Search

Ground water accessed via wells in areas of Tiruvallur district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has been a subject to increase sea-water intrusion. The present study highlights the potable water crisis in the northern district evaluated using GIS-assisted determination of water quality parameters across fifty sampling sites. The most informative parameters evaluated within this study were TDS, EC, TH, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl- and SO42- while parameters such as pH, CO32-, etc. had limited correlated significance to water quality. The total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) determined in the study area indicated significantly elevated levels across the sampling sites. Weighted arithmetical indexing (WAI) of the water quality parameters indicated 30 out of 50 water sources meet the tolerance limits for both drinking and irrigation. Based on BIS standards, only 13 sites met acceptable limits for safe drinking water. Principal component analysis and piper plot analysis revealed a significant involvement of Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and SO42- in the impairment of water quality, particularly in the coastal zones. Spatial hydro-chemical profiles developed in this study reveal ‘hot-spots’ of sea-water tainted water sources, and the hydro-chemical dominance of alkali earth components. Altogether, the study findings indicate a widening water crisis on top of over-exploited water resources and discuss possible factors and remedial steps in addressing the situation. KEY WORDS: Ground water, Principal component analysis, Piper Plot, Water quality index, Irrigation suitability Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(2), 241-260. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i2.1 &nbsp

The opportunity of utilizing activated carbon prepared from banana peels (BPAC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to eliminate copper (Cu+2 ) from the contaminated ground water has been explored. The activated carbon was prepared from banana peels by chemical activation utilizing a drenching agent, for example, a phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The Influence of different factors including initial copper amount, contacting duration, agitation speed, initial pH of the solution and sorbent dosage was studied in batch experiments. The optimum magnitudes for these factors that resulted in the highest copper removing efficacy (=96percent) were 40 minutes, 6, 250 rpm, 50 mg/l, and 1 mg/100 ml, respectively. The isotherm models of Freundlich and Langmuir have been utilized to analyze the sorption data for Cu+2 ions acquired via batch studies. The Langmuir model has been utilized to explain the sorption of Cu+2 onto BPAC, according to the findings. The partial differential formulas that describe copper transport in one–dimensional (1D) under equilibrium conditions have been solved utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a software based on the finite element technique. The PRB has a significant function in preventing the copper plume from moving, according to the expected findings (COMSOL solution) and experimental findings. Finally, the excellent agreement between anticipated (theoretical) and actual findings, with an RMSE of less comparison with 0.1 percent, demonstrated that these techniques are useful and efficient instruments for describing copper transport processes.

The interface between surface water and groundwater is becoming more complex owing to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities these days. In this study, the physicochemical; pH, color, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity while bacteriological parameters; total and fecal coliform of water samples from River Gashua and its surrounding wells in Gashua local government area of Yobe State were assessed. All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using water quality standards. Fecal and total coliforms were assayed using the filter membrane technique. The results obtained from the physicochemical parameters of Boreholes (BH1, BH2, and BH3) and hand pump wells (HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3) are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, the river (R) water sample was found to have a high concentration in total dissolved solids, turbidity, and color than permissible standards. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliform in the water samples; R, BH2, BH3, HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3. The findings indicate that there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it is recommended that government and other stakeholders should take appropriate and corrective actions to avert the continuous discharge of waste products into the river. Again, Yobe State Ministry of Environment should ensure that all public boreholes are routinely subjected to appropriate water assays to ascertain their suitability for human consumption.

In most African rural communities, ground water is the primary source of drinking water. Fluoride is a harmful substance found in ground water that causes serious health problems. The only answer to the fresh and clean water crisis is water treatment. Sustainable, cost-effective and efficient membrane filtration technologies are becoming progressively vital to solve the scarcity. Owing to their unique tunable physico-chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used in water treatment. This paper thoroughly reviews the health effects of consuming excess fluoride ions. The recent progress on the synthesis of CNT was also highlighted. A special emphasis was given to green synthetic routes for its preparation. Green catalysts provide defined size and morphology than conventional materials and also prevent metal leaching. The effects of incorporation of CNTs as filler in the matrix have been discussed in detail. The large-scale production of CNTs and their growth mechanisms; for water purification purposes are explored. It has been observed that CNTs have got an excellent filtration performance of fluoride, low biofouling activities and high water flux capacity. Besides, this review attempt to provide a clue for the functionalized CNTs based membranes as potential solutions in water purifications of fluoride ions in the future.

The high levels of iron and manganese found in ground water and utilized by living habitats has made it mandatory to seek a local low cost effective technique to decrease their concentrations. In this study, vermiculite clay and cation exchange resin were used as adsorbent and filter media to examine their ability in the removal and retention of those soluble metal. Different initial concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 30, and 50 ppm were examined using column testing. Vermiculite clay could remove iron up to 95% for the 5 ppm initial concentration and completely remove iron form the initial 2 ppm concentration at 70 min. Cation exchange resin worked better at lower concentrations yet couldn’t attain the allowable drinking water levels. For manganese, cation exchange resin performed better where the highest removal rates attained for the 5 and 2 ppm were 99% and 100% successively within the first 10–20 min.

A subject course complied with a grade of 4.0 (A+) approved Doctorate Ph.D. Curriculum Design Subject Course, DBCE 104 3.0 Credit Units Building Public Health and Plumbing Engineering and as part of my journey at the Atlantic International University with Ph.D. in Building and Construction Engineering. The integrated modern plumbing and drainage services can no longer be considered in isolation for any projects with sustainability as a key objective such as Qatar Children’s Museum, Hamad Medical Facilities, and Gold Line Metro Rail Facilities. All measures must be taken to minimize water demand and maximize the collection and re-use where it has to be used within the building facility as self-explanatory as describes the below figure. In this context, the potable water system is designed in accordance with the requirement of the local Authority Having Jurisdiction, KAHRAMAA and ASHGHAL, which is the source of incoming water to sustain the requirement of the building facility being used by the number of people employed and visitors. And from all the water supply fixtures used including the condensate water from the air conditioning units except coming from the water closets are being withdrawn into drainage lines were being recycled and treated for irrigation, cooling heat rejection, façade washing, and toilet flushing purposes, which constitutes the principles of sustainability and energy savings in valuing the wastewater to be recycled and used. On the other side’s as part of Plumbing Engineering, the code stipulates the requirements for sizing and design of the fire water supplies required for the interior fire suppression system demands. The fire water supply serving the interior fire suppression system is to provide the required water pressure and the required flow for a prescribed duration, which is 60-minutes following the QCDD requirement especially for the High Sprinkler Tank Project within the healthcare facility. Also, Drainage Impact Assessment (DIA) would normally be undertaken at the initial concept of design stage as part of a Flood Risk Assessment for the local authority and the development of the design project.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of wastewater quality of Paharang drain Faisalabad on ground water quality of adjacent areas. Ground water samples and drain water samples were collected and analyzed by using standard methods. Parameters of wastewater samples were compared with Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Results indicated that physico-chemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, fluoride and total hardness were found exceeding the permissible limits in wastewater samples. Similarly, few physicochemical parameters in groundwater were found within the permissible limit while electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, chlorides (Cl), fluoride (F), and total hardness in most of samples were found above the Pak EPA and WHO standard limits. Heavy metals like nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), andarsenic (As) were found within the prescribed concentrations in drain and ground water samples. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of some drain wastewater parameters like conductivity, TDS, salt, temperature, and Cl on the corresponding ground water quality. A strong positive correlation between pH, EC, TDS, Salt, and Cl in drain wastewater and strong positive correlation between EC, TDS and Salt in ground water samples was observed. For improving the ground water quality in the adjacent areas textile wastewater treatment all factories is required, and a combined effluent treatment plant (CETP) at the Paharang drain is also recommended.

Due to industrialization and over population, surface water resources are out of reach from many people so consumption of ground water is the only choice to overcome the water scarcity. Naturally, ground water is one of the significant and potable water resource but some geographical conditions and anthropogenic activities deteriorate the water quality and make it objectionable for drinking. This study was conducted to evaluate the ground water quality of Karachi, Pakistan. For this, 42 ground water samples were collected from different districts of Karachi and analyzed their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and compared with both international (WHO) and national (SEQS) drinking water standards. Observations of the study declared that overall contamination (physicochemical and microbial) in the ground water samples of different districts of Karachi was as follow West (21%), South (20%), Central (17%), Malir (16%), Korangi (14%) and East (12%). Physical assessment of the study area declared that pH and turbidity of the ground water samples varies in the range of (6.54-7.9) and (0-1.01 NTU) which exist in the standard prescribed limit. Whereas, detection of chemical contaminants particularly TDS (457-12090 mg/L), hardness (118.8-3645 mg/L) and chloride (190-4918 mg/L) content in most of the samples were also exceed from the prescribed limit. Additionally, arsenic was abundantly present ranging from 3.52-13.63 mg/L in all collected samples of Karachi city while the concentration of cadmium (range: 0.0005-0.5012 mg/L) and lead (range: 0.201-1.817 mg/L) were also high in few samples, from the permissible limit of drinking water. Microbial contamination was also detected in which coliforms were present in the range of 0-150 CFU/100mL, which also unfit the water quality. This deteriorated ground water quality of Karachi can be improved by maintenance of proper sanitary conditions of the communities and implementation of water treatments, otherwise consumption of such water may develop serious health related consequences in the consumers.

This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of using iron slag by product as reactive materials in the porous reactive barriers technologies to achieve the principles of sustainability. Results reveal that the maximum adsorption capacity of iron slag (=2.309 mg/g) can be calculated by Langmuir model because it is more representative for adsorption data. This means that the chem-sorption is predominant mechanism for sorption of lead ions where the dissolution of calcium oxide by hydrolysis and ion exchange can enhance the removal of lead ions by iron oxide surface sites. In addition, the results of continuous tests conducted for 140 hours certified that the longevities of the barriers is proportional straightforwardly with the bed depth but it changed inversely with initial concentration of metal ions and flowrate. Hydraulic conductivity was recognized to remain approximately constant and this certify that there is no precipitation occurred through the removal process. The COMSOL software was proved its ability in the description of the measured breakthrough curves with high agreement.

Beijing, as the capital of China, suffers severe subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal. In this paper, the SBAS-InSAR technique was used to detect surface deformations in the Beijing plain. 47 scenes Envisat ASAR images obtained during June 2003 to August 2010, and 24 Radarsat-2 images obtained during November 2010 to December 2013 were employed to retrieve vertical deformation characteristic over this area. The deformation magnitude, evolution process and spatial distribution of representative targets that occurred during 11 years were retrieved. The vertical surface displacement rates during two periods were validated via leveling observations, which have an RMSE =1.15mm/a, which indicates that the two types of subsidence matched very well. The interferometric results revealed that the subsidence during the two periods show similar special distributions and have an uneven spatial-temporal trend. The scope and deformation rates of funnels continuously increased with from 2003 to 2013. Meanwhile, multiple expressways and urban ring roads spanned the subsidence funnel with sharp deformation rate, and showed different subsidence properties along their paths. Additionally, the spatial and temporal correlation analyses between the deformation measurements and the dynamic variation of groundwater pumping was also performed to explore the response relationship.

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was investigated in 17 surface water samples (rivers, canals, and lagoons), 12 groundwater samples (wells and boreholes, which can also be consumed for drinking) and 8 drinking water samples (bottles and sachets) during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state, Nigeria. The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin (an antibiotic) at median concentrations of 1614, 238 and 358 ng/L in surface water, ground water and drinking water, respectively. This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen, nicotine, ibuprofen, and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%. Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide, caffeine, naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly (P

Thai Socities of Agricultural Engineering Journal, 28, 2, 10-17

Nigeria as a country has about 13,879 km2 land area, covered by water with over 40 rivers and streams. The water is not uniformly distributed based on geology and rainfall pattern. Groundwater is estimated at 51.93 ×109 m3, out of which sedimentary basins accounts for 67 %. The sustainability of these resources is being threatened by variability of the hydrological regime and availability of fresh water, pollution, erosion and flooding, reservoir sedimentation, saltwater intrusion and increased soil salinity and land use pattern. Findings show that the concentration of heavy metals in all the major rivers across Nigeria are above the WHO recommended values and these were attributed to anthropogenic influence. Issues such as eutrophication resulting from nutrient loadings, salinization from irrigation return flows, open defecation practice, serious cases of over abstraction of ground water leading to up coning in coastal areas, frequent flooding witnessed in recent times, calls for concern. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the challenges on utilization of water resources, the impact on our environment and its linkage to sustainability., {"references":["Aboelnga, H. T., Ribbe, L., Frechen, F. B., and Saghir, J. (2019). Urban Water Security: Definition and Assessment Framework. Resources, 8(4), p. 178. Abolude, D. S., Davies, O. A. and Avong, W. Y. (2009). Level of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Crab (Cardisoma Guahumi) Obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Reservoir, Zaria Nigeria, International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 1(2), pp. 54 - 58. Abui, Y. M., Ezra, V., Bonet, R. A. and Amos, B. (2017). Assessment of Heavy Metals Level of River Kaduna at Kaduna Metropolis. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 21(2), pp. 347 - 352. Adeagbo, A. (2013). Achieving Environmental Sustainability (MDG7) In Nigeria: Progress So Far, Challenges and Prospects. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(6), pp. 47 - 59. Adejuwon, J. O. (2012). Rainfall Seasonality in the Niger Delta Belt, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(2), p. 51 - 60. Agbonkhese, O., Agbonkhese, E. G., Aka, E. O., Joe-Abaya, J., Ocholi, M., and Adekunle, A. (2014). Flood Menace in Nigeria: Impacts, Remedial and Management Strategies. Civil and Environmental Research, 6(4), pp. 32 - 40. Aghoghovwia, O. A., Oyelsele, O. A., and Ohimain, E. I. (2015). Heavy Metal Levels in Water and Sediment of Warri River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 3(1), pp. 20 - 25. Akaahan T. J., Olabanji F. M. and Azua, E. (2015). Studies on Contamination of Surface Waters of River Benue with Trace Elements at Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 7(5), pp. 49 - 55. Amadi, A. N, (2012). Quality Assessment of Aba River Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2(1), pp. 45 - 49. Amah, J. I. (2015). Threats to Water Resources Development in Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 4(3), pp. 1 - 10. Anoliefo, G. O. and Vwioko, D. E. (1995). Effects of Spent Lubricating Oil on the Growth of Capsicum Annum L. and Lycopersicon Esculentum Miller. Environmental Pollution, 88(3), pp. 361 - 364. Anyadiegwu, O. A., Nwachukwu, V. C., Agbelusi, O. O. and Ikeaka, C. I, (2011). Final Report on Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Atique, U., Lim, B., Yoon, J., and An, K. G. (2019). Biological Health Assessments of Lotic Waters by Biotic Integrity Indices and their Relations to Water Chemistry. Water, 11(3), pp. 436 - 457. Bashir, I., Lone, F. A., Bhat, R. A., Mir, S. A., Dar, Z. A., and Dar, S. A. (2020). Concerns and threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems. In Bioremediation and Biotechnology (pp. 1-26). Springer, Cham. Basiago, A. D. (1998). Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability in Development Theory and Urban Planning Practice. Environmentalist, 19(2), pp. 145 - 161. Bello, Y. O. and Oyedemi, D. T. A. (2009). The Impact of Abattoir Activities and Management in Residential Neighbourhoods: A Case Study of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2), pp. 121 - 127. Carter, R. C., and Alhassan, A. B. (1998). Groundwater, Soils, and Development in the Oases of the Manga Grasslands, Northeast Nigeria. Hydrology in a Changing Environment, 2, pp. 205 - 212. Collivignarelli, M. C., Abbà, A., Frattarola, A., Carnevale Miino, M., Padovani, S., Katsoyiannis, I., and Torretta, V. (2019). Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview. Sustainability, 11(21), pp. 6015 - 6037. Cosgrove, W. J., and Loucks, D. P. (2015). Water Management: Current and Future Challenges and Research Directions. Water Resources Research, 51(6), pp. 4823 - 4839. Dinka, M. O. (2018). Safe Drinking Water: Concepts, Benefits, Principles and Standards. Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World, IntechOpen, London, pp. 163 - 181. DIS (2013). Assessment of Dams, Springs and Runoff Rivers in Kaduna State. Directorate of Irrigation Services, Kaduna State Ministry of Agriculture, MOA/ADM/S/II/VOL.VIII/823. Edward, J. B., Idowu E. O., Oso J. A. and Ibidapo O. R. (2013). Determination of Heavy Metal Concentration in Fish Samples, Sediment and Water from Odo-Ayo River in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(1), pp. 27 - 33. Ekpoh, I. J. (2015). Climate Change and Recent Severe Flooding in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1), pp. 23 - 33. Enuneku, A., Ezemonye, L. I. and Adibeli, F. (2013). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Water and Bioaccumulation in Fish (Clarias Gariepinus) of River Owan, Edo State, Nigeria. European International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(7), pp. 2304 - 9693. Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development (FMWRRD) (1995). The Study on the National Water Resources Master Plan, Japan International Cooperation (JICA) and Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja. Fulazzaky, M. A. (2014). Challenges of Integrated Water Resources Management in Indonesia. Water, 6(7), pp. 2000 - 2020. Funtua M. A., Agbaji, E. B. and Pam, A. (2014). Heavy Metals Contents in Soils and Some Crops Irrigated along Bindare Stream Zaria-Kaduna State, Nigeria. American Chemical Science Journal, 4(6), pp. 855 - 864. Global International Water Assessment (GIWA) (2014). Lake Chad Basin: Regional Assessment 43. Fortnam, M.P. and Oguntola, J.A (Eds.), Sweden: University of Kalmar (Online). URL: Http;//Www.Unep.Org/Dewa/Giwa/Areas/Reports/R43/Giwaregionalassessment 43 Pdf (Accessed 21/10/2013). Goodland, R. (1995). The Concept of Environmental Sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26(1), pp. 1 - 24. Hamilton, P. (2005). Groundwater and Surface Water: A Single Resource. Water Environment and Technology, 17(5), pp. 37 - 41. Havel, J. E., Kovalenko, K. E., Thomaz, S. M., Amalfitano, S., and Kats, L. B. (2015). Aquatic Invasive Species: Challenges for the Future. Hydrobiologia, 750(1), pp. 147 - 170. Hospido, A., Moreira, M. T., Fernández-Couto, M., and Feijoo, G. (2004). Environmental Performance of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9(4), pp. 261 - 271. Igwe, C. A. (2012). Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria: Role of Soil Properties and Environmental Factors. InTech Open Science Publishers, pp. 157 - 171. Idu, A. J. (2015). Threats to Water Resources Development in Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 4(205), p. 2. Imam, I. (2012). Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Surface Water of Bompai-Jakata Basin. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 5(1), pp. 103 – 108. Inyinbor, A, A., Adebesin, B, O., Oluyori, A, P., Adelani, A. T. A., Dada, A, O. and Oreofe, T. A. (2018). Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact. Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World, p. 33. Ityavyar, E. M. and Tyav, T. T. (2012). Environmental Pollution in Nigeria: The Need for Awareness Creation for Sustainable Development. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 4(2), pp. 92 - 105. Issa, I. E., Al-Ansari, N., Knutsson, S., and Sherwany, G. (2015). Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches. Engineering, 7(4), pp. 190 – 202. Jimoh, R. A., Bankole, O. M., Ahmed, K., Christopher, O. A., Adeniji, M. A., Ebhodaghe, J Sedara, S.O., Obende, P.W., Alebu, O. and Ezima, E. A. (2018). Use of Geophysical Logs in Hydrogeological Studies and Borehole Designs: Case Study of Apapa Coastal Area, Lagos, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 8(7), p. 191. Joseph, C. A., Mohammed, T. A., Chellube, Z. M. and Fanna, I. A. (2012). Assessment of Pollutants in Water and Sediment Samples in Lake Chad, Baga, North Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3, pp. 1428 - 1441. Kavalsky, B. G., Gwin, C., Pearce, D., Sud, I. K., and Lyasse, O. (2010). Nigeria-Country Assistance Evaluation, 1998-2007 (No. 100006, pp. 1 - 120). The World Bank. Kawa, N. C., Ding, Y., Kingsbury, J., Goldberg, K., Lipschitz, F., Scherer, M., and Bonkiye, F. (2019). Night Soil. Ethnobiology Letters, 10(1), pp. 40 - 49. Kwoyiga, L., and Stefan, C. (2018). Groundwater Development for Dry Season Irrigation in North East Ghana: The Place of Local Knowledge. Water, 10(12), p. 1724. Lal, R. (1990). Soil Erosion in the Tropics. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Inc., p 590. Laniyan, T. A, Bayewu, O. O. and Ariyo, S. O. (2013). Heavy Metal Characteristics of Groundwater in Ibadan South Western, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(7), pp. 641 - 647. Lemoalle, J. (2015). Les Différents États Du Lac Tchad: Un Perpétuel Changement. In: Magrin G., Lemoalle J. and R. Pourtier (Eds.). Atlas Du Lac Tchad. Paris: Passages, République Du Tchad, AFD, CBLT, IRD Li, P., Qian, H., and Wu, J. (2018). Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water to Reduce Soil Salinization in the Yinchuan Plain, North-West China. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 34(3), pp. 337 - 353. Lim, M. M., Jørgensen, P. S. and Wyborn, C. A. (2018). Reframing the Sustainable Development Goals to Achieve Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene - A Systems Approach. Ecology and Society, 23(3), pp. 22 - 40. Lohdip, Y. N. and Gongden, J. J. (2013). Nigerian Water Bodies in Jeopardy: The Need for Sustainable Management and Security. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 71, pp. 11 - 22. Loucks, D. P., and Van Beek, E. (2017). Water Resources Planning and Management: An Overview. In: Water Resource Systems Planning and Management. Springer, Cham. pp. 1 - 49. Macdonald, A. M., and Calow, R. C. (2009). Developing Groundwater for Secure Rural Water Supplies in Africa. Desalination, 248(1-3), pp. 546 - 556. Mahmood, X. X. (1987). Final Report Sedimentation and Storage Reservoir, By Halcrow Water Group, Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Mailafia, H, (2012). Honourable Minister for Environment Federal Republic of Nigeria. Preface to the Country Report in Rio + 20, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Majasan, J. A. and Young, T. Q. (1977). A Visual Geography of Nigeria. Ibadan Evans Publishers, Ibadan. Malmstrom, C. (2012). Ecologists Study the Interactions of Organisms and their Environment. Nature Education Knowledge, 3, p. 88. Marcus, A. C. (2011). Trace Metals Contents of Bonny River and Creeks around Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria. Unpublished Phd Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Martín-Hurtado, R., Bolt, K., and Hamilton, K. (2002). The Environment and the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank. Mensah, J. and Ricart Casadevall, S. (2019). Sustainable Development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature Review. Cogent Social Sciences, 5(1), 1653531. MSDGC (2012). Integrated Sustainable Watershed Management Manual, Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati Environmental Program Manager, Marylynn Lodor, Www.Msdgc.Org, Marylynn.Lodor@Cincinnati-Oh.Gov. Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012). Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, Official Bulletin. Nwankwoala, H. O. (2011). An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Groundwater Development and Management in Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 3(5), pp. 123 - 130. Nwite, J. N. I., Okolo, C. C. L., Obi, M. E. and Ezeaku, P. I. (2014). Evaluation of Productivity Indices of Spent Lubricant Oil Contaminated Soil Bioremediated with Organic Wastes in Abakaliki, Southeastern. Elixir Agriculture, 71, pp. 25160 - 25166. Ogaga, A. A., Olusegun, A. O., and Elijah, I. O. (2015). Heavy Metal Levels in Water and Sediment of Warri River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Science, 3(1), pp. 235-247. Ogah, O. S., Okpechi, I., Chukwuonye, I. I., Akinyemi, J. O., Onwubere, B. J., Falase, A. O., Stewart, S. and Sliwa, K. (2012). Blood Pressure, Prevalence of Hypertension and Hypertension Related Complications in Nigerian Africans: A review. World Journal of Cardiology, 4(12), pp. 327 - 340. Ojile, M. O. (2020). Assessing and Providing Water for Small Communities in the Niger-Delta, Nigeria – A Water Supply Situational Study in Kpite-Tai in Ogoniland, Rivers State. American Journal of Water Resources, 8(1), pp. 12 - 20. Okpara, U. J, Stringer, L. C, Dougill, A. J, and Bila, M. D, (2014). Conflicts About Water in Lake Chad: Are Environmental Vulnerability and Security Issues Linked? Sustainable Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, No. 67. Onwuegbunam, D. O., Oyebode, M. A., Onwuegbunam, N. E., Maikano, S. and Waziri, C. H. (2013). Sedimentation Assessment of a Small Reservoir at Afaka Forest Reserve, Kaduna, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Earth Science, 3(9), pp. 183 - 190. Orubu, C. O. (2006). Water Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 19(3), pp. 169 - 181. Owusu, P. A., Aand Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Sustainability Issues and Climate Change Mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1167990. Oyedepo, S. O. (2012). Energy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: The Way Forward. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 2(1), p. 15. Parmar, T. K., Rawtani, D. and Agrawal, Y. K. (2016). Bioindicators: The Natural Indicator of Environmental Pollution. Frontiers in Life Science, 9(2), pp. 110 - 118. Reaser, J. K., Burgiel, S. W., Kirkey, J., Brantley, K. A., Veatch, S. D., and Burgos-Rodríguez, J. (2020). The Early Detection of and Rapid Response (EDRR) to Invasive Species: A Conceptual Framework and Federal Capacities Assessment. Biological Invasions, 22(1), pp. 1 - 19. Roberts, M. A. (2013). A Revolution is coming: The Fourteen International Laws of Recovery for our Infected Planet. Dorrance Publishing. Rotimi, J. and Ekperusi, O. A. (2014). Effect of Spent Lubricating Oil on the Composition and Abundance of Arthropod Communities of an Urban Soil. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 18(3), pp. 411 - 416. Savenije, H. H. G. (2000). Water Resources Management: Concepts and Tools. Lecture Note. IHE, Delft and University of Zimbabwe, Harare. Schoonover, J. E., and Crim, J. F. (2015). An Introduction to Soil Concepts and the Role of Soils in Watershed Management. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 154(1), pp. 21 - 47. Sherbinin, A. D., Carr, D., Cassels, S. and Jiang, L. (2007). Population and Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 32, pp. 345 - 373. Sterner, R. W., and Elser, J. J. (2002). Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press. Stolberg, F., Borysova, O., Mitrofanov, I., Barannik, V. and Eghtesadi, P. (2003). Caspian Sea GIWA Regional Assessment 23 Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA). Strayer, D. L. (2010). Alien Species in Fresh Waters: Ecological Effects, Interactions with other Stressors, and Prospects for the Future. Freshwater Biology, 55, pp. 152 - 174. Talbot, C. J., Bennett, E. M., Cassell, K., Hanes, D. M., Minor, E. C., Paerl, H., Raymond, P.A., Vargas, R., Vidon, P.G., Wollheim, W. and Xenopoulos, M. A. (2018). The Impact of Flooding on Aquatic Ecosystem Services. Biogeochemistry, 141(3), pp. 439 - 461. Uaboi–Egbenni, P. O, Okolie, P. N, Martins, O and Teniola, O. (2010). Studies on the Occurrence and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments in Lagos Lagoon and their Effects on Benthic Microbial Population. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(6), pp. 343 - 351. United Nations General Assembly, (2005). http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/2005/ (Accessed 04/12/2020). WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, Sanitation Monitoring Programme, and World Health Organization. (2015). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment. World Health Organization. Wolka, K. (2014). Effect of Soil and Water Conservation Measures and Challenges for Its Adoption: Ethiopia in Focus. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(4), pp. 185 - 199. World Bank (2003). World Development Report 2003, Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life World Bank, Washington DC. World Bank Report (2010). Land Area in Nigeria, www.Infoplease.Com/Ipa/A0107847.Html World Commission on Dams (2000). Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making, the Report of the World Commission on Dams - An Overview. Http://Www.Dams.Org Yahaya, M. I., Jacob, A. G., Agbendeh, Z. M., Akpan, G. P. and Kwasara, A. A. (2012). Seasonal Potential Toxic Metals Contents of Yauri River Bottom Sediments: North Western Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4(12), pp. 212 - 221. Ziadat, F. M., and Taimeh, A. Y. (2013). Effect of Rainfall Intensity, Slope, Land Use and Antecedent Soil Moisture on Soil Erosion in an Arid Environment. Land Degradation and Development, 24(6), pp. 582 - 590. Zitte, L. F., Awi-Waadu, G. D. B., and Okorodike, C. G. (2016). Used-oil Generation and Its Disposal along East-West Road, Port Harcourt Nigeria. International Journal of Waste Resources, 6, p. 195"]}

Though not regulated in directives such as the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, the investigation of geogenic background concentrations of certain elements such as precious metals is of increasing interest, in particular for the early detection of a potential environmental pollution due to the increased use in various industrial and technological applications and in medicine. However, the precise and accurate quantification of precious metals in natural waters is challenging due to the complex matrices and the ultra-low concentrations in the (sub-) ng L−1 range. A methodological approach, based on matrix separation and pre-concentration on the strong anion exchange resin TEVA® Resin in an online mode directly coupled to ICP-SFMS, has been developed for the determination of Ag, Pt, Pd and Au in ground water. Membrane desolvation sample introduction was used to reduce oxide-based spectral interferences, which complicate the quantification of these metals with high accuracy. To overcome errors arising from matrix effects—in particular, the highly varying major ion composition of the investigated ground water samples—an isotope dilution analysis and quantification based on standard additions, respectively, were performed. The method allowed to process four samples per hour in a fully automated mode. With a sample volume of only 8 mL, enrichment factors of 6–9 could be achieved, yielding detection limits

This study was conducted by using the chemical analysis of soluble ions data from nine ground water wells of Nineveh Provence to study their tendency for precipitation and dissolution of associated minerals by using Geo-Chemo equilibrium program Visual MinteqA2 to calculate the saturation index values for predicted associated minerals. The results of the output of geo – chemo program showed a different tendency of these water in dissolution / precipitation of salts minerals with location, also the sulfate water at Hamam Al-Alil has a high quality in these different minerals like (calcite, order and disorder dolomite, aragonite, vaterite, and gypsum). While the well waters at shykan and fadlia were less ability to precipitate only (order dolomite). The results were correlated with the geological formation at these locations , the results show that was high content of salt minerals as calcite and gypsum within fatha formation at Hamam Al-Alil, while there are increasing in clastic and carbonate minerals inconstract the salts minerals at shykan and kadia locations.

Despite paleochannels play a key role in the evolution of aeolian dune patterns, little attention has been paid on the interactions between paleochannels and aeolian processes. The objective of this article is to analyze the interactions between paleochannels and aeolian processes and their implications on the aeolian dune patterns. One site in the Kuruk Tagh Desert in eastern margin of the Tarim Basin, northwestern China is selected as the case study area. We analyze the sedimentary environment of the aeolian dunes around paleochannels based on the grain-size parameters. Furthermore, we present spatial and temporal dynamics of the vegetation and aeolian dunes around the paleochannels. The results indicate that: (1) ground water determines the spatial distribution of the vegetation and controls the evolution of aeolian dune patterns indirectly; (2) aeolian dunes around the paleochannels are initially controlled by fluvial and aeolian processes collectively. Then, the aeolian processes always play a dominant role after the drying up of these paleochannels; (3) the paleochannels in aeolian processes dominated areas ultimately evolve into a belt sand source due to the deposition of aeolian sediments and the encroachment of aeolian dunes. The timescale of the paleochannels’vanishment depends not only on the depth and width of the channels, but also on the angle between bedform orientation and prevailing sand flux direction.

Aim: To determine the effects of leaking septic tanks on groundwater quality in Owerri Municipal. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, and Department of Chemistry, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, between January 2013 to May 2014. Methodology: Geophysical and geochemical analysis was carried out using chemical and geophysical analyses. Owerri Municipal is located within Longitudes 6o59’E to 7o06’E and Latitudes 5o33’N. It falls within the coastal plains sands. The quality of groundwater was determined by taking samples from three locations namely Amakohia, Naze and Nekede and carrying out physiochemical analysis on each to ascertain the nature of dissolved substances in the groundwater. Also, physiochemical parameters like bulk density, porosity and permeability of the samples were determined. Description of the lithology and aquifer parameters were obtained using vertical electrical sounding method. Results: The density of the samples ranged from 1.49 to 1.98 mg/L, the porosity values are from 0.20 to 0.38 while the permeability varies from 0.053 mg/L to 2.49 mg/L. The chemical analysis revealed that some heavy metals have concentrations above the amount acceptable by WHO standards. Iron 18.6 to 63.9 mg/L, Nickel 7.5 mg/L and Manganese, 0.46 mg/L. The resistivity of the topsoil ranges from 618 Ωm to 3800 Ωm. An average resistivity range of 7500 Ωm exist up to 30 m while a layer of low resistivity indicating clay and clayey sand extends to 60 m at Naze, 60 m at Nekede and 50 m at Amakohia. Beyond these depths, the resistivity is high on the average of 3500 Ωm. Conclusion: The results showed that the subsurface is permeable which implies that traces of heavy metals present in the samples are contained in the leachets from surrounding environments either from septic tanks or from industrial activities on the surface. Groundwater quality can be improved within this environment by recommending boreholes drilled from 70 m where leachet permeability is negligible. The high concentration of some of the heavy metals is suspected to be present in the leachets which could have infiltrated as a result of human deposits and industrial activities within the environment.

Although uncommon, nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary infection in the Hawaiian Islands has a relatively high incidence and mortality compared to the mainland U.S. As a result, this study examines the possible geological and hydrological pathways by which NTM patients may become infected, including the environmental conditions that may favor growth and transport. Previously suggested infection routes include the inhalation of NTM attached to micro‐droplets from infected home plumbing systems and aerosolized dust from garden soil. In this study, we evaluate the possible routes NTM may take from riparian environments, into groundwater, into public water supplies and then into homes. Because NTM are notoriously hydrophobic and prone to attach to surfaces, mineralogy, and surface chemistry of suspended sediment in streams, soils, and rock scrapings suggest that NTM may especially attach to Fe‐oxides/hydroxides, and be transported as particles from losing streams to the aquifer on time‐scales of minutes to days. Within the aquifer, flow models indicate that water may be drawn into production wells on time scales (months) that permit NTM to survive and enter domestic water supplies. These processes depend on the presence of interconnected fracture networks with sufficient aperture to preclude complete autofiltration. The common occurrence of NTM in and around streams, in addition to wells, implies that the natural and built environments are capable of introducing a source of NTM into domestic water supplies via groundwater withdrawals. This may produce a persistent source of NTM infection to individuals through the presence of NTM‐laden biofilms in home plumbing., Key Points Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) are found in soils and biofilms of riparian environments in Hawai'iNTM are likely transported from losing streams to aquifersPumped wells draw NTM into culinary water supplies and into homes. NTM are chlorine resistant and outcompete other taxa in home plumbing

The investigation region is found in the central part of Iraq within the of Karbala Governorate, where it is located in the western part of the Governorate and Lake Razaza in the north of the region, while in the western and southern part of the region is Anbar Governorate and geographically (43° 10′ 25.7″, 43° 39″ 0.3″) longitude and (32° 10′ 25.7″, 32° 36′ 25.7″) latitude. The area of study is about 2400 Km2. The groundwater modeling system (GMS) v10.3 program was used for the modeling of ground water in the area containing about 22 wells distributed throughout the study area and the discharge of these wells ranges from 7 to 100 l/s and the rate of discharge of these wells up to 36 l/s. The model was initially operated within a steady state and after obtaining a match between the models results with the initial values of groundwater levels, the results of this case were adopted as inputs to run the model within the unsteady state. The model was worked within the sight of the above wells for 3 years and the results of the operation indicate a decrease in groundwater levels ranging from 2 to 21 m distributed uniformly throughout the study area.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the integration of differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) and levelling improves the monitoring of ground deformation phenomena, thereby enabling their complete understanding. The complementarity between D-InSAR and levelling is illustrated through a case study of the construction of a road tunnel beneath Glòries Square, Barcelona; D-InSAR is employed to continuously monitor the works, notably the dewatering of the site. This study focuses primarily on D-InSAR data obtained from the processing of Sentinel-1A data following a persistent scatterer interferometry procedure. The spatial distribution of the deformation and its temporal evolution are analysed with detailed hydrogeological and piezometric data. The magnitude of deformation is discussed using levelling data and an analytical estimation based on the hydromechanical parameters of the ground obtained from a pre-existing hydrogeological numerical model and pumping tests. The D-InSAR results are shown to be essential for identifying the origin of ground deformation and the constraints on its spread. Such observations at the construction site and district (~2 km radius) scales with sub-centimetric deformation are precious contributions of D-InSAR data, whereas levelling offers a more accurate quantification of the deformation, although this remains an open issue to be further investigated., The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Barcelona d'Infraestructures Municipals S.A. (BIMSA, Ajuntament de Barcelona), as promoter of the construction works in Glòries Square, funded the works of IDAEA-CSIC and CTTC in technical assistance for the Construction Management office. TYPSA (Técnica Y Proyectos S.A.) and Tec-4 (Tec-Cuatro S.A.), as responsible companies for the Construction Management, provided information and data from the works (geometries, operations, monitoring data, etc.). The authors would like to specifically thank the collaboration of Àngel López Arilla (BIMSA), Josep Torrentallé (BIMSA), Laura Baró López (TYPSA), Marc Esquius Berengueras (ESTEYCO S.A.) and Raúl Sánchez Rodríguez (Euro Geotecnica S.A.). This work has been also partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the DEMOS project “Deformation monitoring using Sentinel-1 data” (Ref: CGL2017-83704-P); by the European Commission, the Spanish Foundation for Science & Technology (FECYT) and State Research Agency (AEI) in the frame of the collaborative international consortium URBANWAT (PCI2019-103616) financed under the Water JPI Joint Call 2018 of the WaterWorks 2017 ERA-NET Cofund; and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through (1) the project UNBIASED (Ref: RTI 2018-097346-B-I00) under the 2018 call of the “Proyectos de I + D Retos Investigación“; and (2) Project CEX2018-000794-S, IDAEA-CSIC, Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa. The authors would also like to thank the assistance of Dr. Nieves Lantada Zarzosa (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC) and Dr. Estanislao Pujades Garnes (Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ).

The present study focuses on the hydrochemical conditions of a coastal mangrove lagoon in Venezuela which is completely isolated from the sea, lacking any visible connections such as tidal channels, preventing in this way tidal flushing. These isolation conditions introduced important changes in vegetation, soil salinity and hydrology. The aim of this paper is to relate some of the effects of disconnection, with the potential use of the mangrove as a sewage pond for treated domestic wastewater. Available data are analyzed on soil properties, hydrochemistry and water level fluctuations of surface and groundwater, recorded through a whole hydrological year. Present day mangrove characteristics are examined through the scrutiny of recordable historical disturbances. Finally, the potential effect of treated wastewater to be supplied to the lagoon is estimated, on the basis of local climate trends. It is concluded that the present day surface water quality would be impaired, and the desalinization process of soil and groundwater accelerated. The annual volume of residual water to be supplied would equal a 20% increase in the local precipitation regime, supply that would deeply alter the existing flood/drought regime. It is suggested that recuperating the original mangrove connection to the sea through channel opening may alleviate the impact of wastewater discharge. S'estudien les condicions hidroquímiques d'una llacuna costanera de manglar que es troba actualment aïllada del mar, a la qual li manquen connexions visibles amb aquest com canals o rambles de marea; no està per tant sotmesa a l'acció de la marea. Aquest aïllament ha provocat canvis importants en la composició de la comunitat de manglar, en el contingutde sals del sòl i en les característiques hidrològiques. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és relacionar alguns dels efectes de l'aïllament sobre la llacuna de manglar i el seu ús potencial com a receptora d'aigües residuals tractades d'un complex hoteler veí. S'analitzen dades disponibles dels sòls, hidroquímica i fluctuacions del nivell d'aigües superficials i subterrànies, registrades durant un cicle hidrològic complet. Les característiques actuals del manglar s'estudien mitjançant dades històriques. Finalment, l'efecte de la incorporació d'aigües residuals tractades a la llacuna s'avalua en base a les tendències climàtiques locals. Es conclou que la qualitat de l'aigua de la llacuna actual podria empitjorar amb la descàrrega de les aigües residuals i que el procés de desalinització existent s'acceleraria. El volum anual d'aigua afegit equivaldria a un increment del 20% de la precipitació actual. Aquest suplement d'aigua dolça podria alterar profundament el règim d'inundació / sequera del present. Per alleugerir l'impacte de la descàrrega d'aigua tractada a la llacuna, se suggereix recuperar les connexions originals del manglar amb el mar.

Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two, alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to 1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385 comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.

This study presents the hydrogeochemical implications resulted from Ider River, one of headwaters of Selenge River in northern Mongolia which is a main headwater of Lake Baikal in southeastern Russia, being included in a drainage basin of the North Arctic Ocean. Surface water and groundwater were collected and estimated with hydrogeochemical analyses of major ionic compositions in order to determine water quality in the catchment of Ider River in northern Mongolia. Result shows that the downstream of Ider River is more polluted than upstream of Ider River and Khunjil River, an inflow of the Ider River. Surface water of Ider River and groundwater in the catchment of the Ider River are comparable with their anions and cations. Ider River is highly enriched with an anion of Cl- in 2-3 times, cations of Na++K+ in 2-3 times and NH4+ in 0.5-1.0 times than those in groundwater in the catchment of Ider River. The hydrogeochemical results show that the surface water of Ider River is mainly polluted by solid wastes along its valley. More investigations with detail geochemical analyses are needed from the large rivers comprising surface water resource in Mongolia to review the hydrological evolution in Mongolia and Central Asia in the late Holocene.

Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh has been recognized as a major public problem. The arsenic contamination was first identified in the tubewell water in 1993 in a northern district of Bangladesh. Tubewells are the main source of drinking water in rural areas, and except hilly and terrace upland throughout the Bangladesh, the arsenic-contaminated tube-wells are distributed. Fifty million people of Bangladesh were estimated to be at risk of exposure to arsenic through consumption of water from contaminated tubewells. Chronic exposure to arsenic causes arsenicosis and may include multi-organ pathologies. Many of the health effects of chronic toxicity are evident in Bangladesh. Besides dermatological manifestations, noncommunicable diseases including cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and decreased intelligence quotient among the children are reported to be increasing. Cancer due to long-term low-dose arsenic exposure through consumption of contaminated water is now an important concern of Bangladesh as it is being increasingly reported from arsenic-exposed individuals. Stoppage of consumption of the arsenic-contaminated water is the mainstay of arsenicosis prevention and case management. At present, a higher proportion of the people are still consuming arsenic-contaminated water because of the lack of sustainable arsenic-safe water supply. In providing sustainable arsenic-safe water options, any option advocated should be cheap, easy to use, locally maintainable, and owned by the community. In addressing arsenic-related health issues, arsenic-exposed population needs to be brought under the coverage of the regular surveillance program for detection and subsequent management of noncommunicable diseases and cancers.

This paper aims to analyze the variability of the surface and ground water levels in Ambona peatlands. The depth at which the ground water table occurred was studied with reference to the adopted land drainage standards. The studies were carried out in 2009/10–2015/16 for natural and regulated water outflows. The analysis of annual total precipitation suggests that in the analyzed period some years were very wet (2009/10 and 2013/14), some were wet (2010/11, 2012/13 and 2015/16), one year was dry (2014/15) and one year was normal (2011/12). The 7-year average seasonal precipitation amounted to 598 mm, which was 71 mm higher than the average precipitation recorded in 30 years. The level of water in the river under adjustable outflow conditions ranged from 55 to 77 cm. The level of water under natural outflow ranged from 18 to 49 cm. In the area with adjustable outflow, the average draining depth was 47 cm. In the remaining area, not covered by the irrigation system, the draining depth was 64 cm. Additionally, the dynamics of variance in the water level under natural outflow conditions was clearly higher.

Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological variety. Groundwater is a valuable dynamic and replenishes able natural resource in present day and limited in extent. Groundwater resource assessment of a region involves a detailed study of the sub surface water, including geology and hydrogeology, monitoring and production of well data. The water quality guidelines provide a Limit Value for each parameter for drinking water. It is necessary that the quality of drinking water should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from varied of water borne diseases. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. It is necessary to know details about different physico chemical parameters such as color, taste, odor, TDS, pH, Hardness, Alkalinity, Chlorides, fluoride, Sulphate, Iron, turbidity and Nitrate used for testing of water quality. In present study, Drinking Water Quality, were analysis by various standards and analytical methods and TDS is found in 24 water sample out of 36. N. W. Bagalkar | P. M. Giri "Studies on Physicochemical Parameters to Assess the Water Quality of Ground Water Sources of Different Places in Daryapur Tahsil, Maharashtra (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8260.pdf

International audience; 1. The hyporheic zone of rivers potentially acts as a dispersal corridor for ground-water organisms because it provides a spatially continuous interstitial habitat between isolated aquifers. Yet, the degree to which it can facilitate the move- ment of organisms has been hypothesized to vary in response to change in sedi- ment regime, which determines channel morphology.2. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to test for a relationship between the genetic structure and diversity of the minute interstitial isopod Proasellus walteri and channel morphology along three nearby hyporheic corridors differing widely in their sediment regime. We predicted that genetic diversity would decrease and genetic structuring would increase as sediment supply-limited channels would become prominent features in the river corridor. The reason is that such channels have fewer and less suitable sedimentary habitats for migra- tion because they lack large depositional bedforms such as gravel bars.3. Using genotypic data from seven microsatellite loci for a total of 713 individuals distributed among 25 demes, we found that demes had on average more alleles and were less differentiated in the river showing the most extensive alluvial depos- its and shortest length of sediment supply-limited channels. Population clusters were also of greater size, reaching up to 30 km in length. The longitudinal pattern of genetic differentiation in this sediment-rich river was best explained by hydro- logic distance and the longitudinal pattern of allelic richness was bell-shaped, as expected under a stepping-stone model with symmetrical migration.4. The length of sediment supply-channels was more important than hydrologic dis- tance in explaining the longitudinal distribution of genetic differentiation in the two other corridors facing a sediment shortage. Allelic richness decreased mono- tonically upstream in the most sediment-poor river. This correlates with the expan- sion further downstream of sediment supply-limited channels in this river, which is likely to decrease animal movement and hence gene flow among demes.5. Thisstudyprovidesthefirstevidencethatthedegreetowhichthehyporheiczone facilitates the movement of groundwater organisms varies greatly among rivers of contrasted geomorphology. Extending the application of riverscape genetics across a range of interstitial taxa and geomorphic settings holds much promise for assessing the contribution of the hyporheic zone to the dispersal of groundwater organisms.

They determined the way the dangerous factors caused by the processes of flooding influence on environment and living conditions, they are the following: they estimated water resources quality, violation of water balance conditions on the flooded territories (the loss of drainage capacity of rivers and underground drainage formation), the process of activation of dangerous exogenous processes, they also theoretically grounded the necessity of correction of the calculation method of filtration flow with the use of filtration resistance. On the basis of these researches, they gave recommendations according to the usage of widespread methods of filtration resistance for difficult geological conditions of the water-bearing layer and stationary filtration flow near the facilities of engineering protection from flood. Mathematical model of forecasting of ground water level changes in aquifer with the level fluctuations in water receiver on conditions of three-ply water-bearing layer allows to make a reliable assessment and the forecast on flood level of a sloping hill which, in turn, allows to make promptly a managerial nature-green decision on provision of a territory with the necessary level of environmental safety. The method of estimation of individual risk on the built-over flooded territories by taking into account the sloping hills was improved.

Fluoride is an acute toxin, with a rating slightly higher than lead and is present in ground water naturally or artificially. Groundwater in India displays the presence of harmful quantities of fluoride. Fluorspar is main constituent of sand. Under the ground in presence of water when this mineral gets appropriate condition for dissolution, it gets dissolve in water and fluoride ion’s get separated from sand. The presence of fluoride causes many health issues to human beings. To reduce these health problems, there is a need to remove fluoride ions from water. This article is brief on different techniques for the removal of fluoride from water.

Riverbank filtration leads to purification of water. For India it can be a simple, economical and effective alternative. A few unanswered questions were: Can it work in Indian mountainous regions? Will it be of any advantage in the case of some of the polluted Indian surface waters? With the goal to evaluate use of riverbank filtration as a sustainable technology under widely varying conditions prevalent in India, the effectiveness of riverbank filtration has been examined over the last 10 years. In the case of cleaner surface waters, the wells deliver water free of turbidity and coliform even during monsoon irrespective of well configuration. In the case of polluted source waters, it results in an overall advantage in terms of improved raw water quality, reduced degree and cost of subsequent treatment and decreased levels of disinfection by-products. The study shows riverbank filtration to be an effective and sustainable option for plains as well as the mountainous region.

Fly ash disposal & utilisation is becoming of a national concern due to increasing pollution issues and its efficient management to prevent further degradation of environmental pollution. At present, generation of flyash is in tune of about 130 million tone and likely to be increased in future. Thermal power plants (TPPs) generate a huge amount of fly ash during combustion of coal and face fly ash management problems. Open dumping of fly ash can deteriorate the groundwater quality by runoff. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to evaluate ground/surface water quality situated near thermal power plant (PTPP) located in eastern UP state in India. Water, flyash and coal samples from various locations in and around PTPP were collected and subjected to insitu and physico-chemical analysis. Coal samples found high ash content. pH values of ground water samples found acidic character with high conductivity values. Physico-chemical analysis of flyash and water extract indicated leaching tendency of soluble ions into water which enhance over a period of time. Urgent need towards flyash utilization & management is a cause of concern.

In Nepal as well as in other countries in Southeast Asia, the World Health Organization drinking water guideline of 10 µg/L concerning arsenic concentrations in ground water hosted in Quaternary alluvial sediments is often regionally exceeded. The commonly accepted theories include that arsenic in ground water stems from reductive dissolution of As-rich Fe(III)hydr(oxides) including microbial degradation of sedimentary organic matter. On the contrary, the influence of clay minerals in the sediments as hosts for As was clearly underestimated, as geochemical analysis depicted that As was generally associated with specific elements such as Na, K, Al, and Li. Moreover, there was a very weak correlation or decoupling between As and Fe in the ground water in Nepal, and this fact points to consequences for water treatment. The so-called Kanchan filters, used for the removal of As, installed in the lowlands of Nepal often exhibited effluent As concentrations well above Nepal’s drinking water quality standard value (i.e., 50 μg/L). Ground water concentrations of Fe and As proved to be the most important geochemical factors regarding the performance of the filters. Moreover, the flow rate as well as the contact time to the rusty nails in the filter, intended to adsorb As on their surface, influenced the removal efficiency. The removal rate was severely influenced by the handling of the filters, too. This short communication provides an overview of the removal efficiency of 30 filters, their drawbacks, the influence of the aging material in the filters as well as measures of improvements to enhance the efficiency of the filters. Proper instruction for users of Kanchan filters is a major point that needs to be addressed in the future.

Water is the ultimate and mostly used media during textile materials processing, especially in colouration. This study investigated the possibilities of using seawater for cotton and polyester fabrics dyeing. Single jersey fabrics made of 100 percent cotton and polyester were dyed using a standard recipe and two separate water source as dyeing mediums. It has been focused on the assessment of colour fastness to wash, perspiration, saliva, rubbing, water, light and colour difference value due to compare the efficiency of dyeing media. The results revealed that the cotton fabric dyed with seawater showed lighter shade than that of ground water sample. But for polyester fabric darker shade was obtained compared to ground water. The cotton sample dyed with sea water carried about 15% higher colour strength than ground water dyed sample but for polyester it was very negligible, only 3%. Moreover, the results of colour fastness to wash, perspiration, saliva, rubbing, water and light for seawater dyed samples of cotton and polyester were shown satisfactory outcomes having the grading of 4–5 in most of the cases. This exploration established that commercial dyeing processes were robust and can be practically transferable into the seawater medium for cotton and polyester fabrics., Colour fastness, Ground water, Seawater, Water consumption, Colour difference.

Literature reported that drinking water is a precious and scarce resource and it has to be protected and kept free from any kind of contamination. Further, it has to be used carefully without wasting. Literature also reported that fluoride bearing rocks are abundant in India, as a result, fluoride leaches out and contaminates the adjacent water and soil resources. A high concentration of fluoride ions in ground water increases up to more than 30 mg/L. This high concentration of fluoride ions causes many harmful and dangerous effects on our datum. Fluoride ions in larger quantities i.e. 20–80 mg/day taken over a period of 10–20 years result in crippling and skeletal fluorosis, severely damaging the bone. In the present scenario, there is a continuously increasing worldwide concern for the development of fluoride treatment technologies. Possibilities of reducing the high fluorine content in groundwater are by defluorination process/dilution with the surface water which is a very simple technique but the addition of Ca2+ ions to a solution in contact with fluorite when experimented in distilled water caused an appreciable decrease in fluoride concentration. In this review article, we emphasized the relationship between high concentrations of fluoride ions and their compounds and their health impact. Download : Download full-size image

The M’zab valley is a hyper arid region of average rainfall not exceeding 100 mm per year. However, the rare floods that occur in M’zab River drain large volumes of surface water. Thanks to the genius of the local population, traditional dams were made for artificial recharge of groundwater. Grace of traditional wells drilled in the valley, farmers irrigate their palm groves and gardens. However, since more than half a century, the contribution of deep drilling for the exploitation of the aquifer of the Continental Intercalary posed environmental problems. On the basis of investigations and surveys of the local population during the years 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, it appears that these modern techniques in water catchment caused harmful consequences to the region like the rising of water consumption, pollution of groundwater and soil salinity. Solutions and recommendations are outlined in this article.

The data obtained by GRACE satellite allowed comprehensively analyzing the dynamics of total terrestrial water storage within the period from 2003 to 2012 at the territory of European Russia. Having compared the satellite data and the information on the dynamics of the groundwater level obtained in the course of field survey by using 12 evenly distributed bore holes at the studied territory (Central Federal and North-Caucasian Federal regions), it is worth emphasizing that there is a clearly expressed co-variation between the satellite images and the groundwater depth. The analysis of trend in total water content identified by satellite data showed that it is positive towards the north-western and negative in the south and south-eastern part of European Russia. The total content of terrestrial water storage reveals periodical changes in the range from 3 to 8-9 years. The prolonged periods are observed in central and north-western parts, being shortened towards the north and south-east of the studied territory. The obtained data serve as evidence of periodically changing the total terrestrial water storage but its minimum will be observed in the east of Northern Caucasus, in Vologda, Yaroslavl, Moscow and Kostroma regions in 2016, in central part and Krasnodar region in 2018-2019 and in Kirov and Perm’ regions in 2016-2017. The results of the given studies can find a use in long-term forecasting of crop yields, in soil mapping and cultivation of new fruit plantations.

Coal mining, as one of the key drivers of land degradation worldwide, caused land subsidence problems. In this study, we conducted experimental research to explore the reclaimed mine soil (RMS) water dynamics and its sources in relation to reclaimed land use types using stable water isotopes in the Longdong coal mining area with high groundwater level in east China. We collected water samples seven times in 2017 from all of these water bodies (precipitation, surface waters (river water and water from subsidence pits (WSP)), groundwater and soil water). Our main findings are three fold: (1) the values of slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line of Craig (LMWL) of precipitation for the study area are higher than the global meteoric water line of Craig (GMWL) because of the humid monsoon climate zoon, and the values of &delta, D and &delta, 18O of surface waters and soil water and groundwater deviated from LMWL to some extent with a range of 5%&ndash, 30%, and the D and 18O of precipitation and the surface waters have higher seasonal variation than groundwater, (2) the values of &delta, 18O of RMS for the whole soil profile (0&ndash, 100 cm) are lower than that of precipitation and have obvious seasonal variations and great fluctuation in the topsoil (0&ndash, 30/40 cm) and decrease at depth (30/40&ndash, 70 cm) and stable in deep soil layers (below 70 cm deep), (3) the RMS with forest and crop enhanced water infiltration capacity and soil water mixing strength compared with the waste RMS, so establishment of forest and crops should be encouraged in the RMS, (4) the main sources of topsoil (0&ndash, 30 cm for crop and 0&ndash, 40 cm for forest) of RMS are precipitation through infiltration, the main supply for deep soil water (below 70 cm deep) is groundwater, and the soil water for the middle deep soil layers (30/40&ndash, 70 cm) is mainly from mixing sources of precipitation, groundwater, and river water through pant root water absorbing and groundwater upshifting.

Water is the most important source of life and ground water may contain varying levels of radioactivity. So it is therefore important to measure radon concentration in ground water for public health and radiation protection. In this study, radon concentration was measured in ground water samples collected from water pumps of different locations at Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Twenty ground water samples were collected in July 2017to April 2018 for radon level measurement. Radon detector RAD7 (manufactured by Durridge Company, USA) with RAD H2O technique was used for the measurement. The highest radon concentration was found 13.00±0.70 Bq/L for the pump of sample ID GW1 and the lowest radon concentration 2.13±0.593 Bq/L for the pump of sample ID GW10.The activity concentration of radon in maximum water samples in Dhaka city was lower than the value 11.1 Bq/L recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The radon concentration was lowered from the activity concentration before storage. The highest value of annual effective dose for radon in ground water was found 0.04745 mSv/y According to recommendation of World Health Organization, the annual effective dose level for radon in drinking water is 0.1 mSv/y. These results indicate that there is no probability of health hazards for public due to presences of radon in ground water and it is safe for consumption.

Presence of heavy metal concentration in the ground water may cause health problems during intake of through different ways. Present study focused on heavy metal concentration of ground water in the sub-urban areas of Visakhapatnam City, AP, India. Most of heavy metals i.e., Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Mean values of Zn (1.845) > Mn (1.203) > Fe (0.664) > Al (0.334) > Pb (0.245) > Ni (0.082) > Cr (0.066) > As (0.028) > Cd (0.012) > Hg (0.010) results respectively. Results shows that all heavy metal concentrations were exceeded the water quality permissible limit and this area were not suitable for domestic purpose and use before proper treatment.

The aim of this study was to Monitoring of physical and chemical characteristics of ground water including Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , EC, pH, TDS, TH, H C O 3 − , Na + , K + , Cl − , SAR, %Na and S O 4 2 − in Zanjan city, Iran. For assessing the physic-chemical parameters from 15 wells, water samples 4 times at different times were collected and examined. Data were analyzed using R and Arc GIS software. According to the calculated correlation coefficients, the highest correlation Coefficient belonged to TDS-EC while H C O 3 − and Cl − showed low and weak correlations. However, Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , Ca 2+ exhibited good positive correlations with EC and TDS. The results show that the water in the study area at the time of the study was based on the WHO standards and appropriate for drinking.

The article is devoted to the development of centralized water supply in Moscow from the opening of the gravity-flowing Ekaterininsky (Mytishchinsky) water pipeline with spring water in 1804 to commissioning of Moskvoretsky water pipeline in 1903–12, which supplied the city dwellers with purified water from the Moskva River. Along with the centralized water supply, attention is also paid to the traditional forms of decentralized water supply with the delivery of water by water carters and the consumption of unfiltered water from open reservoirs and dug wells by the city dwellers. Attention is paid to the quality of drinking water, which was considered during the construction and reconstruction of Moscow water pipelines, formation of long-term plans for the development of water supply, protection of water supply sources from pollution in the context of sanitary measures to protect the population from epidemic diseases.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2019-03-18T17:48:30Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T17:48:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 A radioatividade natural das ??guas ?? proveniente dos elementos radioativos nela dissolvidos e dos gases de alguns elementos radioativos difundidos das rochas subterr??neas. Quando se considera a geoqu??mica dos radionucl??deos naturais no ambiente aqu??tico, os elementos de maior interesse do ponto de vista de risco ?? sa??de s??o os is??topos de r??dio (Ra), os de rad??nio (Rn) e os de ur??nio (U), por apresentarem maior solubilidade em ??gua. Uma vez que a dieta humana ?? a principal fonte de absor????o da radioatividade natural e de exposi????o interna do homem, o consumo de ??guas minerais pode aumentar significativamente a probabilidade de ingest??o de altas concentra????es de radionucl??deos naturais nelas dissolvidos. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi determinar as concentra????es de atividade dos radionucl??deos 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po nas ??guas minerais das fontes dos Parques das ??guas de ??guas de Contendas e de Lambari, MG, para avaliar as doses efetivas comprometidas devido ?? ingest??o destas ??guas e realizar a caracteriza????o qu??mica inorg??nica, determinando os elementos qu??micos Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Ti, V e Zn. Os objetivos espec??ficos foram verificar a influ??ncia da sazonalidade na concentra????o de atividade dos radionucl??deos e dos elementos qu??micos analisados e determinar os par??metros f??sicos e f??sico-qu??micos como temperatura, vaz??o, pH, CE, STD. As t??cnicas anal??ticas empregadas para determinar as concentra????es de atividade foram a de alfa e beta total ap??s separa????o radioqu??mica para os radionucl??deos 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb com determina????o em detector proporcional de fluxo gasoso e baixa radia????o de fundo e de espectrometria alfa ap??s separa????o radioqu??mica para o radionucl??deo 210Po com determina????o em espectr??metro alfa. Os valores de concentra????es de atividade obtidos variaram de 7,71 ?? 0,27 mBq L-1 a 250 ?? 3 mBq L-1 para o 226Ra, de < LID (3,7 ?? 0,1 mBq L-1) a 244 ?? 4 mBq L-1 para o 228Ra, de < LID (4,9 ?? 0,4 mBq L-1) a 57,1 ?? 3,0 mBq L-1 para o 210Pb e de < LID (3,3 ?? 0,4 mBq L-1) a 15,7 ?? 1,1 mBq L-1 para o 210Po. O c??lculo da dose efetiva comprometida para a ingest??o de ??gua mineral contendo 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po foi realizado para o corpo inteiro (He), em crian??as de 5 anos, adolescentes de 15 anos e adultos at?? 70 anos, e para os principais ??rg??os afetados (Ho), em adultos at?? 70 anos, ap??s a ingest??o da ??gua mineral. Os maiores valores de dose para o corpo inteiro foram de 273 ?? 14 ??Sv a-1 para o 226Ra, 945 ?? 15 ??Sv a-1 para o 228Ra, 79,2 ?? 4,2 ??Sv a-1 para o 210Pb, em adolescentes de 15 anos e, de 40,4 ?? 2,9 ??Sv a-1 para o 210Po em crian??as de 5 anos. Para a caracteriza????o qu??mica inorg??nica foi utilizada a espectrometria de fluoresc??ncia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF) que apresentou os elementos Co e Cu abaixo do limite m??nimo de quantifica????o e os elementos Ag e V com maiores concentra????es e, a espectrometria de emiss??o ??ptica com plasma de arg??nio (ICP-OES) que apresentou o elemento Cr abaixo do limite m??nimo de quantifica????o e os elementos Ca, Fe e Na com maiores concentra????es. Assim, mediante os resultados obtidos e aos testes estat??sticos aplicados: an??lise de Cluster, coeficiente de correla????o de Pearson e ANOVA, conclui-se que existe a correla????o entre a precipita????o pluviom??trica e a sazonalidade das concentra????es dos radionucl??deos e dos elementos qu??micos inorg??nicos em estudo, que o radionucl??deo que apresentou maior concentra????o em ??guas de Contendas foi o 228Ra para a maioria das fontes e em Lambari foi o 226Ra, tamb??m na maioria das fontes e, como consequ??ncia, as maiores doses obtidas tamb??m foram para os radionucl??deos naturais 226Ra e 228Ra. Disserta????o (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) IPEN/D Instituto de Pesquisas Energ??ticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Республика Башкортостан является одним из ведущих нефтеперерабатывающих регионов России. Первые нефтеперерабатывающие и нефтехимические заводы на территории Башкирии были построены в 1950-х годах в городах Стерлитамак, Салават, Ишимбай, расположенных вдоль реки Белая. Одновременно возникла проблема отходов нефтяного производства. На протяжении многих лет фиксируется загрязнение почвы и грунтовых вод в промышленных районах, основными загрязнителями являются предприятия нефтехимического профиля. Нефтепродукты скапливаются на поверхности подземных вод, выходят на поверхность, попадают в реки, ручьи и озера. В 1973—1974 гг. в окрестностях городов Стерлитамак и Салават были произведены два глубинных атомных взрыва с целью создания емкостей для захоронения отходов нефтепереработки. Эти емкости используются до сих пор. Однако вертикальные тектонические движения, протекающие в течение длительного времени, способны разрушить стекловидные стенки хранилища, созданные атомным взрывом. Появляются трещины. При слабом контроле со стороны администрации предприятий происходит загрязнение радиоактивными нефтепродуктами прилегающей территории и подземных вод. Состояние окружающей среды на территории республики ухудшается, сокращаются лесные площади, загрязняются поверхностные и подземные воды, объем отходов превышает объем их переработки, загрязняется воздух. Для предотвращения экологической катастрофы требуются срочные меры со стороны правительства республики, природоохранных государственных организаций и руководства нефтеперерабатывающих компаний., The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the leading oil refining regions of Russia. The first oil refineries and petrochemical plants in Bashkiria were built in the 1950s in the cities of Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbay, located along the Belaya River. At the same time, there was a problem of waste of oil production. For many years, the pollution of soil and groundwater in industrial areas is recorded, the main pollutants are petrochemical enterprises. Oil products are accumulated on the surface of groundwater and come to the surface, fall into rivers, streams and lakes. In 1973—1974, respectively in the vicinity of the cities of Sterlitamak and Salavat two deep-atomic explosion were produced with the purpose of creating containers for the disposal of waste of oil processing. These capacities are still in use. However, vertical tectonic movements that occur for a long time can destroy the vitreous walls of the storage facility created by the atomic explosion. There are cracks there. With a weak control of the administration of the enterprises the site and groundwater, are contaminated with petroleum products. The state of the environment in the territory of the Republic is deteriorating, forest areas are decreasing, surface and underground waters are polluted, the volume of waste exceeds the volume of their processing: the air is polluted. Urgent measures by the government of the Republic, environmental state organizations and the management of oil refining companies are required to prevent environmental catastrophe.

Главной целью исследований была оценка вод, поступающих потребителю из источников централизованного и нецентрализованного водоснабжения в разных районах полуострова и используемых населением Республики Крым для питьевых нужд, с точки зрения их физиологической полноценности, с выявлением возможных рисков для здоровья населения. Устаревшие оборудование и методы очистки станций водоподготовки не обеспечивают не-обходимый уровень качества питьевой воды. Жители многих населенных пунктов вынуждены использовать воду из подземных источников, особенно в степном и северном Крыму, с повышенными минерализацией (до 2 г/дм3 и более) и жесткостью. Для достижения поставленной цели были отобраны пробы воды из разных водоисточников (водопроводная вода, скважины, колодцы), охватывающих юго-восточную часть полуострова, определен их химический состав, а также проведен сравнительный анализ полученного солевого состава вод для оценки их физиологической полноценности и соответствия санитарным и гигиеническим нормативам. Было установлено несоответствие физиологической полноценности санитарным и гигиени-ческим нормативам по минеральному составу. Содержание кальция, калия и натрия в исследуемых водах являются допустимым. Для обеспечения полноценности вод необходимо проведение дополнительной водоподготовки, так как вода несоответствующего качества ока-зывает отрицательное воздействие на здоровье человека., The main purpose of the study was to assess the water coming to the consumer from the sources of centralized and non-centralized water supply in different parts of the Peninsula and used by the population of the Republic of Crimea for drinking purposes, in terms of their physiological value, with the identification of possible risks to public health. Outdated equipment and methods of treatment of water treatment plants do not provide the necessary level of quality of drinking water. Residents of many settlements are forced to use water from underground sources, especially in the steppe and Northern Crimea, with increased mineralization (up to 2 g/dm3 and more) and hardness. To achieve this goal, water samples were taken from different water sources (tap water, wells, wells) covering the South-Eastern part of the Peninsula, their chemical composition was determined, as well as a comparative analysis of the obtained salt composition of water to assess their physiological usefulness and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The discrepancy of physiological fullness and sanitary and hygienic standards on mineral composition was established. The content of calcium, potassium and sodium in the test waters are acceptable. To ensure the full value of water it is necessary to conduct additional water treatment, as water of inadequate quality has a negative impact on human health.

This study has been conducted to evaluate the quality of some of AL-Qadisyah province wells water and classify them according to global classifications. Nineteen wells in different locations have been pointed and assessed during the period between September 2012 to August 2013. Results shows differences in water quality depending on the locations; Electrical conductivity ranges between 1.60 and 19.82 ds.m-1, and Sodium adsorption ratio ranges between 2.03 and 17.47. Four global classifications have been used. The US Salinity Laboratory classification of the year of 1954 categorized most of these wells in category of C4-S1, which is high-salinity and too low sodic water. According to FAO classification of the year of 1985, some of the wells categorized in category of high-salinity and some other mild to moderate salinity. The same classification of the year of 1992 puts most of the wells in moderate salinity category, and characterizes their water as water of puncture and initial groundwater. According to the suggested classification by Ghliam (1997), 73% takes place between accepted to moderated salinity. These classifications state the applicability of using wells water for agricultural purposes in this area considering; good management practices using washing requirements around 15-20%, using good drain system, reducing ground water level to maintain the balance of saline soil, and cultivating salinity tolerant crops. This study could be used as an index when underground water wanted to be used for agricultural territory of AL- Diwanyia

A hydrochemical assessment of surface Nile water and ground water samples was carried out to characterize, classify, and evaluate its suitability for drinking and irrigation. Eleven surface Nile water samples and eight ground water samples were collected between El-Maasara and El-Tibbin at the Helwan governorate. Various hydro-chemical characteristics including physicochemical parameters (pH, density, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, and hardness) were determined. Laboratory work also included major anions (bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate), and major cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) as well as trace elements (iron, copper, manganese, strontium, aluminium and lead). The results were compared with the recommendation limits of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008), the Egyptian Higher Committee for Water (EHCW, 2007) and the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisors (US EPA, 2004). The data obtained were used for mathematical calculations of some parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and the suitability of water samples for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes was evaluated. The results indicate that most studied surface Nile water samples show excellent to good categories and are suitable for drinking and irrigation. Most studied ground water samples are not suitable for drinking and need treatment for irrigation; few samples are not suitable for any purpose because of pollution from different sources in this area.