeutic effect of convalescent plasma. B.1.1.7 is a recently emerged variant of SARS-CoV-2 that has several mutations in the gene encoding for the spike-protein. To assess the potential effect these mutations could have on the neutralizing efficacy of antibodies, we evaluated 96 serum samples from convalescent plasma donors collected before the first occurrence of B.1.1.7 and tested their neutralizing effect on wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.1.7. We found that B.1.1.7 is more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma from patients infected with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 with an overall decrease in neutralizing activity of 47.7%. Thus, the neutralizing effect of convalescent plasma should be determined against the major circulating virus clades whenever possible to ensure the best possible therapeutic effect.

Le personnage de Pulcinella, dans ses multiples facettes et ses déguisements bigarrés, a transcendé époques, zones géographiques et espaces culturels en faisant de son parler, la langue napolitaine, sa propre marque d’identité. Là où il s’est retrouvé, il a emporté avec lui une langue marquée par son histoire, riche d’images et de sonorités, et imprégnée de traditions ancestrales. Un grand patrimoine. Lors de ses voyages à travers l’espace et le temps, Pulcinella a contribué à l’actualisation et à la régénération de ce dialetto qui a longtemps concurrencé le toscan avant que celui-ci ne devienne le parler qui a unifié la péninsule italienne. La présence d’“envahisseurs linguistiques” notamment dans le sud de cette péninsule a façonné peu à peu cette langue en raison des traits qu’elle a su adopter et adapter à son propre modèle linguistique. Si ses rapports avec ces langues naguère dominantes sont évidents, d’autres phénomènes susceptibles d’intéresser le linguiste avisé lui sont propres et constituent un corpus d’étude aussi riche que fascinant. This article considers the question of language and the figure of Pulcinella. Multiple of character in his colourful clothes, Pulcinella has crossed time periods, geographical areas and cultural spaces, but his spoken language, Neapolitan, has always been his identifying mark. Wherever he may have gone, he has taken with him this language rich in historical signifiers, full of images and sounds, and representative of a rich heritage of ancestral folk traditions. Even as he travels fluidly about, defying space and times, Pulcinella has contributed to the updating and regeneration of this dialetto which once competed with the Tuscan before the latter became the unifying language of the Italian peninsula. The presence of “linguistic invaders” in the south of the peninsula deeply influenced the pattern of this linguistic variation which not only adapted but also adopted many of their then-unfamiliar linguistic features.

We have calculated that with the world population projected to increase from 7.5 billion in 2017 to 9.8 in 2050, the next generation (within 33 years) will produce 12,000&ndash, 13,000 Mt of plastic, and that the yearly consumption will reach 37&ndash, 40 kilos of plastic per person worldwide. One of the branches of the plastics industry is the production of plastics for agriculture e.g., seed trays and pots. In this paper, novel metakaolin-based geopolymer composites reinforced with cellulosic fibres are presented as an alternative to plastic pots. Materials can be dedicated to agricultural applications, provided they have neutral properties, however, geopolymer paste and its final products have high pH. Therefore, a two-step protocol of neutralisation of the geopolymer foam pots was optimised and implemented. The strength of the geopolymer samples was lower when foams were neutralised. The reinforcement of geopolymers with cellulose clearly prevented the reduction of mechanical properties after neutralisation, which was correlated with the lower volume of pores in the foam and with the cellulose chemical properties. Both, neutralisation and reinforcement with cellulose can also eliminate an efflorescence. Significantly increased plant growth was found in geopolymer pots in comparison to plastic pots. The cellulose in geopolymers resulted in better adsorption and slower desorption of minerals during fertilisation. This effect could also be associated with a lower number of large pores in the presence of cellulose fibres in pots, and thus more stable pore filling and better protection of internal surface interactions.

Morbillivirus neutralising antibodies are traditionally measured using either plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNTs) or live virus microneutralisation tests (micro-NTs). While both test formats provide a reliable assessment of the strength and specificity of the humoral response, they are restricted by the limited number of viral strains that can be studied and often present significant biological safety concerns to the operator. In this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) based pseudotyping system for the measurement of morbillivirus neutralising antibodies. By expressing the haemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of canine distemper virus (CDV) on VSVΔG pseudotypes bearing a luciferase marker gene, neutralising antibody titres could be measured rapidly and with high sensitivity. Further, by exchanging the glycoprotein expression construct, responses against distinct viral strains or species may be measured. Using this technique, we demonstrate cross neutralisation between CDV and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). As an example of the value of the technique, we demonstrate that UK dogs vary in the breadth of immunity induced by CDV vaccination; in some dogs the neutralising response is CDV-specific while, in others, the neutralising response extends to the ruminant morbillivirus PPRV. This technique will facilitate a comprehensive comparison of cross-neutralisation to be conducted across the morbilliviruses.

The paper criticially discusses Green’s (this issue) binary typology of replacive tones in Western Mande nominal constructions. Green’s distinction between the two types of replacive tones in Western Mande is based on the existence of Word 2 to Word 2 tone spreading, which is attested in a subset of languages under the scope of Green’s paper. I suggest to shift the focus of Mande replacive tone typology from Word 2 to Word 2 tone spreading, as put forward by Green, to the properties of Word 2 tonal neutralization. The crucial evidence in favour of my approach comes from other Mande branches not discussed in Green’s paper. I argue that there are two types of Word 2 tonal neutralization in Mande. The first type covers phonological neutralization, whereby Word 2 gets a default (unmarked) tone and/or it may get its tone from Word 2 via spreading, this type is attested in Central Mande. The second type is morphological (morphosyntactic) neutralization whereby Word 2 is assigned a specific tone marker, typically low or extra‑low tone. This type of Word 2 neutralization is attested in Southern, Soso‑Southwestern Mande, Vai, and Soninke, although it is obscured by further surface W1 to W2 spreading in Soso‑Southwestern Mande and Vai. Dans cet article, la typologie binaire des tons substitutifs dans les constructions nominales en mandé‑ouest avancée par Christopher Green (cf. son article dans ce numéro) fait l’objet d’une analyse critique. La distinction faite par Green entre les deux types de tons substitutifs se fonde sur l’existence de la propagation tonale du premier mot de la construction (W1) sur le deuxième mot (W2). Je propose de modifier la base de la typologie des tons substitutifs et de mettre en lumière le caractère de la neutralisation tonale de W2. Les arguments principaux en faveur de ma proposition proviennent des groupes mandé qui ne sont pas traités dans l’article de Green. Je considère qu’il y a deux types de neutralisation tonale en mandé. Le premier type est une neutralisation phonologique : le W1 acquiert un ton par défaut (ton non‑marqué) et/ou il peut obtenir son ton du W2 par propagation ; ce type est bien représenté dans le groupe mandé central. Le deuxième type est une neutralisation morphologique (morphosyntaxique) : le W2 reçoit un marqueur tonal spécifique, typiquement un ton grammatical bas ou extra‑bas. Ce type de neutralisation tonale du W2 est attesté dans les langues mandé‑sud, soso‑mandé‑sud‑ouest, vaï et soninké. Cependant, ce phénomène est obscurci par la propagation ultérieure et superficielle du ton du W1 sur le W2 en soso‑mandé‑sud‑ouest et vaï. Статья посвящена критике бинарной типологии заместительных тонов в именных конструкциях западной ветви языков манде, предложенной в работе (Green 2018). В основе типологии К. Грина лежит распространение тона с первого слова на второе. На мой взгляд, типология заместительных тонов в манде должна учитывать природу нейтрализации лексического тона на втором слове. Мой подход подтверждается данными других ветвей семьи манде, не включенных в исследование Грина. Я выделяю два типа тональной нейтрализации второго слова в манде. Первый тип подразумевает фонологическую нейтрализацию, при которой второе слово получает либо дефолтный (немаркированный) тон, либо его тон распространяется с первого слова. Этот тип характерен для центральной группы манде. Второй тип предполагает морфологическую (морфосинтаксическую) нейтрализацию, при которой второе слово получает специфический тональный показатель, как правило, низкий либо ультранизкий тон. Этот тип нейтрализации засвидетельствован в южных манде, сусу‑юго‑западных манде, языках ваи и сонинке. Однако в сусу‑юго‑западных манде и языке ваи морфологическое маркирование второго слова затемняется дальнейшим распространением тона с первого слова на второе.

Neutralisation, full accumulation : corrective measures for the paths taken by RSA benefit recipients There are two corrective mechanisms integral to the RSA (revenu de solidarité active – earned income supplement in France) for the support of benefit recipients undergoing a shift in career : full accumulation, during successful transitions to employment, and neutralisation, after the loss of a means-based professional income. The article aims to provide the information to allow the understanding of these barely studied mechanisms, firstly through the in-depth analysis of their operation then by means of a counting and statistical description of the public in question. Over a given month, 15% of RSA recipients benefit from these two mechanisms. The mechanisms tend to grant a higher amount of RSA to working people whose career paths are the most discontinuous (with equal received income), in a context whereby the increasing division of the employment market into short periods is affecting in particular the public receiving RSA benefits., Neutralisation, cumul intégral : amortisseurs des trajectoires des allocataires du RSA Deux mécanismes correctifs sont intégrés à la réglementation du revenu de solidarité active (RSA) pour accompagner financièrement les allocataires en cours de transition professionnelle : le cumul intégral, lors des transitions favorables vers l’emploi, et la neutralisation, à l’arrêt de la perception d’un revenu professionnel ressource. L’article vise à donner des éléments de compréhension de ces mécanismes peu étudiés, d’abord par une analyse détaillée de leur fonctionnement, puis par un décompte et une description statistique du public concerné. Sur un mois donné, 15 % des allocataires du RSA bénéficient de ces deux mécanismes. Ces derniers tendent à donner un montant de RSA plus élevé aux actifs dont les trajectoires d’emploi sont les plus discontinues (à revenu perçu égal), dans un contexte où le morcellement du marché du travail en courtes périodes d’activité progresse et touche particulièrement le public bénéficiaire du RSA., Reduron Vincent. Neutralisation, cumul intégral : amortisseurs des trajectoires des allocataires du RSA. In: Revue des politiques sociales et familiales, n°121, 2015. Dossier « Aides et prestations sociales ». pp. 11-26.

Haemorrhage is a common clinical manifestation in envenomings caused by bites from snakes of the family Viperidae. Therefore, knowing the haemorrhagic potential of venoms and the capacity of antivenoms to neutralise this effect are of paramount relevance in toxinology. The most widely used method for quantifying haemorrhage involves the intradermal injection of venom (or a mixture of venom/antivenom) in mice, and the assessment of the resulting haemorrhagic area in the inner side of the skin. Although this method allows a straightforward assessment of the haemorrhagic activity of a venom, it does not account for haemorrhagic lesions having a similar area but differing in the depth and intensity of haemorrhage. We have developed an approach that allows the assessment of both area and intensity of a venom-induced haemorrhagic lesion using computational tools and propose a unit to represent the combination of these two factors as a measure of haemorrhage intensity, namely haemorrhagic unit (HaU). A strong correlation was observed between haemoglobin extracted from a haemorrhagic lesion and the associated HaUs. The method was used to determine the haemorrhagic activity of the venoms of Bothrops asper, Echis ocellatus and Crotalus basiliscus and the haemorrhage neutralising capabilities of the three associated antivenoms. Overall, the ease of use, as well as the time involved in this new method, makes its implementation very feasible in the determination of haemorrhagic activity of venoms and its neutralisation by antivenoms in the murine model.

Background Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important pathogen of cats for which vaccination is regularly practised. Long-term use of established vaccine antigens raises the theoretical possibility that field viruses could become resistant. This study aimed to assess the current ability of the FCV-F9 vaccine strain to neutralise a randomly collected contemporary panel of FCV field strains collected prospectively in six European countries. Methods Veterinary practices (64) were randomly selected from six countries (UK, Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, France and Italy). Oropharyngeal swabs were requested from 30 (UK) and 40 (other countries) cats attending each practice. Presence of FCV was determined by virus isolation, and risk factors for FCV shedding assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Phylogenetic analyses were used to describe the FCV population structure. In vitro virus neutralisation assays were performed to evaluate FCV-F9 cross-reactivity using plasma from four vaccinated cats. Results The overall prevalence of FCV was 9.2%. Risk factors positively associated with FCV shedding included multi-cat households, chronic gingivostomatitis, younger age, not being neutered, as well as residing in certain countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed extensive variability and no countrywide clusters. Despite being first isolated in the 1950s, FCV-F9 clustered with contemporary field isolates. Plasma raised to FCV-F9 neutralized 97% of tested isolates (titres 1:4 to 1:5792), with 26.5%, 35.7% and 50% of isolates being neutralized by 5, 10 and 20 antibody units respectively. Conclusions This study represents the largest prospective analysis of FCV diversity and antigenic cross-reactivity at a European level. The scale and random nature of sampling used gives confidence that the FCV isolates used are broadly representative of FCVs that cats are exposed to in these countries. The in vitro neutralisation results suggest that antibodies raised to FCV-F9 remain broadly cross-reactive to contemporary FCV isolates across the European countries sampled.

Molecular dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid) at infinitely dilute conditions in aqueous solutions containing up to 6 vol% ethanol were performed with explicit solvent and counter-ion description for varying degree of neutralisation. In the range of ethanol concentration employed, this study shows a swelling in the case of non-ionised chain, chain collapse for 25% ionised system, minimal swelling for 50% ionised chain and no significant change in conformation for 75-100% ionised chains. Ethanol interacts with non-ionised residues via hydrogen bonding and is found to be dominant in the solvation cage surrounding them, whereas no such interaction is seen with ionised residues. Thus, chains with higher charge densities show a preference for the aqueous environment in comparison to ethanol and hydrogen bonding to water is unaltered. For chains with lower charge density, a reduction in the hydrogen bonding with water is seen with an increase in ethanol concentration. � 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and hospitalisation of infants in developed countries. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important innate immune molecule, localized in pulmonary surfactant. SP-A binds to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens in a calcium-dependent manner to enable neutralisation, agglutination and clearance of pathogens including RSV. SP-A forms trimeric units and further oligomerises through interactions between its N-terminal domains. Whilst a recombinant trimeric fragment of the closely related molecule (surfactant protein D) has been shown to retain many of the native protein’s functions, the importance of the SP-A oligomeric structure in its interaction with RSV has not been determined. The aim of this study was to produce a functional trimeric recombinant fragment of human (rfh)SP-A, which lacks the N-terminal domain (and the capacity to oligomerise) and test its ability to neutralise RSV in an in vitro model of human bronchial epithelial infection. We used a novel expression tag derived from spider silk proteins (‘NT’) to produce rfhSP-A in Escherichia coli, which we found to be trimeric and to bind to mannan in a calcium-dependent manner. Trimeric rfhSP-A reduced infection levels of human bronchial epithelial (AALEB) cells by RSV by up to a mean (±SD) of 96.4 (±1.9) % at 5 μg/ml, which was significantly more effective than dimeric rfhSP-A (34.3 (±20.5) %) (p

An approach for enhancing antibody affinity is to engineer Chelating Recombinant Antibodies (CRAbs) which consist of two tandemly linked single-chain Fvs (scFvs) that bind to distinct non-overlapping epitopes on the antigen molecule leading to a synergistic decrease in K(D). In order to develop this technology, the aim of this present study was to identify scFvs which can simultaneously bind to the tetanus toxin heavy chain C-terminal sub-domain (H(c)), characterise their bio-physical properties and determine their functional efficacy. Over 50 antibodies specific for Hc were isolated from a human scFv phagemid library and found to bind specifically to the C-terminal sub-domain of H(c) (H(c)C clones), the N-terminal sub-domain (HcN clones) or junctional epitopes on the whole Hc fragment only (HcJ clones). Fifteen clones were assayed in a pairwise competition binding study. The revealed, with few exceptions, that H(c)C clones were able to simultaneously bind to the toxin with H(c)N or H(c)J clones. All other combinations competed for binding. Interestingly, we also observed cooperative binding with many non-competing scFv pairings which may impact upon the binding mechanism of CRAbs. We found that 14/15 clones neutralised toxin activity in a ganglioside binding assay and this effect was strongly related to affinity. This included clones that did not bind to the H(c)C sub-domain which is responsible for direct interaction with gangliosides on nerve cells. For 7 scFvs that underwent further characterisation we found broad variations in propensity for multimerisation, affinity and potency. The diverse array of clones characterised in this paper can be used to construct CRAbs and will prove useful in further characterisation of toxin biology and in measuring the effects of polyclonal antibody therapy.

Morbillivirus neutralising antibodies are traditionally measured using either plaque reduction neutralisation tests (PRNTs) or live virus microneutralisation tests (micro-NTs). While both test formats provide a reliable assessment of the strength and specificity of the humoral response, they are restricted by the limited number of viral strains that can be studied and often present significant biological safety concerns to the operator. In this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔG) based pseudotyping system for the measurement of morbillivirus neutralising antibodies. By expressing the haemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of canine distemper virus (CDV) on VSVΔG pseudotypes bearing a luciferase marker gene, neutralising antibody titres could be measured rapidly and with high sensitivity. Further, by exchanging the glycoprotein expression construct, responses against distinct viral strains or species may be measured. Using this technique, we demonstrate cross neutralisation between CDV and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). As an example of the value of the technique, we demonstrate that UK dogs vary in the breadth of immunity induced by CDV vaccination; in some dogs the neutralising response is CDV-specific while, in others, the neutralising response extends to the ruminant morbillivirus PPRV. This technique will facilitate a comprehensive comparison of cross-neutralisation to be conducted across the morbilliviruses.

Background Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a very rare complication of disseminated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. So far it is mainly described for immunocompromised patients. Case presentation A 49-year-old immunocompetent Caucasian male presented with sudden onset of fever and DIC due to primary CMV infection, which was treated with Valganciclovir. CMV-specific IgG-avidity and epithelial cell-specific neutralisation-capacity developed five weeks after onset of symptoms. We describe the first case of an immunocompetent patient suffering from DIC due to a CMV primary infection successfully treated with Valganciclovir. Conclusions Primary CMV infection can occur accompanied with life threatening complications even in immunocompetent patients. Immediate treatment with Valganciclovir should be considered as an early treatment of choice in severe cases since specific neutralisation capacity might need several weeks to develop. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1343-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Does the neutralization of movements and impacts of asset prices have to concern monetary policy ? This article deals with the role of monetary policy in the neutralization of the movements and impacts of asset prices. Analysing at first the importance of the main transmission channels of asset prices, this study leads to underline the importance of the initial structure of the agents balance-sheets : the more financial system is healthy, the less the repercussion of financial shocks is strong. It is advisable in particular to insist on the health of banks, which are responsible of the amplification of shocks. Then, this findings turn discussion into two types of policies : a Taylor rule with an explicit asset prices target on one hand, a prudential and counter-cyclical policy on the other hand. According to this way, the analysis leans on the conclusions of the study of Levieuge (2003) to explain why monetary policy is less competent than prudential policies to handle and especially to prevent macroeconomic imbalance due to asset prices volatility. JEL classifications : E3, E5, G18, G21, Cet article s'interroge sur le rôle de la politique monétaire dans la neutralisation des mouvements et de l'impact des prix d'actifs. Étudiant l'importance des principaux canaux de transmission des prix d'actifs à la sphère réelle, l'analyse conduit à souligner que la force de répercussion des chocs financiers dépend de la structure initiale des bilans des agents, et en particulier des banques, dont le comportement n'est pas étranger à l'amplification des chocs. Ce constat oriente la discussion sur deux types de politique : une cible de prix d'actifs d'une part, une mesure réglementaire d'ordre prudentiel et contracyclique d'autre part. Suivant cette voie, l'argumentaire s'appuie sur l'étude de Levieuge (2003) pour expliquer en quoi la politique monétaire est moins compétente que la politique prudentielle pour traiter et surtout prévenir les déséquilibres macroéconomiques imputables aux mouvements des prix d'actifs. Classification JEL : E3, E5, G18, G21, Levieuge Grégory. La neutralisation des mouvements et de l'impact des prix d'actifs doit-elle être du ressort de la politique monétaire ?. In: Revue d'économie financière, n°74, 2004. La volatilité des marchés financiers. pp. 253-284.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) inhibit neurotransmitter release by hydrolysing SNARE proteins. The most important serotype BoNT/A employs the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) isoforms A-C as neuronal receptors. Here, we identified their binding site by blocking SV2 interaction using monoclonal antibodies with characterised epitopes within the cell binding domain (HC). The site is located on the backside of the conserved ganglioside binding pocket at the interface of the HCC and HCN subdomains. The dimension of the binding pocket was characterised in detail by site directed mutagenesis allowing the development of potent inhibitors as well as modifying receptor binding properties.

The present paper analyses changes in Russian word stress in adjectives. Evolution of the accentual system can be observed in particular groups of adjectives: compounds with -плавильный, -прядильный components, within adjectives formed from nouns with suffixes -ов, -ев (мальчиковый, тигровый) and short forms of adjectives. The analyzed process of stress changing in Russian language can be caused by different intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic tendencies, which are discussed in the article.

The result of leaching of a 75% acid rock/25% limestone column with limestone-saturated solution has shown that the pH of the effluent recovered from 2.5, after apparent loss of acid neutralizing capacity after 4 years with water leaching, to pH 7 in less than 3 years. Bulk assay results, XRD and SEM/EDS analyses of samples from the column at 384 weeks (pH 3.6) and 522 weeks (pH 6.9) during this recovery have suggested that this is due to formation in situ of fine calcite. Calcite, initially blended to the column material at 25 wt.% was not found in the XRD of the 384 week sample but is clearly found in the 522 week XRD. This increased calcite content appears to be derived from the limestone-saturated water as finely divided solid precipitated in the drying cycles in the column. This result is confirmed by assessment of the 522 week sample as non-acid forming. Loss of some reactive aluminosilicate minerals, formation of secondary, precipitated, surface-attached gypsum and loss of fine secondary jarosite occurs across this pH range but fine, surface-attached jarosite is still found in the 522 week sample implying relatively slow dissolution kinetics. In comparison with the 384 week sample, armouring of highly reacted pyrite particles by surface layers of iron oxyhydroxides and aluminosilicates has become more extensive at 522 weeks after return of the pH to neutral values. This is consistent with results from Freeport field samples from limestone blended test pads where pyrite armouring was also substantially increased at higher pH. The results suggest that it may be possible to effectively maintain neutral pH and passivate pyrite, reducing oxidation rates by more than an order of magnitude, using limestone-saturated solution dump feed rather than bulk limestone blending or covers.

Les recherches rassemblées dans cet ouvrage collectif visent à déterminer la place de l'affectivité et celle de l'imaginaire dans l'accroissement de la capacité des individus à entrer dans un processus de création sociale. Il ne s'agit pas de faire une revue de la littérature consacrée à cette question, ni de développer une conception spécifique du rapport entre l'affectivité, l'imaginaire et la création sociale, mais bien de mettre en évidence une série de présupposés tant anthropologiques que normatifs autour desquels les conceptions de l'affectivité, de l'imaginaire et de la création sociale s'articulent. S'il y a un rapport de corrélation entre l'affectivité, l'imaginaire et la création sociale, toute conception de l'affectivité en appelle intrinsèquement à une certaine conception de l'imaginaire, cette articulation chaque fois spécifique entre affectivité et imaginaire en appelant à son tour à une certaine conception de la création sociale, et inversement.

Yellow head virus (YHV) is a highly virulent pathogen of penaeid shrimp. An isolate obtained from Penaeus vannamei during a yellow head disease outbreak in February 2006 in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand was purified following passage in experimentally infected shrimp. SDS-PAGE of purified virions indicated that envelope glycoprotein gp116 in the Ratchaburi/2006 isolate was smaller and relatively less abundant than in the Chachoengsao/1998 YHV reference strain. The variant gp116 reacted poorly in immunoblots with a gp116 mouse monoclonal antibody and a rabbit anti-serum to a baculovirus-expressed, C-terminally truncated, [His] 6 -tagged gp116 that reacted strongly with gp116 of the homologous Chachoengsao/1998 strain. The anti-gp116 polyclonal serum also failed to neutralise the infectivity of the Ratchaburi/2006 isolate in in-vivo assays conducted in P. vannamei , but effectively neutralised the infectivity of the reference strain. Sequence analysis of the ∼ 6.0 kb structural protein gene region and 3′UTR of the Ratchaburi/2006 isolate indicated > 99.9% overall nucleotide identity with the Chachoengsao/1998 strain. However, in Ratchaburi/2006 a deletion in ORF3, corresponding to 54 amino acids near the N-terminal signal peptidase cleavage site of gp116, resulted in the loss of six conserved cysteine residues and two predicted N-glycosylation sites. Analysis of this ORF3 region in 25 viruses representing each of the six genotypes in the yellow head complex identified this modified form of gp116 in two other virulent YHV isolates classified as genotype 1b. The data indicate that, although the deletion causes a significant structural deformation of gp116 which reduces its incorporation into virions and eliminates the major neutralisation sites, the virus remains highly infectious, virulent and fit for survival.

International audience; We report DNA immunisation experiments in cattle using plasmid constructs that encoded glycoprotein E2 from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)-1 (E2.1) and BVDV-2 (E2.2). The coding sequences were optimised for efficient expression in mammalian cells. A modified leader peptide sequence from protein gD of BoHV1 was inserted upstream of the E2 coding sequences for efficient membrane export of the proteins. Recombinant E2 were efficiently expressed in COS7 cells and they presented the native viral epitopes as judged by differential recognition by antisera from cattle infected with BVDV-1 or BVDV-2. Inoculation of pooled plasmid DNA in young cattle elicited antibodies capable of neutralising viral strains representing the major circulating BVDV genotypes.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent a major global health problem. End-stage liver disease caused by chronic HCV infection is a major indication for liver transplantation. However, after transplantation the engrafted liver inevitably becomes infected by the circulating virus. Direct acting antivirals are not yet approved for use in liver transplant patients, and limited efficacy and severe side effects hamper the use of pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin in a post-transplant setting. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options need to be explored. Viral entry represents an attractive target for such therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms of viral entry is essential to define the viral and cellular factors involved. The HCV life cycle is dependent of and associated with lipoprotein physiology and the presence of lipoproteins has been correlated with altered antiviral efficacy of entry inhibitors. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on how lipoprotein physiology influences the HCV life cycle. We focus especially on the influence of lipoproteins on antibodies that target HCV envelope proteins or antibodies that target the cellular receptors of the virus. This information can be particularly relevant for the prevention of HCV re-infection after liver transplantation.

Summary Viral pathogenicity is a result of an imbalance between viral replication and the host's immune defences. When the virus is lymphotropic, understanding the pathogenic process of the viral disease becomes complicated because virus/lymphocyte interactions can alter the cell's integrity and subsequently induce immunodeficiency. The immune system plays an important role in the outcome of acute disease induced by the mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3). The use of attenuated escape mutants provides a tool to study the role of viral properties involved in its pathogenicity. We selected MHV3 mutants by virtue of their resistance to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (mAb), in order to study their pathogenic properties. We reported that two MHV3 escape mutants were attenuated in their pathogenic properties according to inoculation site and with regard to survival time and ability to deplete T- and B-cell subpopulations in the spleen, thymus and bone marrow of susceptible Balb/c mice. The highly attenuated CL12 mutant could not induce depletion in T or B cells following intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intranasal (i.n.) inoculations, at three days postinfection. The less attenuated 51.6 mutant, however, maintained the ability to deplete T and B cells following i.p. inoculation, as described with the pathogenic MHV3. In contrast, no depletion of T cells following i.n. inoculation was induced with this mutant, although B lineage cells decreased. The use of such mutants enabled us to examine the role of each compartment of the immune system, since the highly attenuated CL12 mutant induced no immunodeficiency, as defined by immune cell depletion, whereas the less attenuated 51.6 mutant maintained its ability to decrease only the B-cell compartment after i.n. inoculation. Results are discussed with regard to the virus/lymphocyte interactions during the pathogenic process.

Hydrogen duster ions of 800 keV were passed through an H 2 O gas target. The production and destruction of charged fragments was followed as a function of the target thickness. The comparison of the experimental results with those of a model calculation shows that the dominant process for fragment production is most probably the evaporation of H 2 molecules. Indications of the luminescence of clusters after electron impact are found from a background signal.

Part of topic : Ambiances and territories in transformation; International audience; The analysis of two mosques built in the last fours years in Nantes reveals the effects of public policy on urban forms and expressions. Building a mosque implies inserting a new type of building in the city, a “foreign” type, more or less desired. Interpretations of the law, uses of regulations and municipal views of public space intertwine to shape a building that is most often split into two (with a religious and cultural part) and located far from the centre or residential neighbourhoods. These mosques provide a primarily symbolic anchoring for the Muslim community, as their atmospheres in public space are actually very limited.