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Resumen Introducción. La transformación del arroz (Oryza sativa L. ssp indica) mediada por Agrobacterium, representa una oportunidad para la investigación científica y el mejoramiento genético. Es necesaria la optimización del protocolo para obtener la mayor eficiencia de transformación. Objetivo. Evaluar diferentes factores que afectan la transformación genética en callos embriogénicos de arroz de la subespecie indica vía Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se realizó en San José, Costa Rica, entre 2012 y 2014. En seis tratamientos se evaluaron: el efecto de la edad del callo, la concentración de acetosiringona, condición luminosa, la presencia o ausencia de radícula y la cepa de Agrobacterium tumefaciens en la transformación genética de callos embriogénicos de arroz de la variedad CR5272 con el gen reportero gus. Se compararon la cepa de Agrobacterium LBA4404 con el plásmido pCAMBIA1305.2 y las cepas ATHV, GV3101 y LBA4404, con el plásmido pCAMBIA1303; mediante pruebas histoquímicas para la detección de la expresión transitoria del gen marcador que codifica para la β-glucuronidasa. Resultados. La evaluación de los seis tratamientos con la cepa LBA4404::pCAMBIA1305.2 resultó en expresión transitoria del gen GusPlus de 1,33-7,00 % para la variedad CR5272 y de 8,00 % para el control con la variedad Nipponbare (ssp. japonica). Las cepas con el plásmido pCAMBIA1303 presentaron una expresión transitoria del gen gusA entre el 100-65 % con un área promedio de 14,23 mm2 (ATHV), 8,81 mm2 (GV3101), y 8,83 mm2 (LBA4404), sin diferencias significativas entre ellas; sin embargo, sí hubo diferencias al compararlas con la cepa LBA4404::pCAMBIA1305.2 (85 %, 4,39 mm2). Conclusiones. La utilización de las condiciones: callos de seis días, concentración de acetosiringona de 76 µM, luz antes y después del cocultivo, presencia de radícula y la cepa ATHV::pCAMBIA 1303, mejoraron la eficiencia de transformación con Agrobacterium tumefaciens en la variedad de arroz CR5272. Abstract Introduction. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp indica) represents an opportunity for scientific research and genetic improvement. Optimization of the protocol is necessary to obtain the highest transformation efficiency. Objective. To evaluate different factors that affect the genetic transformation in embryogenic rice callus of subspecies indica through Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Materials and methods. This study was performed in San José, Costa Rica between 2012 and 2014. The following were evaluated in six treatments: the effect of callus age, acetosyringone concentration, lighting condition, the presence or absence of radicle, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain on the genetic transformation of embryogenic calli of rice variety CR5272 with gus reporter gene. Agrobacterium strains LBA4404 with pCAMBIA1305.2 plasmid, and strains ATHV, GV3101, and LBA4404 with the pCAMBIA 1303 plasmid were compared; by histochemical tests for the detection of transient expression of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene. Results. The evaluation of the six treatments with strain LBA4404::pCAMBIA 1305.2 resulted in transient expression of 1.33-7.00 % of the GusPlus gene for the CR5272 variety, and 8.00 % for the control with the Nipponbare (ssp. japonica) variety. The strains with the pCAMBIA1303 plasmid showed a transient expression of the gusA gene between 100-65 % with an average area of 14.23 mm2 (ATHV), 8.81 mm2 (GV3101), and 8.83 mm2 (LBA4404) with no significant differences between them; however, there were differences when compared with strain LBA4404::pCAMBIA1305.2 (85 %, 4.39 mm2). Conclusions. The use of the conditions: six-day callus, acetosyringone concentration of 76 µM, light before and after cocultivation, presence of radicle and the ATHV::pCAMBIA 1303 , improved the transformation efficiency with Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the rice variety CR5272.

The article analyses migration from border countries (the so-called overlapping area) of two migration subsystems — Eurasian (centred in the Russian Federation) and European (the European Union) from 1991 to 2021 (before the recent events in Ukraine). A step-by-step analysis of the migration situation in the countries of the former USSR — Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine and Estonia was conducted. The article examines bilateral and multilateral migration processes, analyses the main factors influencing their development and explores migration policy measures and their impact on the regulation of migration processes in the countries of the overlapping area. These countries, located between the two centres of major migration subsystems in Eurasia (Eurasian and European, or, in other words, between the Russian Federation and the core of the EU), are subject to their strong influence and ‘competitive gravitation’. The strength of this gravitation depends not only on pull and push factors but also on the attractiveness and non-attractiveness of the migration policies prevailing in these migration subsystems at a given point in time.

Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) have been correlated with numerous physiological and developmental processes, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Their transcriptional regulation is driven by signals generated by various developmental and environmental cues, including phytohormones. However, the inductive mechanism(s) of the corresponding genes remains elusive. Out of the five previously characterized Arabidopsis PAO genes, none of their regulatory sequences have been analyzed to date. In this study, a GUS reporter-aided promoter deletion approach was used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development as well as under various inductive environments. AtPAO3 contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) and a short inter-cistronic sequence, while the integrity of both appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of gene expression. The full-length promoter contains several cis-acting elements that regulate the tissue-specific expression of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development. Furthermore, a number of TFBS that are involved in gene induction under various abiotic stress conditions display an additive effect on gene expression. Taken together, our data indicate that the transcription of AtPAO3 is regulated by multiple environmental factors, which probably work alongside hormonal signals and shed light on the fine-tuning mechanisms of PAO regulation.

Chimeric editing is often reported in gene editing. To assess how the general chimeric editing is, we created a transgenic tobacco line carrying a marker, beta-glucuronidase gene (gusA), introduced a CRISPR-Cas9 editing vector into the transgenic tobacco line for knocking out gusA, and then investigated the gusA editing efficiencies in T0 and subsequent generations. The editing vector carried a Cas9 gene, which was driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and two guide RNAs, gRNA1 and gRNA2, which were driven by Arabidopsis U6 (AtU6) and U3 (AtU3) promoter, respectively. The two gRNAs were designed to knock out a 42-nucleotide fragment of the coding region of gusA. The editing vector was transformed into gusA-containing tobacco leaves using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and hygromycin selection. Hygromycin-resistant, independent T0 transgenic lines were used to evaluate gusA-editing efficiencies through histochemical GUS assays, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and next-generation sequencing of PCR amplicons. Profiles of targeted sequences of 94 T0 transgenic lines revealed that these lines were regenerated from non-edited cells where subsequent editing occurred and created chimeric-edited cells in these lines during or after regeneration. Two of them had the target fragment of 42 bp pairs of nucleotides removed. Detail analysis showed that on-target mutations at the AtU6-gRNA1 site and the AtU3-gRNA2 site were found in 4.3% and 77.7% of T0 transgenic lines, respectively. To overcome the issue of extremely low editing efficiencies in T0 lines, we conducted a second round of shoot induction from the chimeric line(s) to enhance the success of obtaining lines with all or most cells edited. The mutation profiles in T0 transgenic lines provide valuable information to understand gene editing in plant cells with constitutively expressed CRISPR-Cas9 and gRNAs.

[EN] Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is an angiosperm, allogamous and dicotyledonous species that includes short and neutral-day varieties with dioecious specimens (males and females), and monoecious plants. Among its many applications, its industrial and medicinal uses stand out. Despite the fact that cannabis has been used by humans since ancient times and the growing interest that the C. sativa therapeutic properties have aroused in researchers around the world, the psychoactivity of some of its varieties, derived from its ¿9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, has motivated the prohibition of its cultivation for almost sixty years. The strict control to which cannabis has been subjected has prevented professionals from all over the world from carrying out genetic breeding programs for this species, which has resulted in the absence of uniform varieties. In this Doctoral Thesis, different biotechnological tools for cannabis genetic improvement have been developed. In the first place, given the lack of reproducibility of some cannabis plant in vitro regeneration protocols and the great influence that the genotype exerts on their effectiveness, plant in vitro regeneration competence of different explants was evaluated. As a result, an hormone-free protocol from C. sativa hypocotyls that presents high regeneration rates (ranging from 32.26% to 71.15%) in all the genotypes evaluated, also presenting a 17.94% of spontaneous rooting rate of regenerants has been developed. At the same time, the polysomatic pattern of different cannabis explants has been studied, and it has been possible to regenerate, from them, a significant percentage of mixoploid specimens (17.65% from cotyledons and 13.33% from hypocotyls) that, as described in the existing literature, could show a greater capacity for cannabinoid synthesis. On the other hand, given the absence of scientific publications in this regard, and the potential that this technique presents to alleviate the intrinsic variability of this species, the most in-depth study to date on the male floral biology of C. sativa has been developed. Up to 476,903 microspores and pollen grains per male flower, with in vivo microspore viability rates from 53.71 to 70.88% have been found. Furthermore, all stages of development of the microgametophyte have been correlated with an easily measurable floral morphological marker such as the bud length, identifying bud length intervals containing mostly vacuolate microspores and young bi-cellular pollen grains in all the phenotypes evaluated. In this way, and although the starch presence in C. sativa microspores and pollen grains follows a similar pattern to that observed in species recalcitrant to androgenesis, it has been possible to address the induction of microspore embryogenesis in this species, obtaining for the first time microspore-derived multicellular structures after one week long cold-shock bud pretreatment. Finally, as a prerequisite for the genetic editing of C. sativa by using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas systems, and taking advantage of the in vitro plant regeneration protocol which resulted from this Doctoral Thesis, it has been possible to develop for the first time a protocol for the production of stably transformed cannabis plants, which represents a historical milestone in the genetic improvement of the species. After co-culture with A. tumefaciens and subsequent culture in antibiotic-containing selective regeneration medium, hypocotyls achieved 23.1% and 5.0% of regeneration and transformation rates respectively. As a whole, the present Doctoral Thesis provides a range of biotechnological tools that will allow the development of a new generation of high-yield cannabis varieties with uniform traits, resistant to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, and therefore being suitable for both industrial and medicinal use., [ES] Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) es una especie angiosperma, alógama y dicotiledónea compuesta por variedades de día corto y día neutro que presentan ejemplares dioicos (machos y hembras), y plantas monoicas. Entre sus múltiples aplicaciones destacan tanto su uso industrial como su uso medicinal. A pesar de que el cannabis ha sido empleado por el ser humano desde tiempos ancestrales, la psicoactividad que presentan algunas de sus variedades, derivada de su contenido en ¿ 9 -tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), ha motivado la prohibición de su cultivo durante casi sesenta años. La estricta fiscalización a la que ha sido sometido el cannabis, ha impedido llevar a cabo programas de mejora genética de esta especie, lo que se ha traducido en la ausencia de variedades uniformes. En esta Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado diferentes herramientas biotecnológicas para la mejora genética del cannabis. En primer lugar, dada la falta de reproducibilidad de algunos protocolos de cultivo in vitro de cannabis y la gran influencia que el genotipo ejerce en la efectividad de los mismos, se evaluó la capacidad de regeneración in vitro de diferentes explantes. Como resultado, se ha desarrollado un protocolo libre de hormonas a partir de hipocótilos de C. sativa que presenta altas tasas de regeneración (las cuales oscilan del 32,26% al 71,15%) en todos los genotipos evaluados, presentando además un 17,94% de tasa de enraizado espontáneo de los regenerantes. A su vez, se ha estudiado el patrón polisomático de diferentes explantes de cannabis y se ha conseguido regenerar, a partir de los mismos, un porcentaje significativo de ejemplares mixoploides (17,65% procedentes de cotiledones y 13,33% de hipocotilos) que, tal y como describe la bibliografía existente, podrían mostrar una mayor capacidad de síntesis de cannabinoides. Por otro lado, dada la ausencia de publicaciones científicas al respecto y el potencial que esta técnica presenta para paliar la variabilidad intrínseca de esta especie, se ha desarrollado el estudio más profundo hasta la fecha relativo a la biología floral masculina de C. sativa. Se han descrito hasta 476.903 microsporas y granos de polen por flor masculina, con tasas de viabilidad in vivo de las microsporas del 53,71 al 70,88%. Además, se han correlacionado todas las etapas de desarrollo del microgametofito con la longitud de la yema, identificando intervalos de longitud de yema que contienen mayoritariamente microsporas vacuoladas y granos de polen joven bicelular en todos los fenotipos evaluados. De este modo, y aunque la presencia de almidón en las microsporas y granos de polen de C. sativa sigue un patrón similar al observado en especies recalcitrantes a la androgénesis, ha sido posible abordar la inducción de la embriogénesis de microsporas en esta especie, consiguiendo producir por primera vez estructuras multicelulares derivadas de las microsporas tras aplicar sobre las yemas un pretratamiento de frío de una semana de duración. Finalmente, como requisito previo para la edición genética de C. sativa mediante los sistemas CRISPR/Cas, y haciendo uso del protocolo de regeneración in vitro de plantas surgido de la presente Tesis Doctoral, se ha conseguido desarrollar por primera vez un protocolo para producir plantas de cannabis transformadas genéticamente de forma estable, lo que supone un hito histórico en la mejora genética de la especie. Después del cocultivo con A. tumefaciens y el posterior cultivo en medio de regeneración selectiva con antibióticos, los hipocótilos lograron respectivamente un 23,1% y un 5,0% de tasas de regeneración y transformación. En su conjunto, la presente Tesis Doctoral proporciona un abanico de herramientas biotecnológicas que permitirán el desarrollo de una nueva generación de variedades de cannabis de alto rendimiento, que presenten caracteres homogéneos, resistentes a múltiples estreses tanto bióticos como abióticos, y siendo así aptas tanto para un uso industrial como medicinal., [CAT] Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) és una espècie angiosperma, alógama i dicotiledònia composta per varietats de dia curt i dia neutre que presenten exemplars dioics (mascles i femelles), i plantes monoiques. Entre les seues múltiples aplicacions destaquen tant el seu ús industrial com el seu ús medicinal. Tot i que el cànnabis ha sigut emprat per l'ésser humà des de temps ancestrals, la psicoactivitat que presenten algunes de les seues varietats, derivada del seu contingut en ¿9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), ha motivat la prohibició del seu cultiu durant gairebé seixanta anys. L'estricta fiscalització a la qual ha sigut sotmés el cànnabis, ha impedit que professionals de tot el món puguen dur a terme programes de millora genètica d'aquesta espècie, la qual cosa s'ha traduït en l'absència de varietats uniformes. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'han desenvolupat diferents eines biotecnològiques per a la millora genètica del cànnabis. En primer lloc, donada la falta de reproducibilitat d'alguns protocols de cultiu in vitro de cànnabis i la gran influència que el genotip exerceix en l'efectivitat d'aquests, es va avaluar la capacitat de regeneració in vitro de diferents explants. Com a resultat, s'ha desenvolupat un protocol lliure d'hormones a partir de hipocòtils de C. sativa que presenta altes taxes de regeneració (les quals oscil·len del 32,26% al 71,15%) en tots els genotips avaluats, presentant a més un 17,94% de taxa d'arrelat espontani dels regenerants. Al mateix temps, s'ha estudiat el patró polisomàtic de diferents explants de cànnabis i s'ha aconseguit regenerar, a partir d'aquests, un percentatge significatiu d'exemplars mixoploids (17,65% procedents de cotilèdons i 13,33% de hipocòtils) que, tal com descriu la bibliografia existent, podrien mostrar una major capacitat de síntesi de cannabinoids. D'altra banda, donada l'absència de publicacions científiques sobre aquest tema i el potencial que aquesta tècnica presenta per a pal·liar la variabilitat intrínseca d'aquesta espècie, s'ha desenvolupat l'estudi més profund fins hui relatiu a la biologia floral masculina de C. sativa. S'han descrit fins a 476.903 microspores i grans de pol·len per flor masculina, amb taxes de viabilitat in vivo de les microspores del 53,71 al 70,88%. A més, s'han correlacionat totes les etapes de desenvolupament del microgametòfit amb la longitud de la gemma, identificant intervals de longitud de gemma que contenen majoritàriament microspores vacuolades i grans de pol·len jove bi-cel·lular en tots els fenotips avaluats. D'aquesta manera, i encara que la presència de midó en les microspores i grans de pol·len de C. sativa segueix un patró similar a l'observat en espècies recalcitrants a la androgènesi, ha sigut possible abordar la inducció de la embriogènesi de microspores en aquesta espècie, aconseguint produir per primera vegada estructures multicel·lulars derivades de les microspores després d'aplicar sobre les gemmes un pretractament de fred d'una setmana de duració. Finalment, com a requisit previ per a l'edició genètica de C. sativa mitjançant els sistemes CRISPR/Cas, i fent ús del protocol de regeneració in vitro de plantes sorgit de la present Tesi Doctoral, s'ha aconseguit desenvolupar per primera vegada un protocol per a produir plantes de cànnabis transformades genèticament de manera estable, la qual cosa suposa una fita històrica en la millora genètica de l'espècie. Després del cocultiu amb A. tumefaciens i el posterior cultiu en medi de regeneració selectiva amb antibiòtics, els hipocòtils van aconseguir respectivament un 23,1% i un 5,0% de taxes de regeneració i transformació. En el seu conjunt, la present Tesi Doctoral proporciona un ventall d'eines biotecnològiques que permetran el desenvolupament d'una nova generació de varietats de cànnabis d'alt rendiment, que presenten caràcters homogenis, resistents a múltiples estressos tant biòtics com abiòtics, i sent així aptes tant per a un ús industrial com medicinal.

Summary The expression of insecticidal proteins under constitutive promoters in transgenic plants is fraught with problems like developmental abnormalities, yield drag, expression in unwanted tissues, and seasonal changes in expression. RbPCD1pro, a rapid, early acting wound‐inducible promoter from rose that is activated within 5 min of wounding, was isolated and characterized. Wounding increased transcript levels up to 150 and 500 folds within 5 and 20 min coupled with high translation as seen by histochemical GUS enzyme activity within 5–20 min. RbPCD1pro was activated by both sucking and chewing insects and showed wound‐inducible expression in various aerial tissues of plants representing commercially important dicot and monocot families. The promoter showed no expression in any vegetative tissue except upon wounding. Functionality of RbPCD1pro was tested by its ability to drive expression of the insecticidal protein gene cryIAc in transgenic Arabidopsis and tomato. Strong wound‐inducible CryIAc expression was observed in both plants that increased 100–350 fold (Arabidopsis) and 280–600 fold (tomato) over the unwounded background within 5 min and over 1000–1600 fold within 20 min. The unwounded background level was just 3–6% of the CaMV35S promoter while wound‐induced expression was 5–27 folds higher than the best CaMV35S line in just 5 min and 80‐fold higher in 20 min. Transgenic plants showed strong resistance even to larger fourth instar larvae of H. armigera and no abnormalities in development and general plant growth. This is one of the earliest acting promoters with wide biotechnological application across monocot and dicot plants.

La glicina betaína es uno de los solutos compatibles con el metabolismo más eficiente. En las plantas, la biosíntesis de la glicina betaína se lleva a cabo en dos pasos enzimáticos. Primero se oxida el sustrato colina a betaína aldehído por medio de la colina monooxigenasa (CMO); el segundo paso es catalizado por una betaína aldehído deshidrogenasa (BADH) que convierte la betaína aldehído a glicina betaína. Estudios previos mostraron que la transcripción del gen ahybadh17, que codifica para la BADH de Amaranthus hypochondriacus, es inducida por estrés hídrico y salinidad, en paralelo a un incremento en los niveles de glicina betaína. En el presente trabajo se analizó la expresión del promotor del gen ahybadh4 de A. hypochondriacus en plantas transgénicas de Arabidopsis thaliana. Para este propósito se construyó un gen quimérico con una secuencia de 1.5 kb correspondiente a la posible región promotora del gen ahybadh4 fusionada con el gen reportero uid A de la -glucuronidasa (GUS). Las semillas de las plantas transgénicas (T3) obtenidas, fueron crecidas durante 7, 14 y 21 días después de la germinación y fueron sometidas a tratamientos de estrés osmótico y ácido abscísico (ABA) por un periodo de 16 horas. Los análisis histoquímico y fluorimétrico de GUS mostraron una expresión constitutiva y específica en la raíz. Estos resultados permiten concluir que la secuencia 5¿ de 1.5 kb del gen ahybadh4 no se regula por estrés osmótico o ABA en A. thaliana. ispartof: Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana vol:26 pages:133-140 status: published

Abastract: The interaction between Metarhizium spp. and plant roots may induce host plant growth and help control below- and above-ground pests and diseases. We conducted in vivo and in vitro bioassays using native Brazilian isolates of Metarhizium robertsii (ESALQ 1635), M. humberi (ESALQ 1638), and M. anisopliae (ESALQ 1669) to better understand the possible mechanisms related to plant growth promotion traits and colonization of the root system in the model pot-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) miniature cultivar ?Micro-Tom.? In vivo trials revealed that M. robertsii (ESALQ 1635) or M. humberi (ESALQ 1638) inoculated in tomato seedlings improved vegetative and reproductive traits. Inoculation with M. robertsii yielded taller plants, longer roots, and more shoot and root dry mass than M. humberi. The number of flowers and the fresh weight of fruits was significantly increased by M. robertsii and M. humberi inoculation, in relation to uninoculated control plants. Both fungal species endophytically colonized all tomato tissues within 30 days of inoculation. Plants inoculated with either M. robertsii or M. humberi increased auxin-induced GUS expression in the roots for up to 30 days after inoculation, confirming that Metarhizium induces auxin-regulated gene expression. We also explored the production of key compounds including enzymes, hormones, and metabolites involved in plant growth promotion. The three Metarhizium species grown with or without exogenous tryptophan were able to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at different titers. All Metarhizium isolates produced phosphatases, phytases, siderophores, and chitinases. Of particular importance, the M. robertsii and M. humberi isolates exhibited similar in vitro biochemical profiles, whereas M. anisopliae and Trichoderma harzianum isolates demonstrated distinct traits from the others. Taken together, we argue that the M. robertsii isolate is more efficient than the M. humberi isolate to endophytically colonize tomato plants resulting in improved growth. However, M. humberi (ESALQ 1638) yielded a slightly better production of some metabolites in vitro. Thus, we propose that the isolates of M. robertsii and M. humberi could be explored as complementary plant growth promoters. Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-23T09:12:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mascarin-Multi-trait-biochemical-2020.pdf: 2330100 bytes, checksum: dfc48eeb89b590a67ff5dd669361578b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Background: The choice of the Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) to prescribe is a critical issue. The estimation of DPIs usability depends on the objective assessment of several indices related to both subjective and objective determinants. The Global Usability Score (GUS) Questionnaire is a comprehensive tool usable for checking, comparing, and ranking inhalers’ usability objectively in real life, but it takes some time to fill.Aim: The aim of this study was to favour the quicker check of DPIs usability in clinical practice by means of a simplified short-form GUS (S-GUS) Questionnaire, while maintaining the high specificity and sensitivity of the original, extended version of the Questionnaire (O-GUS questionnaire).Methods: The usability of the six most prescribed DPIs was assessed in 222 patients with persistent airway obstruction and needing long-term inhalation treatments. LASSO regression and multicollinearity test were used to select the subset of questions of the O-GUS questionnaire, with the highest information power. Each item was then scored using the corresponding coefficient in the linear regression (normalized at 50 as the O-GUS score). Agreement between the original and the short-form questionnaire was evaluated using the Cohen’s kappa statistic (κ). The overall S-GUS values obtained for each DPI were then compared to those from the O-GUS, in the same patients, using a Bayesian indirect comparison (IC) model.Results: After the statistical selection of the items mostly contributing to the overall score, the novel S-GUS questionnaire consists of twelve items only. Nine items are related to patients’ opinion before DPIs handling, and three to the nurse’s assessment after DPIs practicality. O-GUS and S-GUS score were strongly correlated (R2=0.9843, p25; “pretty good” by values ≤25≥15, and “insufficient” by values

Efficient regeneration of explants devoid of intrinsic somaclonal variations is a cardinal step in plant tissue culture, thus, a vital component of transgenic technology. However, recalcitrance of economically important crops to tissue culture-based organogenesis ensues a setback in the use of transgenesis in the genetic engineering of crop plants. The present study developed an optimized, genotype-independent, nonconventional tissue culture-independent in planta strategy for the genetic transformation of flax/linseed. This apical meristem-targeted in planta transformation protocol will accelerate value addition in the dual purpose industrially important but recalcitrant fiber crop flax/linseed. The study delineated optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and stable T-DNA (pCambia2301:GUS:nptII) integration in flax. It established successful use of a stringent soilrite-based screening in the presence of 30 mg/L kanamycin for the identification of putative transformants. The amenability, authenticity, and reproducibility of soilrite-based kanamycin screening were further verified at the molecular level by GUS histochemical analysis of T0 seedlings, GUS and nptII gene-specific PCR, genomic Southern hybridization for stable integration of T-DNA, and expression analysis of transgenes by sqRT-PCR. This method resulted in a screening efficiency of 6.05% in the presence of kanamycin, indicating amenability of in planta flax transformation. The strategy can be a promising tool for the successful development of transgenics in flax.

This study responds to the need for measures to mitigate the effects of national actions to slow the spread of COVID-19 National responses are dynamic processes and thus an elusive, albeit important, object of study The governments of most CIS countries acted promptly and decisively in countering the pandemic The comprehensive measures have had a serious impact on citizens’ mobility and employment situation Among the affected are millions of migrants working in the CIS This article offers a comparative analysis, followed by synthesis, of the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as seen through the prism of employment and the situation of migrant workers in the CIS Another focus is the restriction and support measures and how they have affected migrants A range of qualitative and quantitative data was collated on the situation of migrant workers during COVID-19 restriction in the Russian Federation and across the CIS The findings suggest that the lack of international coordination in tackling COVID-19 has complicated the situation of migrant workers, who suffer from the closure of borders and the absence of adequate social support The article explores problems faced by migrant workers in the current crisis and proposes measures to alleviate them © Ryazantsev, S V , Molodikova, I N Bragin, A D , 2020 All rights reserved

Background: Ethylene plays an important role in the regulation of floral organ development in soybean, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) is a rate-limiting enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis. However, whether ACS also regulates floral organ differentiation in soybean remains unknown. To address this, we constructed an RNAi vector to inhibit ACS expression in cotyledonary nodes. Linear DNA cassettes of RNAi-ACS obtained by PCR were used to transform soybean cotyledonary nodes. Results: In total, 131 of 139 transiently transformed plants acquired herbicide resistance and displayed GUS activities in the new buds. In comparison to untransformed seedling controls, a greater number of flower buds were differentiated at the cotyledonary node; GM-ACS1 mRNA expression levels and ethylene emission in the transformed buds were reduced. Conclusion: These results indicate that the cotyledonary node transient transformation system may be suitable for stable transformation and that the inhibition of ACS expression may be an effective strategy for promoting floral organ differentiation in soybean.

It might seem natural to think that the socialist model of the economy, and a reality where collective property prevailed, eliminated the problem of financial crime. But did it really? This paper, which presents the scale of this type of crime as reflected by GUS (Polish Central Statistical Office) statistics, is an attempt at answering this question. At the same time we would like to present the “3 Cs” model (circumstances, character, chance), in which all the “C” factors occurred simultaneously, but on each occasion each of these had a different impact on the particular criminal act.

Since the fall of the USSR, the development of the integration process has become a foreign policy priority of the former Soviet territory. However, Moscow has failed to achieve this goal: no established structure could lead to significant integration. This research provides a historical review of the Eurasian economic integration. Employing an analysis of the international agreements and treaties that were behind the activities of the Eurasian integration unions, we reveal the specific features of economic integration communities’ evolution in the post-Soviet territory within the period from the Soviet Union collapse to the present date and assess their true fails and gains. The findings reveal that the Eurasian integration appears to have evolved mostly "on paper" in the form of various documents but has had no practical implementation. Its development was characterized by permanent cycles, which member countries attempted to overcome, establishing new integration entities. However, their interest gradually faded, making EAEU feel like the last attempt to implement a Eurasian integration processes.

In tobacco, the efficiency of Zn translocation to shoots depends on Zn/Cd status. Previous studies pointed to the specific contribution of root parts in the regulation of this process, as well as the role of NtZIP4A/B (from the ZIP family, Zrt Irt-like Proteins). Here, to verify this hypothesis, NtZIP4A/B RNAi lines were generated. Then, in plants exposed to combinations of Zn and Cd concentrations in the medium, the consequences of NtZIP4A/B suppression for the translocation of both metals were determined. Furthermore, the apical, middle, and basal root parts were examined for accumulation of both metals, for Zn localization (using Zinpyr-1), and for modifications of the expression pattern of ZIP genes. Our results confirmed the role of NtZIP4A/B in the control of Zn/Cd-status-dependent transfer of both metals to shoots. Furthermore, they indicated that the middle and basal root parts contributed to the regulation of this process by acting as a reservoir for excess Zn and Cd. Expression studies identified several candidate ZIP genes that interact with NtZIP4A/B in the root in regulating Zn and Cd translocation to the shoot, primarily NtZIP1-like in the basal root part and NtZIP2 in the middle one.

A new highly sensitive whole-mount in situ hybridization method, based on tyramide signal amplification (TSA-MISH) was developed and a combined GFP detection and TSA-MISH procedure was applied for the first time in plants, to precisely define the spatial pattern of AtGUS1 and AtGUS2 expression in the root apex. ?-glucuronidases (GUSs) belonging to the glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) 79 family, are widely distributed in plants, but their functional role has not yet been fully investigated. In the model system Arabidopsis Thaliana, three different AtGUS genes have been identified which encode proteins with putative different fates. Endogenous GUS expression has been detected in different organs and tissues, but the cyto-histological domains of gene expression remain unclear. The results here reported show co-expression of AtGUS1 and AtGUS2 in different functional zones of the root apex (the cap central zone, the root cap meristem, the staminal cell niche and the cortical cell layers of the proximal meristem), while AtGUS2 is exclusively expressed in the cap peripheral layer and in the epidermis in the elongation zone. Interestingly, both genes are not expressed in the stelar portion of the proximal meristem. A spatial (cortex vs. stele) and temporal (proximal meristem vs. transition zone) regulation of AtGUS1 and AtGUS2 expression is therefore active in the root apex. This expression pattern, although globally consistent with the involvement of GUS activity in both cell proliferation and elongation, clearly indicates that AtGUS1 and AtGUS2 could control distinct downstream process depending on the developmental context and the interaction with other players of root growth control. In the future, the newly developed approaches may well be very useful to dissect such interactions.

Brachiaria brizantha is a forage grass well adapted to tropical areas and cultivated in millions of hectares in Brazil. The apomictic mode of reproduction in this species, in addition to differences in ploidy between sexual and apomictic plants, impairs crossbreeding. The development of a methodology to transform apomictic cultivars will provide an option to introduce agronomic important traits to B. brizantha cv. Marandu. In addition, it will open the possibility to study in vivo the function of candidate genes involved in the apomictic reproduction. The objective of this work was to evaluate peeled seeds, isolated embryo from mature seeds, embryogenic calluses and embryogenic cell suspensions, as target explant for genetic transformation via biolistics. Plasmids bearing the marker genes gus and hptII under the control of the rice actin 1 promoter (pAct1-Os) or the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter (pUbi1Zm) were used. All the target-explants used were suitable for transient gene expression after bombardment, showing gus expression and resistance to hygromycin. Using embryogenic calluses and cell suspensions as target tissues, transgenic plants were regenerated and transgenes detected.

The use of promoters preferentially expressed in specific plant tissues is a desirable strategy to search for resistance for pathogens that colonize these tissues. The bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), associated with huanglongbing disease (HLB) of citrus, colonizes phloem vessels. Some promoters, besides conferring tissue-specific expression, can also respond to the presence of the pathogen. The objective of the present study was to verify if the presence of Las could modulate the activation of the phloem-specific promoters AtPP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein 2), AtSUC2 (A. thaliana sucrose transporter 2) and CsPP2 ( pCitrus phloemrotein 2), known to be expressed in Citrus sinensis phloem. ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange plants (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) transformed with the uidA (GUS) reporter gene under the control of AtPP2, AtSUC2 and CsPP2 promoters were infected to evaluate the interdependence between transgene expression and the concentration of Las. Plants were inoculated with Las by Diaphorina citri and eighteen months later, bacterial concentration and uidA expression were determined by qPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively. Reporter gene expression driven by AtSUC2 promoter was strongly and positively correlated with Las concentration. Therefore, this promoter combines desirable features of both tissue-specificity and pathogen-inducibility for the production of transgenic plants tolerant to Las. RESUMO A utilização de promotores preferencialmente expressos em tecidos vegetais específicos é uma estratégia desejável na busca por resistência a patógenos que colonizam tais tecidos. A bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), associada à doença huanglongbing (HLB) em citros, coloniza o tecido floemático. Alguns promotores, além de conferir expressão específica em certos tecidos, podem também responder diferencialmente à presença de patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a presença de Las poderia modular a ativação dos promotores de floema AtPP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana phloem protein 2), AtSUC2 (A. thaliana sucrose transporter 2) e CsPP2 ( pCitrus phloemrotein 2), conhecidos por expressão específica em floema de Citrus sinensis. Plantas de laranja ‘Hamlin’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) transformadas com o gene reporter uidA (GUS) sob controle dos promotores AtPP2, AtSUC2 e CsPP2 foram infectadas para avaliar a interdependência entre a expressão dos transgenes e concentração de Las. Plantas foram inoculadas com Las por meio de Diaphorina citri e dezoito meses após, a concentração de bactéria e expressão do gene uidA foram determinadas por qPCR e RT-qPCR, respectivamente. A expressão do gene reporter dirigida pelo promotor AtSUC2 foi forte e positivamente correlacionada com a concentração de Las. Portanto, este promotor contém características desejáveis quanto à especificidade de expressão e indução específica por patógeno para a produção de plantas transgênicas tolerantes a Las.

RESUMEN Imazapir es un herbicida de amplio espectro de control de malezas, perteneciente al grupo químico de las Imidazolinonas. En Argentina se aplica a gran escala en los cultivos de girasol y maíz Clearfield®. Debido a que posee baja capacidad de adsorción, alta capacidad de desorción y prolongada persistencia en el suelo, representa alto riesgo de lixiviación y de contaminación del agua subterránea. En Argentina es escasa la información generada al respecto. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el riesgo de lixiviación del herbicida imazapir hacia el agua subterránea en tres suelos contrastantes del país (Tandil, Anguil y Cerro Azul). Se utilizaron los índices GUS (Groundwater Ubiquity Score), Factor de Retardo (RF) y Factor de Atenuación log-transformado (AFT), considerándose para el cálculo de este último tres recargas netas de agua subterránea: 0,3; 1,1; y 2,3 mm día-1. Los índices fueron estimados empleando las propiedades ambientales (vida media y adsorción) de bases de datos y obtenidas experimentalmente para cada sitio de estudio. De acuerdo a los índices GUS y AFT, imazapir presentó alto riesgo de lixiviación hacia el agua subterránea en los tres suelos, según el orden Tandil > Cerro Azul > Anguil. Los resultados mostraron que una débil adsorción y una elevada persistencia podrían conducir a una alta movilidad de imazapir en el perfil del suelo, lo cual implicaría un alto riesgo de contaminación del agua subterránea.

The grass species Brachypodium distachyon has emerged as a model system for the study of gene structure and function in temperate cereals. As a first demonstration of the utility of Brachypodium to study wheat gene promoter function, we transformed it with a T-DNA that included the uidA reporter gene under control of a wheat High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit (HMW-GS) gene promoter and transcription terminator. For comparison, the same expression cassette was introduced into wheat by biolistics. Histochemical staining for β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity showed that the wheat promoter was highly expressed in the endosperms of all the seeds of Brachypodium and wheat homozygous plants. It was not active in any other tissue of transgenic wheat, but showed variable and sporadic activity in a minority of styles of the pistils of four homozygous transgenic Brachypodium lines. The ease of obtaining transgenic Brachypodium plants and the overall faithfulness of expression of the wheat HMW-GS promoter in those plants make it likely that this model system can be used for studies of other promoters from cereal crop species that are difficult to transform.

Reporter tagged virus clones can provide detailed information on virus–host interactions. In Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), four recessive and one dominant gene are known to control infection by strains of the potyvirus species Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). To study the interactions between BCMV and bean genotypes with different resistance gene combinations, an infectious clone of the strain RU1 was tagged with the UidA gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS). The clone was agroinoculated to bean genotypes with different combinations of the resistance genes bc-u, bc-1, bc-2, bc-3 and I. In situ histochemical GUS assays showed new details of the resistance responses, which were previously analysed by immunological methods and symptom descriptions. In some instances GUS assays suggested that resistance breaking strains appeared at single foci in uninoculated leaves. To allow recovery of resistance breaking strains for further studies, BCMV RU1 was tagged with the sequence encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), which was visualized directly without destruction of the tissue. In this paper we present details of the construction of the infectious clone and discuss its application in studies of BCMV resistance in bean.

β-Glucuronidases (GUS) are histochemically and fluorometrically detectable enzymes that cleave the glycosidic bond of glucuronides in living organisms. Previously thought to be absent in plants, endogenous GUS activity has recently been demonstrated ubiquitous, and its function is being widely investigated in model plants. Further, the GUS gene from Escherichia coli is the most widely used reporter gene in plant transformation experiments. Fluorometric assay of GUS activity is universally performed using fluorogenic substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β- d -glucuronide (MUG) by discontinuous measurement, based on the general notion that basification of the solution following enzymatic cleavage is necessary to detect the fluorophore 4-methyl-umbelliferone (MU). In this report, we analyze MU and MUG spectroscopic characteristics at different pHs, and show that MU is a fluorescent compound also at pHs below its pKa, although with a different excitation spectrum compared to the ionized form. On the basis of this evidence, we show that MUG is a suitable substrate to perform continuous measurement of GUS activity at the pH optima of plant endogenous and E. coli GUS enzymes. An efficient and straightforward method which greatly improves the procedure to assess GUS activity is described, and insights are given on the principles leading to optimal setting of instrumental parameters.

5 páginas -- PAGS nros. 293-297, Changes have been reported in the pattern of gene expression in Arabidopsis on exposure to microgravity. Plant cell growth and proliferation are functions that are potentially affected by such changes in gene expression. In the present investigation, the cell proliferation rate, the regulation of cell cycle progression and the rate of ribosome biogenesis (this latter taken to estimate cell growth) have been studied using morphometric markers or parameters evaluated by light and electron microscopy in real microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS) and in ground-based simulated microgravity, using the Random Positioning Machine and the Magnetic Levitation Instrument. Results showed enhanced cell proliferation but depleted cell growth in both real and simulated microgravity, indicating that the two processes are uncoupled, unlike the situation under normal gravity on Earth in which they are strictly co-ordinated events. It is concluded that microgravity is an important stress condition for plant cells compared to normal ground gravity conditions

Plant plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPase) are essential for establishing a proton electrochemical gradient across the cell plasma membrane. Their regulation is poorly understood, except for the role of 14-3-3 proteins, which relieve autoinhibition from the C-terminal domain. A novel protein interacting with this domain was recently identified in Arabidopsis and named PPI1 (Proton Pump Interactor 1). PPI1 stimulates PM H+-ATPase activity in vitro. Here, we analyse the expression pattern of Ppi1 using beta-glucuronidase as a reporter. Expression is strong in root and shoot vascular systems, particularly in meristematic and sink tissues, as well as in pollen, stigmas and siliques, but not in developing embryos. Removal of the first intron decreased GUS expression 45-fold. We also analysed the transcription of Ppi2, another gene in the family, and demonstrated that Ppi2 is expressed in seedlings, cultured cells and flowers. We reassessed Ppi2 gene structure based on RT-PCR amplifications, cDNA data and similarity to other Ppi genes. Insertional mutants for both Ppi1 and Ppi2 were isolated. Two different mutants of Ppi1 showed aberrant mRNAs and lacked any detectable protein and are therefore true knockouts. Interestingly, one mutation inhibited the splicing of one intron at a considerable distance (>700 bp) from the T-DNA insertion site, but not the splicing of a proximal intron (29 bp) or of any other intron. At the plant level, neither of the single mutants nor the double ppi1ppi2 mutant showed an altered phenotype in standard growth conditions under acid load or salt stress.

Cloning and functional characterization of plant pathogen inducible promoters is of great significance for their use in the effective management of plant diseases. The rice gene CYP76M7 was up regulated at 24, 48, and 72 hours post inoculation (hpi) with two isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae Mo-ei-11 and Mo-ni-25. In this study, the promoter of CYP76M7 gene was cloned from rice cultivar HR-12, characterized and functionally validated. The Transcription Start Site of CYP76M7 was mapped at 45 bases upstream of the initiation codon. To functionally validate the promoter, 5′ deletion analysis of the promoter sequences was performed and the deletion fragments fused with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were used for generating stable transgenic Arabidopsis plants as well as for transient expression in rice. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of GUS in transgenic Arabidopsis plants and also in transiently expressed rice leaves revealed that the promoter of CYP76M7 gene was induced by M. oryzae. The induction of CYP76M7 promoter was observed at 24 hpi with M. oryzae. We report that, sequences spanning -222 bp to -520 bp, with the cluster of three W-boxes, two ASF1 motifs and a single GT-1 element may contribute to the M. oryzae inducible nature of CYP76M7 promoter. The promoter characterized in this study would be an ideal candidate for the overexpression of defense genes in rice for developing durable blast resistance rice lines.

Determinar a sorção, a dessorção e o potencial de lixiviação do dimethenamid em diferentes solos foi o objetivo deste trabalho. As amostras dos solos foram agitadas por 24 horas e centrifugadas, sendo o sobrenadante filtrado e analisado por HPLC. As etapas da dessorção foram conduzidas por meio da reposição do sobrenadante removido com o mesmo volume de solução de 0,01 M de CaCl2 com agitação por 24 h e posterior centrifugação, repetindo-se o processo por três vezes consecutivas (24, 48 e 72 h) sendo o sobrenadante filtrado e analisado por HPLC. A sorção do dimethenamid, descrita pela isoterma de Freundlich, foi calculada pela diferença entre as concentrações adicionadas e aquelas quantificadas no HPLC. Foram calculadas as percentagens de dessorção a 24, 48 e 72 horas, pela diferença entre as quantidades sorvidas e aquelas quantificadas no HPLC. Correlações de Pearson foram feitas entre kf, kfoc e dessorção e as principais propriedades dos solos. O coeficiente GUS foi utilizado para estimar o potencial de lixiviação. Os baixos valores encontrados para o kf do dimethenamid indicam que este herbicida é pouco sorvido pelos solos estudados. No perfil LVd-a, a sorção se correlacionou significativa e positivamente com o teor de carbono orgânico, quando analisado isoladamente. Os valores de kfoc variaram de 37,66 a 138,24 nas amostras superficiais dos solos estudados e apresentaram correlação significativa com o teor de carbono orgânico quando analisado somente o perfil do LVd-a. A avaliação do potencial de lixiviação demonstrou que o dimethenamid pode ser classificado como herbicida lixiviador apenas no solo LVdf. O processo de dessorção foi menor que o processo de sorção, até 72 horas após a aplicação. A dessorção é maior em camadas mais profundas no perfil do solo LVd-a, onde o teor de carbono orgânico é menor. Dimethenamid was applied on soil samples to determine the sorption, desorption, and leaching potential of this herbicide in different soils. After 24 hour shaking, the samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant filtered and analyzed by HPLC. Desorption periods were established by substituting the removed supernatant volume in each tube for a CaCl2 solution (0.01 M), shaking for 24 hours, and centrifuging it. The procedure was repeated three more times at 24, 48, and 72 h, when the supernatant was filtered and analyzed by HPLC. Dimethenamid sorption, described by Freundlich isotherm, was calculated by the differences between the applied concentrations and those measured by HPLC. Desorption percentages at 24, 48, and 72 h were calculated by the difference between the sorbed quantities and those measured in the HPLC. Pearson correlations were set up to determine the correlation between kf, kfoc, desorption, and the main soil properties, and GUS coefficient was used to estimate the leaching potential. The low dimethenamid kf values suggest that this herbicide is of low sorption in the studied soils. A significant and positive correlation between sorption and organic carbon content was established in the individual LVd-a profile analysis. The values for kfoc varied from 37.66 to 138.24, in surface samples of the studied soils. They presented a significant correlation with the organic carbon content only when the LVd-a soil profile was analyzed. Leaching potential evaluation showed that dimethenamid may be classified as a leaching agent only in the LVdf soil. Up to 72 hours after application, desorption was less intense than sorption. Dimethenamid desorption is greater in deeper LVd-a soil layers, where organic carbon contents are lower.

A tropical endophytic isolate of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (synonym Fusarium moniliforme) obtained from Zea mays was co-transformed with plasmid pNH24 containing the Fusarium oxysporum nitrate reductase nia gene and plasmid pNOM 102 carrying the Escherichia coli b-glucuronidase gusA gene. Transformation frequency for the nia marker was 75 transformants mg-1 vector DNA and introduction of the gusA gene by co-transformation was 57.2% as indicated by the presence of the GUS+ phenotype on plates. Southern analyses confirmed the integration of both plasmids into the genome of ten GUS+ transformants. All co-transformants showed mitotic stability in respect of the GUS+ phenotype. To assess the potential of transformed endophytic fungi as vectors for introducing desirable characteristics into host tropical plants of biotechnological and agricultural importance we successfully infected maize roots and detected GUS+ phenotype”.

Background Promoters play important roles in gene expression and function. There are three basic types of promoters: constitutive, specific, and inducible. Constitutive promoters are widely used in genetic engineering, but these promoters have limitations. Inducible promoters are activated by specific inducers. Tissue-specific promoters are a type of specific promoters that drive gene expression in specific tissues or organs. Here, we cloned and characterized the GmPRP2 promoter from soybean. The expression pattern indicated that this promoter is root-preferential in transgenic Arabidopsis and the hairy roots of soybean. It can be used to improve the root resistance or tolerance to pathogens, pests, malnutrition and other abiotic stresses which cause extensive annual losses in soybean production. Results The GmPRP2 promoter (GmPRP2p-1062) was isolated from soybean cv. Williams 82. Sequence analysis revealed that this promoter contains many cis-acting elements, including root-specific motifs. The GmPRP2p-1062 and its 5’-deletion fragments were fused with the GUS reporter gene and introduced into Arabidopsis and the hairy roots of soybean to further determine promoter activity. Histochemical analysis in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that GUS activity was mainly detected in roots and hypocotyls in all deletion fragments except GmPRP2p-471 (a 5’-deletion fragment of GmPRP2p-1062 with 471 bp length). GUS activity was higher in transgenic Arabidopsis and hairy roots with GmPRP2p-1062 and GmPRP2p-852 (a 5’-deletion fragment of GmPRP2p-1062 with 852 bp length) constructs than the other two constructs. GUS activity was enhanced by NaCl, PEG, IAA and JM treatments and decreased by SA, ABA and GA treatments in transgenic Arabidopsis. Conclusions GmPRP2p-1062 is a root-preferential promoter, and its core fragment for root-preferential expression might lie between −369 and +1. GmPRP2p-852 may be useful in the genetic engineering of novel soybean cultivars in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0245-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The metabolites of pesticides can contaminate groundwater and pose a risk to human health when this water is used for drinking. This paper reports the results of a laboratory study on aldicarb and its main metabolites, aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide. Aldicarb and its metabolites showed Koc values (6-31) which were lower than that of atrazine (55), indicating that they are very mobile in soil. They are less persistent than atrazine (DT50 = 25 days), with DT50 values from less than 1 day and up to 12 days. Aldicarb behaved as a non-leacher, whereas its metabolites clearly showed the characteristics of leachers. Aged residue leaching experiments showed that aldicarb can occur at high concentrations in the leachate, together with its two metabolites. The leachate composition depends on the incubation time of the parent compound. Aldicarb and its metabolites can form various mixtures in groundwater on the basis of the time elapsing between the application of the insecticide and the first significant rainfall. This study confirms the characteristics of contaminants of aldicarb and especially its metabolites, as reported in the literature.

Infectious RNA transcripts were generated from a chimeric cDNA clone of the plum pox potyvirus (PPV) genome containing the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene inserted between the sequences coding for the P1 and HC proteins. An artificial cleavage site specific for the NIa viral proteinase was engineered between the GUS and HC sequences to produce free GUS and HC proteins. The resulting virus PPVGus↓ was stably maintained during the first round of infection, although plants remained symptomless and virus accumulation was delayed with respect to wild-type infection. PPVGus↓ deleted variants, missing between 645 and 1779 nt, were detected in a subsequent plant passage. PPVGus↓ deletions were confined inside the GUS gene, never affecting the P1 and HC coding regions, in contrast with previous reports of deletions in other potyvirus-based vector, in which deletions frequently reached the HC gene. These results suggest that the N-terminus of the PPV HC protein may be essential for virus viability. Analysis of the deletion endpoints showed short stretches of similarity in donor and acceptor RNAs, as well as oligo A tracts conserved in most junction sites, suggesting that deletions in PPVGus↓ might take place by similarity-assisted recombination events. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V., This work was supported by Grants BIO95-0076 and BIO98-0769 from CICYT, 06G/021/96 from Comunidad de Madrid and BIO4-CT96-0304 and BIO4-CT97-2300 from the Biotechnology Program of the European Union.

The genome of peanut clump pecluvirus (PCV) consists of two messenger RNA components which contain, respectively, three and five open reading frames (ORFs). Inoculation of transcripts from full-length cDNA clones derived from the PCV RNAs showed that RNA-1 is able to replicate in the absence of RNA-2 in protoplasts, but both RNAs are necessary for plant infection. To investigate the role of different gene products in viral RNA replication and movement, transcripts from mutant cDNA clones were inoculated to protoplasts and to Chenopodium quinoa or Nicotiana benthamiana plants, and progeny RNA was detected by Northern blot analysis. The protein P15, encoded by the third ORF of RNA-1, is essential for efficient replication of the viral genome. The three proteins, P51, P14, and P17, of the triple gene block contained in RNA-2 are involved in localized movement of the viral genome, whereas the coat protein (P23) is also required for vascular movement. Insertion of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) in place of the P23 or P39 genes (the first and the second genes of RNA-2) allows visualization of the virus infection in inoculated leaves. Although the presence of the GUS gene resulted in a lower accumulation of progeny RNA and, despite instability of the construct in planta, histochemical detection of PCV multiplication was more sensitive than Northern blot detection.

As an extremely early flowering cultivar, rice cultivar Kitaake is a suitable model system for molecular studies. Expression analyses revealed that transcript levels of the flowering repressor Ghd7 were decreased while those of its downstream genes, Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1, were increased. Sequencing the known flowering-regulator genes revealed mutations in Ghd7 and OsPRR37 that cause early translation termination and amino acid substitutions, respectively. Genetic analysis of F2 progeny from a cross between cv. Kitaake and cv. Dongjin indicated that those mutations additively contribute to the early-flowering phenotype in cv. Kitaake. Because the short life cycle facilitates genetics research, this study generated 10 000 T-DNA tagging lines and deduced 6758 flanking sequence tags (FSTs), in which 3122 were genic and 3636 were intergenic. Among the genic lines, 367 (11.8%) were inserted into new genes that were not previously tagged. Because the lines were generated by T-DNA that contained the promoterless GUS reporter gene, which had an intron with triple splicing donors/acceptors in the right border region, a high efficiency of GUS expression was shown in various organs. Sequencing of the GUS-positive lines demonstrated that the third splicing donor and the first splicing acceptor of the vector were extensively used. The FST data have now been released into the public domain for seed distribution and facilitation of rice research.

Here is reported a novel histological marker line that strongly and specifically labels the male gametophyte in Arabidopsis flowers, from the uninucleate microspore to the pollination stage. In this marker line, the expression of the UidA and GFP marker genes is driven by the promoter of the At5g17340 Arabidopsis gene, a gene highly expressed in the male gametophyte. Strong GUS histochemical staining is detected in the uninucleate microspores. Strong GUS, and GFP, histological labelling is also detected in the subsequent stages of male gametophyte development. The potential applications of this marker line are discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-237) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytia in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, which are its only nutrient source. One gene, At1g64110, that is strongly up-regulated in syncytia as shown by RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ RT-PCR and promoter::GUS lines, encodes an AAA+-type ATPase. Expression of two related genes in syncytia, At4g28000 and At5g52882, was not detected or not different from control root segments. Using amiRNA lines and T-DNA mutants, we show that At1g64110 is important for syncytium and nematode development. At1g64110 was also inducible by wounding, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, heat and cold, as well as drought, sodium chloride, abscisic acid and mannitol, indicating involvement of this gene in abiotic stress responses. We confirmed this using two T-DNA mutants that were more sensitive to abscisic acid and sodium chloride during seed germination and root growth. These mutants also developed significantly smaller roots in response to abscisic acid and sodium chloride. An in silico analysis showed that ATPase At1g64110 (and also At4g28000 and At5g52882) belong to the ‘meiotic clade’ of AAA proteins that includes proteins such as Vps4, katanin, spastin and MSP1.

Der Forschungsbericht 17 analysiert das Migrationspotenzial aus der GUS in die Europäische Union. Dafür werden datengestützt die demographischen, wirtschaftlichen, politischen und ökologischen Entwicklungsdifferenzen zwischen den Regionen GUS und EU sowie der Einfluss der Migrantenbevölkerung in den EU-Staaten und die aktuellen Migrationsbewegungen untersucht. Research Report 17 analyses the migration potential from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to the European Union. To this end, the differences in the demographic, economic, political and ecological development between the CIS and EU regions, as well as the influence of the migrant population in the EU States, and the current migration movements, are examined on the basis of data.

Accurate evaluation of disease phenotypes is considered a key step to study plant–microbe interactions, as the rate of host colonization by the pathogenic microbe directly refl ects whether the defense response of the plant is compromised. Although several techniques were developed to quantitate the amount of infection, only a few of them are inherently suitable for large disease screens. Here, I describe an unbiased method to quantitate disease phenotypes which manifest themselves by visible symptoms contrasting with the remaining unaffected parts of the host tissue. The method utilizes a macro plugin written for the image processing program “ImageJ” to calculate two values which determine the disease index for a specifi c treatment. In case the disease symptoms are not clear, a transgenic pathogenic fungus expressing the GUS gene is suitable for high-throughput disease screens, since staining for GUS activity facilitates an easy detection of the blue-stained pathogen. I illustrate the versatility of this method by analyzing a data set from a functional silencing screening experiment in resistant tomato that was inoculated with a GUS-expressing strain of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum . The method calculates a disease index for each silenced plant and thereby provides a basis for the unbiased identifi cation of candidate host genes required for full resistance to this fungus.

"Die Auswirkungen der Weltfinanzkrise auf die post-kommunistischen Staaten werden in erheblichem Maße von deren Position im Weltwirtschaftssystem bestimmt. Der erste Teil des Aufsatzes stellt diese sich wandelnde Position der europäischen staatssozialistischen Gesellschaften im Weltsystem dar. Im zweiten Teil werden die Auswirkungen der Finanzkrise analysiert. Seit 1989 haben die post-sozialistischen Staaten unterschiedliche Wege beschritten. Die neuen Mitgliedsländer der Europäischen Union (EU) sind einem neoliberalen Kurs gefolgt und sind in die Weltwirtschaft formal als Mitglieder des 'Kerns' (der EU) eingetreten. Die Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten (GUS) bildet eine 'hybride' soziale Formation, die sowohl durch Elemente staatlicher Koordination als auch durch nationale und globale Kapitalinteressen geprägt ist - Charakteristika von 'semi-peripheren' Staaten. Die Öffnung aller post-kommunistischer Staaten gegenüber der Weltwirtschaft durch Handel und Finanzen hat sie auch anfällig für externe Schocks gemacht, wie die Finanzprobleme in Folge der Krise von 2007 bis 2009 veranschaulichen. Die Reaktionen und Adaptionen auf diese Krise sind Thema dieses Beitrages. Es lässt sich zeigen, dass die neuen EU-Länder stärker von der Finanzkrise betroffen sind als die Länder der GUS. Dabei wurde die Legitimität neoliberaler Politik unterminiert und staatliche Regulierung neubewertet. Im Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass die 'Semi-Peripherie' keine transitorische Formation in der Weltwirtschaft ist. Vielmehr lässt sich aus Weltsystem-Perspektive zwischen potentiellen Gegenzentren (Russland und China), die die Kapazität zu Autonomie und Erneuerung haben, und jenen Staaten unterscheiden, die sehr viel abhängiger vom Zentrum der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft sind und bleiben." (Autorenreferat) "The impact of the world financial crisis on the post-communist European states is predicated on their position in the world economic system. The first part of the paper considers the changing position of the European state socialist societies in the world system. The second part analyses the impact of the economic financial crisis. Since 1989, the post-socialist states have pursued different trajectories. The new member states of the European Union (EU) have followed a neoliberal course and have entered the world economy formally as members of the 'core' (the EU). The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) constitutes a 'hybrid' social formation containing elements of state coordination, national and global capitalist interests - characteristics of 'semi-peripheral' states. The exposure (through trade and finance) of all the post-communist states to the world system has opened up their economies making them liable to external shocks. This is illustrated by the effects of financial stress caused by the world economic crisis of 2007-2009. Reactions and adaptations to the crisis are discussed: the post-socialist members of the EU have been more affected by the crisis than the CIS states. It is contended that the legitimacy of neoliberal policies has been undermined and state regulation enhanced. It is argued that the semi-periphery is not a transitionary formation in the world-economy. In a world system perspective, the 'semi-periphery' has to be differentiated between potential 'counterpoints' (Russia and China), which have a capacity for autonomy and renewal, and countries that are more dependent on the capitalist economic core states." (author's abstract)

"The article covers the results of two decades of transition of Russia after 1989, putting an accent on three main issues: the configuration of the research-object (post-socialist Russia in comparison with other post-Soviet counties), the results of transition, and its main actors. The author maintains that in the Russian case of transition, transformation rather than modernization is the appropriate notion for the definition of the process during the past two decades'. In Russia they deal with the contradictory combination of a relatively successful political modernization and very controversial results in the economical domain. Neither in 1990, nor in 2000 was the modernization project fully realized. A systematic and comprehensive modernization that was set as the main transformation task in the beginning of the transition process is still at the national agenda. However, a modernization strategy is difficult to be followed both for historical reasons and current circumstances. The author considers two types of limitations impeding the realization of the modernization project - one is historically determined and one is contemporary, both with an accent on the value orientations of elite and mass groups." (author's abstract)

"Der Beitrag untersucht die Implikationen der Finanzkrise von 2008 auf die Wohlfahrtsstaaten und die Spielarten des Kapitalismus in der post-kommunistischen Welt, einschließlich Osteuropa und der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten. Es werden drei politökonomische Dimensionen von Variation analysiert: die des Kapitalismus, der Leistungen des Sozialstaats und der Vulnerabilität gegenüber der Krise. Diese drei Dimensionen sind miteinander verknüpft; zusätzliche Varianzen kommen durch politische und policy-Faktoren ins Spiel. Die Wachstumsmodelle der einzelnen Volkswirtschaften schufen unterschiedliche Zwänge für die Anpassungspolitik der Staaten in Reaktion auf die Krise. So war die currency substitution mit einer starken politischen Präferenz für die Verteidigung der Umtauschkurse verbunden, die als Anpassungsmaßnahme vor allem eine Reduktion öffentlicher Ausgaben und der Löhne einschloss. Unterschiede in den Wohlfahrtsstaatssystemen lassen sich zudem auf die unterschiedliche politische Unterstützung für Sozialleistungen zurückführen, die wiederum eng mit der Präsenz der entsprechenden Interessen im politischen System zusammenhängen. Das Wechselspiel zwischen diesen Zwängen und politischen Faktoren sowie mit der Intervention internationaler Institutionen prägen die Art und Weise, wie die Wohlfahrtsstaaten an die Krise angepasst werden. Frühere Entwicklungen führen zudem zu einigen unerwarteten Ergebnissen." (Autorenreferat), "This paper investigates the implications of the 2008 financial crisis on welfare states and the capitalist diversity in the post-communist world, including Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It analyzes three political-economic varieties in the region: those of capitalism, welfare, and vulnerabilities to the crisis. The three varieties are linked, but there is also a considerable variation given the importance of political and policy factors. Economic growth models created different political and economic constraints on policies of adjustment to the crisis. In particular, currency substitution was associated with strong political preferences for defending exchange rates, with adjustment through reductions in public spending and wages. A variety of welfare models was associated with different political constituencies for welfare provision. The interplay of these constraints and political factors together with intervention of international institutions shapes the nature of welfare state adjustments. Early developments also indicate some unexpected outcomes." (author's abstract)

The presence of a small open reading frame embedded in the P3 cistron of potyvirus turnip mosaic virus, termed “ pipo ,” was recently discovered. We have now studied the putative pipo of soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Introduction of single, or multiple, stop codon mutations at different locations within pipo , without substitution in polyprotein amino acids, did not abolish replication, but restricted the virus to small cluster of cells within the inoculated leaves. Furthermore, extensive mutagenesis of the conserved GA 6 motif at the 5′ end of pipo also generated two out of five mutants that remained restricted to small foci of infected cells within the inoculated leaves. Long-distance movement function of the movement-defective PIPO-mutants was not restored following co-inoculation with competent SMV strains. Taken together, the data suggest that the putative pipo of SMV is essential for the virus movement; however, knock out of its expression does not abolish replication.

This article examines the Chinese perception of Russian foreign policy during the Putin administration by analysing Beijing's assessment of Russia’s foreign policy objectives and its policy towards the U.S., as reflected in the official media and the authoritative publications of China’s major security and foreign policy think tanks. Promoting multipolarity and checks and balances against U.S. unilateralism has been a very significant consideration on the part of the Chinese leadership. Using the concept of the "strategic triangle", the article demonstrates how changes in U.S.-Russian relations have probably become the most important variable in this push for multipolarity. In the past decade and a half, Sino-Russian relations have improved when Russia has become disappointed with the support it received from the U.S. There have also been periods of time when Russia has anticipated closer relations with the U.S. and thus neglected China's vital interests. The Chinese leadership, however, has exercised restraint at such times. There has been greater optimism in Beijing concerning Sino-Russian relations in recent years because of the expanding economic ties, Russia’s increasing oil wealth and Putin's authoritarian orientation. In diesem Artikel wird die chinesische Sichtweise der russischen Außenpolitik während der Regierungszeit Putins untersucht.

Aus Anlass der am 28. September 2008 stattfindenden Wahlen zum belarussischen Parlament bietet die neueste Ausgabe der Recherche Spezial einen umfassenden und kommentierten Überblick über die neuesten Literatur- und Forschungsnachweise zum Thema "Wahlen im postsowjetischen Raum". Seit der Auflösung der UdSSR im Jahre 1991 hat in allen Nachfolgestaaten zumindest formal ein Übergang zu demokratischen Strukturen stattgefunden. Damit verbunden ist die regelmäßige Durchführung von Wahlen, die sich an den neu geschaffenen Verfassungen und den Wahlgesetzen orientieren. Den sogenannten Gründungswahlen bis 1994 folgten weitere Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen, an deren Verlauf und Ergebnissen die Demokratieentwicklung in den einzelnen Ländern verfolgt werden konnte. Für westliche Beobachter zeigte sich v.a. in der sogenannten "Orangenen Revolution" 2004 in der Ukraine, die von offensichtlichen Wahlmanipulationen ausgelöst wurde, dass das bloße Vorhandensein entsprechender Institutionen keine Gewähr für tatsächlich demokratische Prozesse, wie den Ablauf freier und fairer Wahlen, bietet. Auch die 2008 bereits erfolgten Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen in Georgien (Januar/Mai) und die Präsidentschaftswahlen in Russland (März) gaben in ihrem Verlauf Anlass zu Kritik auf Seiten westlicher Beobachter. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich der Recherche Spezial mit den spezifischen Bedingungen, Verlauf und Ergebnissen nationaler Wahlen in den Ländern der ehemaligen Sowjetunion (mit Ausnahme des Baltikums) sowie mit der Rolle internationaler Akteure. Ergänzt wird die Ausgabe durch Beiträge von Stefan Meister und Vladimir Gelman, die einen Überblick über Stand und Entwicklung der Wahlforschung mit Fokus auf den GUS-Raum geben – einerseits aus westlicher Perspektive, andererseits mit dem Blick auf die Disziplin aus russischer Sicht., To mark the parliamentary elections in Belarus on September 28, 2008, the latest edition of "Research Special" offers a comprehensive and annotated overview of the most current literature and research references on the topic "Elections in the post-Soviet area." The former Soviet Republics have, at least formally, been undergoing a transition to democratic structures since the disintegration of the USSR in 1991. This includes holding regular elections oriented towards the newly established constitutions and electoral laws. The so-called "foundation elections" through 1994 were followed by further parliamentary and presidential elections; which made it possible to trace the respective countries’ democratic development through their course and results. The 2004 "Orange Revolution" (as it is known) in the Ukraine, caused by obvious electoral manipulations, demonstrates to Western observers that the mere existence of democratic institutions is no guarantee for actual democratic processes, such as the holding of free and fair elections. Even the 2008 presidential and parliamentary elections which took place in Georgia (January and May), as well as the presidential elections in Russia (March) gave Western observers cause for criticism. Against this background "Research Special" deals with the specific conditions, processes, and results of national elections in the countries of the former Soviet Union (except the Baltic States) as well as with the role of international actors. The edition is supplemented with contributions from Stefan Meiser and Vladimir Gelman who provide readers with an overview of the state and development of electoral research with an emphasis on the CIS area - from a western perspective and, with a view to the discipline from a Russian viewpoint as well.

'Die Sicherstellung der Energieversorgung wird in den kommenden Jahren eine der zentralen Herausforderungen deutscher und europäischer Politik sein. In dieser Studie werden die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts zum Thema 'Europäische Energiesicherheit 2020' vorgestellt, das die Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik gemeinsam mit der der Forschungsgruppe Gesellschaft und Technik der Daimler AG zwischen November 2006 und Dezember 2007 durchgeführt hat, um die Kompetenzen beider Häuser für die Bearbeitung dieses zentralen Problems deutscher und europäischer Politik zu nutzen. Auf der Basis einer Untersuchung der Beziehungen zwischen Europa und seinen energiepolitisch wichtigsten Nachbarregionen - Russland und die Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten, Nordafrika sowie Naher und Mittlerer Osten - wurde nach den Aussichten für eine gesicherte europäische Energieversorgung gefragt. Betrachtet wurde die Entwicklung bis zum Jahre 2020. Die Wahl eines Zeitraums von zwölf Jahren bietet die Möglichkeit, alternative Szenarien zu entwerfen, die sich aus den demographischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen ergeben könnten. Aus dem Prozess gingen 42 potentielle Szenariogerüste hervor, aus denen die in der Studie vorgestellten drei Szenarien ausgewählt wurden. Sie stellen alternative, aber in sich konsistente Zukunftsbilder dar, die als Grundlage für strategische Entscheidungen dienen können. Da in der Szenario-Methode die prinzipielle Ungewissheit der Zukunft anerkannt wird, lässt sich für keines der Szenarien eine höhere Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit reklamieren als für ein anderes.' (Autorenreferat)

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AsA), an important primary metabolite of plants, functions as an antioxidant, an enzyme cofactor, and a cell-signaling modulator in a wide array of crucial physiological processes including biosynthesis of the cell wall, secondary metabolites and phytohormones, stress resistance, photoprotection, cell division, senescence, and growth. To identify genes that may regulate vitamin C levels in plants, about 3000 activation-tagged Arabidopsis lines were treated with ozone, which is a power oxidizing agent. Two mutants were selected for identification of potential genes involved in the regulation of vitamin C synthesis. A putative F-box gene, VCF1, and a purple acid phosphatase, AtPAP15, were identified for further characterization. Two homozygous SALK T-DNA knockouts in the open reading frame (ORF) of VCF1 exhibited high tolerance to ozone when treated with 450 ppb for 3 hours and the AsA levels of these mutants were 2 to 3 fold higher than wild-type (wt) plants. Developmental studies, using RT-PCR, indicated that foliar expression of the VCF1 gene increased with plant age from 1 to 5 weeks, whereas AsA decreased during this same period. The expression of VCF1 was higher under a low-light condition in which AsA was reduced considerably. The AsA levels in two VCF1 overexpressing lines were only 50 to 70% of wt plants. These results suggested that the putative F-box gene functions as a negative regulator of leaf ascorbate content. Overexpression of AtPAP15 with the CaMV 35S promoter resulted in up to 3-fold higher AsA levels than wt plants, where two independent SALK T-DNA insertion mutants in AtPAP15 had 50% less AsA than wt plants. Enzyme activity of bacterially expressed GST:AtPAP15 was greatest with phytate as a substrate indicating that AtPAP15 is a phytase. Phytase catalyzes hydrolysis of phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) to yield myo-inositol and free phosphate. Thus, AtPAP15 may regulate AsA levels by controlling the input of myo-inositol into this branch of AsA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. AtPAP15 was expressed in all tested organs in wt plants and suggests that the enzyme may have functions other than phytate degradation during seed germination. Ph. D.

'Die Studie geht der Frage nach, wie Terrorismus in Verbindung mit anderen Stabilitäts- und Sicherheitsrisiken in Russland und anderen GUS-Staaten, vornehmlich im Kaukasus und in Zentralasien, wahrgenommen und behandelt wird. Im ersten Teil steht der offizielle Diskurs über Antiterrorismus im Vordergrund. Wie definieren postsowjetische Regierungen Terrorismus? Wie verknüpfen sie ihn mit Extremismus und Separatismus zu den 'drei bösen Kräften', die im Rahmen der Shanghai-Organisation für Zusammenarbeit als eine zentrale Herausforderung für eurasische Sicherheitspolitik definiert werden? Im zweiten Teil geht es um das Verhältnis zwischen militärisch-operativen und strukturellen, auf tieferliegende Ursachen zielenden Maßnahmen bei der Terrorismusbekämpfung im postsowjetischen Raum. Da auch in diesem Raum Terrorismus in engem Zusammenhang mit der Aktivität radikal-islamistischer Gruppen wahrgenommen wird, enthält der dritte Teil einen Überblick über solche Bewegungen in Russland, im Kaukasus und in Zentralasien. Die entscheidenden Fragen sind hier: Inwieweit sind Teile dieses Raumes zu Brennpunkten für die Verknüpfung lokaler Konflikt- und Gewaltherde mit transnationalen Jihad-Netzwerken geworden? Inwieweit konstruieren postsowjetische Regierung mit dieser Verknüpfung Bedrohungs- und Feindbilder zur Legitimation ihres innen- und außenpolitischen Handelns? Je enger die Verbindung der EU mit ihren Nachbarschaftsregionen im postsowjetischen Raum wie dem Kaukasus und den 'Nachbarn der Nachbarn' in Zentralasien wird, desto relevanter werden die hier behandelten Fragen auch für eine europäische Außenpolitik.' (Autorenreferat)

"Wladimir Putin will innerhalb seiner noch zweieinhalb Jahre dauernden Präsidentschaft zwei wesentliche Dinge erreichen: Russland über den Faktor Energie wieder als Großmacht auf der Weltbühne verankern und sein Land in die Weltgemeinschaft integrieren. Die Stunde der Wahrheit schlägt nächstes Jahr, wenn Russland den Vorsitz in der G-8 übernimmt und der WTO beitreten möchte. Einen gewaltigen Rückschlag musste Putin bei dem dritten Punkt auf seiner Agenda einstecken: Sein Versuch, die ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken in ein neues Bündnis mit Russland zu integrieren, ist gescheitert. Gegenwärtig erlebt Russland, 15 Jahre nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion, eine zweite dramatische Auflösung seines einstigen historischen Territoriums und Einflussgebiets in der GUS. Es gibt Stimmen, die Russland raten, selbst eine Integration mit dem Westen zu suchen, um die Idee eines Gemeinsamen Europäischen Hauses wieder zu beleben, in dem alle europäischen Länder sich gegenseitig verstärken und es keine Kämpfe um Einflusszonen geben wird. Eine Energieallianz zwischen Russland und der EU könnte der erste Schritt in dieser Richtung sein. Derweil ist die EU durch die Ablehnung der Verfassung politisch so blockiert, dass sie für eine Fortsetzung der Ausdehnung nach Osten kaum mehr die Kraft aufbringen wird." (Autorenreferat)

"Disintegration of the USSR, formation of the new independent states onto the post-Soviet space became a significant event in contemporary history and human biographies. Majority of these states have begun market and democracy reforms, which pushed dramatic system transformation of their societies. It was expected, that reforms would provide the economy growth, increase of welfare and life chances of citizens unlimited by the centralized economy and authoritarian state. However already from the mid 1990th sharp social polarization (Gini coefficient was multiplied almost in 2 times, except for Belarus and Georgia), decline of life chances for most citizens, considerable reducing of life expectancy (above all things, capable of working men) showed up in these countries. The daily life of the people living in the former USSR has been transformed, with the certainties of everyday life being eroded as the bureaucratic redistributive order has taken on the guise of the market. In parallel, vertical social integration has been undermined alongside a significant increase in social inequalities; at the same time increase of social integration within strata has been showed up. What vectors of social inequalities are most strong? And what reasons of these phenomena are? In spite of the wide-spread opinion that age, gender and ethnicity are the independent factors of increasing of inequality; the author argues significant dependence of these factors on the objective class positions. Investigation of objective medium shows the expressly structured allocation of resources and life chances belonging to 'new' and 'old' social classes. On a base of survey data on Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and Kazakhstan, the paper concludes with some tentative projections concerning future social inequality development in these societies, in which relations of power, appropriation of property, social capital and high-quality education entail deep distinction in life chances of people. The author underlines that post-Soviet societies now mirror elements of traditional class societies with acquisition classes being not numerous, and in which a significant proportion of the population is social excluded. The paper is based on a data source of the EU-founded project on living conditions, lifestyle and health (LLH, with project leading by Ch. Haerpfer) as a multi-level survey conducted in 8 post-Soviet states during 2000-2002 years." (author's abstract)

'Durch den Schmuggel von Drogen und anderer Konterbande tangiert die Instabilität in einigen Regionen des GUS-Raums die europäische Sicherheit. Den Hintergrund für den Zusammenhang zwischen Schmuggel und regionaler Instabilität bilden poröse nachsowjetische Staatsgrenzen, schwache und zum Teil korrupte Sicherheitsstrukturen (Grenzschutz, Zoll, Polizei), lokale Gewaltmärkte und ungelöste Regionalkonflikte. Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit dem von Afghanistan ausgehenden Schmuggel opiumhaltiger Drogen durch zentralasiatische und südkaukasische Staaten sowie durch Russland. Sie analysiert den Übergang von Transit- zu Konsumräumen für afghanische Opiate entlang der 'neuen Seidenstraße', die damit zusammenhängenden medizinischen und sozialen Probleme wie die Koppelung zwischen Drogenströmen und HIV-Epidemien, die Vernetzung mit anderen Schmuggelaktivitäten (Waffenhandel, Menschenhandel), den Zusammenhang zwischen Schmuggel und schlechter Regierungsführung, Korruption und 'schwacher Staatlichkeit' im GUS-Raum. Daraus werden Empfehlungen an die europäische und internationale Politik auf dem Feld der Drogenbekämpfung in Eurasien abgeleitet.' (Autorenreferat)

"Russland möchte in der Weltordnung nach dem Irak-Krieg auf der Seite des Siegers stehen und meint, dieses Ziel eher in einer deutsch-französisch-russischen Anti-Kriegskoalition erreichen zu können. Offensichtlich liegen die Prioritäten Russlands nicht mehr im Ausbau der nach dem 11. September 2001 erfolgreich begonnenen strategischen Partnerschaft und Anti-Terrorkooperation mit den USA, sondern in der Verhinderung des Durchbruchs Amerikas zur alleinigen Weltherrschaft." (Autorenreferat)