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Production potential of cow dung for the generation of electricity was investigated using microbial fuel cell (MFC). Cow dung was collected from FUTA farm and Ilesha Garage farm in Akure. Voltage and current was measured per day for 21 days and the electrode used for the set up are carbon-carbon and carbon-aluminium electrode. Proximate, physico-chemical and mineral composition were determined using standard methods. Isolation and identification of microorganisms present in the cow dung were determined before and after generation of voltage and current using microbiological techniques. The microorganisms isolated wereProvidencia alcalifaciens, P. rettgeri, P. stuartti, Escherichia coli, E. fergusonii, Morganella morganii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus,S. aureus,Micrococcus luteus,Fusarium solani, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeandMucor mucedo. The highest voltage 0.737±0 mV and electric current 1.265±0 mA were generated from FUTA cow dung. The pH ranged between 7.3 to 9.9 and the temperature ranged between 25 ˚C to 33 ˚C during generation of voltage and current. This study has shown that cow dung is a potential substrate for generation of electric current using fabricated double chamber MFC.

In experimental observations of the relationship between the electric current generated and the distance of the light source on the Planck constant device, it can show a comparison between the electric current generated and the variable distance of the light source. The experimental equipment specifications use the Planck constant experimental set with a 12v/35w tungsten halogen lamp, output 15v, accuracy +-0.2%, power requirement 220V, fuse rating 0.5A and red filter. Experiments using the concept of the photoelectric effect phenomenon begin by irradiating metal materials with constant photon light and then the light passes through a red light filter with a wavelength of 635 nm. The use of a filter is done by placing a 635 nm light filter on the light propagation path to the metal material, so that the light that passes through the filter is only light with a wavelength of 635 nm. The choice of the red filter is due to the fact that the frequency of light with a wavelength of 635 nm can cause electrons to come out of the metal as a result of photons hitting electrons in the metal. After the metal material is irradiated with photon light, the electron charges on the metal will be disturbed and come out of the metal. The movement of these electrons produces an electric current whose value can be seen. By testing distances of 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 cm, the results of a current value of 0.528 are obtained; 0.382; 0.295; 0.232; 0.182 and 0.154. From these experiments it was shown that the further away the light source, the smaller the electric current generated due to the light. This is because the closer the distance to the light source, the more light intensity hitting the metal, this results in a greater number of photons hitting the metal.

Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter

With the aim of reducing environmental, energy and quality problems in the field of farming of animal species, laboratory for agricultural technique in animal husbandry, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, integrally develops a system for wet air purification, wet scrubber, and its energy control. The goal of electrical measurements in a wet scrubber is to determine instantaneous and interval-accurate values of electrical quantities, defined by physical methods. Devices for electrical measurements give precise values of basic electrical quantities: current, electromotive force, voltage, impedance, electrical work, power, and energy. Simple periodic voltages and currents are crucial for wet scrubber drive elements. They are determined by three quantities: amplitude, frequency, and phase. The paper presents the basic patterns for the measured values of wet scrubber drive elements: AC operation, AC power, AC power with active resistances in the circuit and AC power with impedance in the electric circuit. The presence of many drive elements for partial operational actions in a wet scrubber is the basic reason for choosing a central atomizer, as the object of methodologically original energy analysis of this work.

Aims The α2‐adrenergic receptor (α2‐AR) agonists have been shown to be effective in the treatment of various pain. For example, dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective α2A‐AR agonist, can be used for peripheral analgesia. However, it is not yet fully elucidated for the precise molecular mechanisms. P2X3 receptor is a major receptor processing nociceptive information in primary sensory neurons. Herein, we show that a functional interaction of α2A‐ARs and P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons could contribute to peripheral analgesia of DEX. Methods Electrophysiological recordings were carried out on rat DRG neurons, and nociceptive behavior was quantified in rats. Results The activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated and α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP)‐evoked inward currents in a concentration‐dependent and voltage‐independent manner. Pre‐application of DEX shifted the α,β‐meATP concentration‐response curve downwards, with a decrease of 50.43 ± 4.75% in the maximal current response of P2X3 receptors to α,β‐meATP in the presence of DEX. Suppression of α,β‐meATP‐evoked currents by DEX was blocked by the α2A‐AR antagonist BRL44408 and prevented by intracellular application of the Gi/o protein inhibitor pertussis toxin, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, and the cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP. DEX also suppressed α,β‐meATP‐evoked action potentials through α2A‐ARs in rat DRG neurons. Finally, the activation of peripheral α2A‐ARs by DEX had an analgesic effect on the α,β‐meATP‐induced nociception. Conclusions These results suggested that activation of α2A‐ARs by DEX suppressed P2X3 receptor‐mediated electrophysiological and behavioral activity via a Gi/o proteins and cAMP signaling pathway, which was a novel potential mechanism underlying analgesia of peripheral α2A‐AR agonists., The α2A‐adrenergic receptors (α2A‐ARs) primarily couple the Gi/o subtype of G‐protein family, which can inhibit intracellular adenylyl cyclase (AC), resulting in the decrease in cAMP levels and PKA activity. The activation of α2A‐ARs by dexmedetomidine (DEX) suppressed P2X3 receptors via the signaling pathway in rat DRG neurons. As a result of DEX treatment, α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP), a P2X3 receptor agonist, evoked a reduced membrane current and then a decreased burst of action potentials (APs), leading to a relief of α,β‐meATP‐induced pain.

International audience; The current study tries a new approach to simulating interactions between waves and seagrass through Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). In this model, the plants are defined as a solid that respects Hooke's law, and are assumed to have direct interaction with the fluid. Given the characteristics of the SPH method, especially in terms of computational time, the dimensions of the simulations were limited. The first goal of the current study was to optimize the approach to avoid reaching certain limits such as the rupture of the simulated plant. Plant movements under waves and/or currents have been studied by several authors in various in-situ, physical, and numerical experiments concerning various vegetation species, thus proving that plant movements can be successfully reproduced by SPH 2D/3D. Manning's roughness coefficient, n, was calculated to confirm that the results were in accordance with what had been measured in flume studies. Even though there is still room for improvement, it is shown that this method can be used to estimate Manning's coefficient for coastal vegetation (seagrass and saltmarsh vegetation) and to greatly improve the modeling and forecasting of coastal erosion and storm surge risks by including the effects of vegetation in integrated models.

Temperature effects on luminaires is usually referred to light output, that is luminaire efficiency. However, the effect on electrical magnitudes as power, current and third current harmonic is not widely studied. One major technology, Light-emitting- diode (LED) is fast replacing the other types of lighting all over the world, this opens the interrogate of how is temperature affecting LED luminaires development and how different is this effect compared to other technologies. This paper analyses these effects on LED luminaires of different wattage and one high pressure SODIUM luminaire. Luminaires were measure in two different environments, the first stage with a constant temperature-controlled system (±1°C) and the second one without a temperature-controlled system. The tests were performed on three samples of LED luminaires with different power ratings and one sample of SODIUM luminaire. It was found that the third current harmonic is directly related to temperature while power and current are inversely related.

This research proposes an alternative for companies and farmers through the production of electricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using waste from export products. Nine MFCs were manufactured with zinc and copper electrodes; and as substrates, pineapple, potato and tomato pulp wastes were used in the anode chamber, and residual sludge in the cathode chamber. It was observed that the MFCs with pineapple substrate generated higher values of the electrical parameters, resulting in voltage and current values of 0.3484 ± 0.003 V and 27.88 ± 0.23 mA, respectively. It was also observed that the maximum power density was 0.967 ± 0.059 W/cm2 at a current density of 0.04777 A/cm2 for the same substrate. Acid pH values were observed in the three samples, while the conductivity reached its maximum value on day 23 (69.47 ± 0.91 mS/cm) which declined until the last day of monitoring; the turbidity values increased abruptly after day 22 until the last day where a value of 200.3 ± 2.52 UNT was observed for the pineapple substrate. The scanning electron microscopy for the pineapple substrate MFC electrodes shows the formation of a porous biofilm on the zinc and copper electrodes. These results show that a new form of electricity production has been achieved by generating high voltage and current values, using low-cost materials.

Monitoring of artificial reefs (ARs) has been conducted through such methods as visual censuses, surveys using fishing gear, and echo sounder. These methods have disadvantages: visual census is not possible at ARs in deeper waters, fishing gear surveys are invasive to fish individuals, and echo sounders have difficulty in species identification. A new AR monitoring method is required to compensate for these disadvantages. While eDNA has become a valid monitoring tool for marine biodiversities, it is influenced by degradation and transport of the molecules that affect information about the spatio-temporal distribution of fish. An understanding of the relationship between current fields and eDNA distribution, particularly in open waters, is critical when using eDNA as an index for fish aggregation at ARs. We investigated the relationship between eDNA distribution and current fields around an AR for four dominant species (Engraulis japonicus, Parapristipoma trilineatum, Scomber spp and Trachurus japonicus) in Tateyama Bay, Japan. The highest density of fish schools is formed directly above or at the upstream side of ARs. If we assume that the center of eDNA originates at these locations at an AR and eDNA is simply transported by currents, a higher density of eDNA would distribute downstream from the AR. However, our results indicate that eDNA distribution is in accord with actual fish distribution, namely eDNA densities are more abundant in the upstream side of ARs. We thus consider that eDNA distribution is more influenced by actual distribution patterns than by the transport processes.

Ensuring measuring safety during electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and power quality (PQ) measurements is crucial, especially when students are involved. To enable utilization of low-cost digitizers, a measurement breakout box was designed to measure the mains voltage via a 1:1000 resistive divider, and via a high pass filtered output (from 2 kHz to 1 MHz). Also, a current measuring Hall-Element was added to reduce the cost of performing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and PQ measurements. This paper describes measurements that students can do in the laboratory using simple, low-cost, and safe measurement devices. As an assignment, students can for instance calculate total harmonic distortion (THD), apparent, reactive, and real powers. Additionally, using Fourier, the EMI present in the mains voltage can be observed via the high pass filter outputs. The breakout box was designed to enable EMC education by means of experiments and demonstrations at a low cost.

A subject course complied with a grade of 4.0 (A+) approved Doctorate Ph.D. Curriculum Design Subject Course, DBCE 107 3.0 Credit Units Building Electrical Services and Lighting Design and as part of my journey at the Atlantic International University with Ph.D. in Building and Construction Engineering. The building electrical services and lighting design course simulation project is referring to the “Mess Kitchen Hall with Staff Accommodation” which is located inside the facility of the ABM (Ahmed Bin Mohammed) Military College between Al Wajba and Al Shahaniyah Area, Doha Qatar. The content of the subject course study is to simulate the electrical design services that are sustainable quality affordable and suitable to the requirement of the building facility required in Doha, State of Qatar. Where the incoming electrical supply will be fed from a dedicated substation room located in front of the loading duct of the kitchen mess via an underground electrical duct to the electrical room of the kitchen mess hall. The design of the distribution system is aligned with the requirement of the local authority having jurisdiction, Kahramaa, and with reference to the specific British Standards. The building electrical services and lighting design course simulation is a course study to simulate solely focused on the power distribution of the kitchen mess and accommodation on the upper level of the project mentioned. The electrical system was designed economically for continuous and reliable services, safety to personal and equipment, ease of maintenance and operation, minimum power losses, protection of equipment mechanically, interchangeability of equipment, and addition of the loads. To achieve the above goal and obtain the desired results, the author provides the study based on the different standards and practices related to experience. In this report, the power supply of the project, the criteria and the methods of designs of normal networks, electrical equipment’s and protections of the system have been discussed and investigated. A single line diagram has been presented as the outcome of the design.

Emerging evidence of rhodolith bed complexity and heterogeneity poses a challenge to monitoring strategies and questions about the role of abiotic factors in controlling the observed morphostructural diversity. Mollusk thanatocoenoses quickly respond to environmental conditions, expressing fidelity to biocoenosis and representing, thus, a useful ecological/paleoecological tool to unravel this heterogeneity. In this research, we studied three distinct rhodolith beds from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), in a range between 40 and 100 m of water depth, together with their mollusk thanatocoenoses, sediment size, and oceanographic conditions. The beds are all heterogeneous and rarely correspond to a specific rhodolith morphotype and shape. On the contrary, the study of the associated thanatocoenoses led to distinguish at least five different assemblages within the known variability of the Coastal detritic (DC) association. DC and deep mud (VP) mollusk species dominate hanatocoenosis A, which is associated with mixed sediment and a low hydrodynamic regime. Thanatocoenosis B corresponds to an assemblage in which DC species mixed with species of adjacent vegetated bottoms in sandy sediment with a medium hydrodynamic. Thanatocoenosis C includes species related to muddy coastal detritic (DE) and offshore detritic (DL) associated with sand and a variable proportion of praline and branch morphotypes. Thanatocoenoses D and E include a wide range of detritic species (DE DC, DL) together with VP and coralligenous (C), associated with exclusive praline and gravelly sand (Thanat. D), or a mixed proportion of branch and praline and mixed sediment (Thanat. E). Our results demonstrate that the study of mollusk thanatocoenoses provides insights into the diversity within and among heterogeneous rhodolith beds. Moreover, rhodoliths, as part of the sediment, create microhabitats suitable for a wide range of mollusk species that contribute to the formation of complex thanatocoenoses.

Energy is a basic human need. In Indonesia, fuel oil (BBM) is the most widely used energy source in meeting national energy needs. The composition of Indonesia's national energy consumption in 2015, namely BBM: 52.50%; Gas: 19.04%; Coal: 21.52%; Water: 3.73%; Geothermal: 3.01%; and New Energy: 0.2% (Kholiq, 2015). To reduce the use of non-renewable energy, we are trying to find a solution to overcome this problem, namely by using Aloe vera as a source of electrical. This research focuses on the type of circuit and the number of sets of electrodes to produce an optimal source of electrical energy. In this research, we are using an experimental method that aims to determine whether Aloe vera can be an alternative renewable energy source. The first condition is one leaf, series circuit. The second condition, two leaves with a parallel circuit. The third condition, three-leaf with a parallel circuit. The results of this study are that the more electrodes, the more voltage is generated. By assembling in parallel, the resulting current is greater. From our study, we hope Aloe vera has potential as an alternative energy source and it can reduce the use of non-renewable energy.

In this work, we printed a Nafion precursor membrane by fused deposition modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technology and further fabricated IPMCs by electroless plating. The ion-exchange capacity of the Nafion membrane was tested, and the morphology of IPMCs was observed. The electro-mechanical properties of IPMCs under AC voltage inputs were studied, and grasping experiments were performed. The results show that the Nafion membrane after hydrolysis has a good ion-exchange ability and water-holding capacity. SEM observed that the thickness of the IPMC’s electrode layer was about 400 nm, and the platinum layer was tightly combined with the substrate membrane. When using a square wave input of 3.5 V and 0.1 Hz, the maximum current of IPMCs reached 0.30 A, and the displacement and blocking force were 7.57 mm and 10.5 mN, respectively. The new fabrication process ensures the good driving performance of the printed IPMC. And two pieces of IPMCs can capture the irregular objects successfully, indicating the feasibility of printing IPMCs by FDM technology. This paper provides a new and simple method for the fabrication of three-dimensional IPMCs, which can be further applied in flexible grippers and soft robotics.

In order to achieve high efficiency, energy saving and high quality of welding, it is necessary to carry out research on cable-type wire TIG-MIG hybrid welding. In this study, voltage and current influences on the arc shape in cable-type wire TIG-MIG hybrid welding were studied. The results showed that in cable-type wire TIG-MIG hybrid welding, with an increase in the TIG current, the MIG current increased at first and then remained constant, while the MIG basic voltage remained unchanged. With an increase in the MIG voltage, the TIG current produced small changes, but overall, it remained stable. The TIG current of different droplet-transfer modes had different effects.

A method has been developed to assess the traction capabilities of a tractor with an electromechanical power train and determine the actual speed taking into account three restrictions: on the permissible slip of the tractor, the maximum power of the used internal combustion engine (ICE) and the permissible mode of operation of the traction induction motor (TIM). The developed mathematical model makes it possible to determine the drawbar pull and the actual speed of the tractor when regulating the TIM in the entire operating frequency range of the voltage supplied to the TIM for a comparative assessment of the traction capabilities of the tractor when using different gear ratios of the mechanical part of the power train (MPPT), as well as determine the slip and other parameters of the TIM when it works as a part of the electromechanical power train of the tractor. Calculations show that: 1) if the MPPT ratio is too high, the whole range of tractor operating speeds on the plowing will not be provided, and if the MPPT ratio is too low, the tractor will not be able to develop the maximum possible drawbar pull based on the permissible slip at any voltage frequency from the TIM control range without exceeding the nominal mode of operation of the TIM; 2) the higher the TIM gear ratio, the larger the section of the TIM frequency control range will be, in which the TIM will not be able to develop even the nominal slip due to the restriction on the permissible slip of the tractor, and for the same frequencies in this section, the TIM slip will be more limited at a higher MPPT gear ratio; the lower the transmission ratio of the MPPT, the more the nominal slip of the TIM will be exceeded during acceleration of the tractor with maintaining the maximum possible based on the permissible slip of the thrust force from the minimum speed to the speeds corresponding to plowing.

This study clarifies the conditions for the bridging and conduction of a gap on a metal interconnect using copper microparticles dispersed with silicon oil. An AC voltage applied to a metal interconnect with a gap covered by a dispersion of metal microparticles traps the metal microparticles in the gap owing to the influence of a dielectrophoretic force on the interconnect, thus forming a metal microparticle chain. The current was tuned independently of the applied voltage by changing the external resistance. An AC voltage of 32 kHz was applied to a 10 µm wide gap on a metal interconnect covered with 3 µm diameter copper microparticles dispersed with silicone oil. Consequently, the copper microparticle chains physically bridged the interconnect and exhibited electrical conductivity at an applied voltage of 14 Vrms or higher and a post-bridging current of 350 mArms or lower. It was shown that the copper microparticle chains did not exhibit electrical conductivity at low applied voltages, even if the microparticle chains bridged the gap. A voltage higher than a certain value was required to achieve electrical conductivity, whereas an excessive voltage caused bubble formation and destroyed the bridges. These phenomena were explained based on the applied voltage and reference value of the current after bridging.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13, 7, 13A7F: 1-10

В статье рассматриваются психологические проявления феномена самозванца и перфекционизма в трех возрастных группах и их различия при сравнении друг с другом. Цель исследования – изучить связь между перфекционизмом и феноменом самозванца, а также выявить возрастные различия перфекционизма и феномена самозванца в их ретроспективной, актуальной и перспективной оценке. В исследовании приняли участие 123 человека, из них 77,4 % женщин. Возраст респондентов – от 18 до 65 лет. Результаты демонстрируют, что адаптивный перфекционизм имеет тенденцию снижаться с возрастом. Дезадаптивный перфекционизм и феномен самозванца снижается в период средней взрослости, но повышается к поздней взрослости. Возрастные различия присутствуют в оценке уровня адаптивного перфекционизма и феномена самозванца, но не в оценке уровня дезадаптивного перфекционизма. Сильнее всего различия проявляется между средней и поздней зрелостью (адаптивный перфекционизм и феномен самозванца) и почти нет существенных различий между ранней и средней зрелостью, а также между ранней и поздней зрелостью. Также была выявлена связь между актуальными оценками себя и оценками себя в будущем и прошлом, что говорит о связывании респондентами себя настоящих со своими образами «я» в будущем и прошлом., The article examines the psychological manifestations of the phenomenon of impostor and perfectionism in three age groups and their differences when compared with each other. The aim of the study is to study the relationship between perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon, as well as to identify age differences between perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon in their retrospective, current and prospective assessment. 123 people took part in the study, 77.4% of them were women. The age of respondents is from 18 to 65 years. The results demonstrate that adaptive perfectionism tends to decrease with age. Maladaptive perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon decrease during middle adulthood but increase towards late adulthood. Age differences are present in assessing the level of adaptive perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon, but not in assessing the level of maladaptive perfectionism. The differences are most pronounced between middle and late maturity (adaptive perfectionism and the impostor phenomenon) and there are almost no significant differences between early and middle maturity, as well as between early and late maturity. The connection between actual self-assessments and self-assessments in the future and the past was also revealed, which indicates that respondents associate their real selves with their self-images in the future and the past.

The authors describe electrical resistivity method using a laboratory experiment, which was conducted in order to calculate the percentage of current that penetrated each layer of soil arranged in a container using Schlumberger array. Four soil samples arranged in three different set-ups were used. The apparent resistivity obtained was interpreted using curve matching techniques and WinResist iteration yielding types A curve, H curve and A curve, respectively. The interpreted data gave the resistivity of each layer and its thicknesses. The thicknesses obtained from the interpretation were at variance with the actual thicknesses arranged in the container. A multiplier was obtained which serves as a constant in other to obtain the actual thickness. The effective penetration depth of current was determined through the calculated thickness of each layer and the known electrode spacing (AB). The percentage of current that penetrates the layers was found to depend on the electrode spacing as well as the thickness of that layer. Thus, a layer with relatively small thickness has a small percentage of current passing through it compared to a thicker layer.

Introduction. A significant proportion of earth faults in medium voltage networks represents a short-lived and transient process. Problem. In such cases, earth fault protection that responds to steady-state current and voltage is not able to operate properly. Purpose. To develop earth faults protection selective algorithm using transient components, that occur in zero-sequence currents and voltage in the fault process. Method. A mathematical model of the power supply system was applied to study the transient components of currents and voltage of zero sequence in compensated electrical networks with phase-to-earth faults, and a those model also is used to test the operation of the developed protection algorithm. The results showed that, the reactive power for transient components, of the frequency greater by 4-6 times, than fundamental frequency, which are extracted from the current and voltage of zero sequence by wavelet transform in compensated electrical networks on the damaged feeder, is positive regardless of the degree of compensation of the capacitive current. That may be the basis of the principle of directional protection. Originality. Phase-to-earth fault selective protection algorithm has been developed. In that algorithm, first derivatives of currents and voltages of zero sequence are found, to reduce the influence of aperiodic components. And then, by using of the wavelet transform with Morlet mother function, an orthogonal components are extracted from them. Reactive power is calculated for transient component. If that reactive power excess of threshold, the relay will make a decision. The reliability of the developed protection algorithm is confirmed by the results of mathematical modelling and verification of the test sample at the laboratory stand and by means of field signals that were recorded by digital loggers at the substations., Для електричних мереж напругою 6-35 кВ, що працюють з компенсованою або ізольованою нейтраллю, розроблено селективний захист від замикань фази на землю, який реагує на напрям реактивної потужності, яка визначається за допомогою коефіцієнтів вейвлет-перетворень струму і напруги нульової послідовності, а також їх похідних, введених для забезпечення фазового зсуву на 90 градусів і підвищення чутливості захисту. Коефіцієнти знаходять шляхом згортки дискретних значень струму, напруги та їх похідних із сигналами материнської функції Морле, обчислення яких проводиться за допомогою квадратної матриці, для якої викладено правила її формування. Реактивна потужність визначається на кожному кроці розрахунку як сума добутків вейвлет-коефіцієнтів струму і похідної від напруги, а також напруги і похідної від струму, тобто коефіцієнтів, що мають однаковий порядковий номер. Пуск захисту відбувається за фактом перевищення амплітудою напруги нульової послідовності заданого значення. За допомогою математичної моделі мережі виконано дослідження поведінки захисту за глухих і дугових замикань фази на землю, для різного ступеня компенсації ємнісних струмів, для різних значень напруги в момент замикання. У всіх режимах отримано надійну роботу захисту, чутливість якого в 5-8 разів перевищує чутливість захисту за алгоритмом, заснованим на перетворенні Фур’є.

Electricity is the most suitable and appropriate form of energy for modern human life, such as today, where electrical energy has a function that can provide a need or service for electric power obtained by consumers, with electricity human life becomes very pleasant. Television, lighting, traffic lights, all using electricity. So, electricity can be said as a form of technological results that are very vital in human life. With this activity, it is expected that the general public can and understand about safe electrical installation and handling, mitigation of electrical hazards that are not in accordance with PLN's standardization. So that electricity does not necessarily become a scapegoat every time there is a fire in the community, and the voltage system used in Indonesia is: single phase 220 V, and phase three 220/380 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. This voltage system is very influential and dangerous for human safety.

Modifications of the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) membrane need to be carried out to increase its electric potential energy. This research aims to determine the effect of montmorillonite from bentonite-Ca as a composite in modified earthenware (GT), which is then used as a membrane of the MFC-based on tempe wastewater as substrate. The results obtained were compared to MFC that used pure earthenware membrane (GM). The ratio of bentonite-Ca and clay in GT was 50:50, while GM used 100% of clay. Characterizations of GT dan GM were performed using FTIR, XRD, and SAA. MFC testing was carried out for 24 hours, where every 2 hours, measurements of potential difference (V), current (A), and power density (W/cm2) were carried out. FTIR and XRD data showed an increase in montmorillonite content in GT, while SAA data showed a decrease in pore volume in GT. The decrease in pore volume GT occurs due to an increase in the number of trivalent cations (Al3+, Fe3+) and bivalent (Mg2+). These cations help transfer protons from the anode to the cathode, which causes a decrease in the potential difference and an increase in the current strength and the MFC-GT power density. The average difference between the decrease in potential difference from MFC-GM to MFC-GT is 0.043 V, while the increase in current is 0.022 mA, and the increase in power density is 0.163 mW/cm2.

Harmonic distortion is a phenomenon arising due to the use of a non linear load on the power system. This phenomenon can cause problems on quality in terms of power will eventually cause various losses and even damage to several electrical appliances. The purpose of this research is to know the value of the harmonic distortion of current/Total Harmonic Distortion (THDi) and voltage/Total Harmonic Distortion (THDv) of electrical installation system Pusdiklat (KEBTKE) Ciracas using by Power Quality Analyzer and load mappings for each floor. This research was carried out at the main building of Pusdiklat KEBTKE on Jl. Poncol Raya No. 39, Ciracas, East Jakarta. Time research was done at 12:15 pm to 7:15 pm, from June 11 until June 15, 2016. The methods used in this research is descriptive analysis methods with quantitative approach, namely the research results which are then processed and analyzed to be taken to summarize. The content of the current harmonic distortion (THDi) on building Pusdiklat KEBTKE in general is above the permitted standard. Measurement data at 12:15 am – 7:15 pm who performed on June 10 to June 14, total harmonics distortion (THDI%) exceeded 15% except at certain times at the moment at least the use of other electronic or computers equipment in each floor of the building. The content of the current harmonic distortion (THDI) generally do not experience interference voltage harmonization. Based on measurement data at 12:15 am – 7:15 pm who performed on June 10 to June 14, total harmonic distortion of voltage distortion (THDV) does not exceed 5%. Abstrak Harmonisa merupakan suatu fenomena yang timbul akibat adanya penggunaan beban non linier pada sistem tenaga listrik. Fenomena ini dapat menimbulkan masalah pada segi kualitas daya yang akhirnya akan menyebabkan berbagai kerugian dan bahkan kerusakan pada bebarapa peralatan listrik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai harmonisa arus/Total Harmonic Distortion (THDI) dan tegangan/Total Harmonic Distortion (THDV) sistem instalasi listrik ketenagalistrikan energi baru terbarukan dan konservasi energi (KEBTKE). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada gedung utama Pusdiklat ketenagalistrikan energi baru terbarukan dan konservasi energi (KEBTKE) Jl.Poncol Raya No.39,Ciracas, Jakarta Timur. Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada pukul 12:15 WIB hingga 19:15 WIB, dari tanggal 11 Juni sampai 15 Juni 2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Kandungan harmonisa arus (THDI) pada gedung Pusdiklat ketenagalistrikan energi baru terbarukan dan konservasi energi (KEBTKE) secara umum berada di atas standar yang diiziinkan. Data pengukuran pukul 12:15 WIB – 19:15 WIB yang dilakukan pada tanggal 10 Juni 2016 hingga 14 Juni 2016 distorsi total harmonisa (%THDI) melebihi batas 15% Kecuali pada waktu- waktu tertentu pada saat sedikitnya penggunaan komputer atau peralatan elektronik lain di tiap lantai gedung tersebut. Kandungan harmonisa arus (THDI) secara umum tidak mengalami gangguan harmonisasi tegangan listrik. Berdasarkan data pengukuran pukul 12:15 WIB – 19:15 WIB yang dilakukan pada tanggal 10 Juni 2016 hingga 14 Juni 2016 distorsi total harmonisa tegangan (THDV) tidak melebihi batas 5% .

This study investigates the automotive magnetorheological (MR) shock absorber behaviour in conditions of changing temperature. Its temperature-dependent behaviour was quantified between ambient and maximal operating temperatures of the device. Aspects addressed include the temperature dependence of the control coil resistance in the absorber, the influence of operating current level on control coil temperature and the temperature dependence of the absorber force response and energy dissipation in the system. The results of experiments enabled us to evaluate the mechanical performance of the absorber at varied temperatures.

In recent years, DC fault arc detection has been an electrical engineering research hotspot. At present, most proposed detection methods do not analyze the effects of fault arc electrical characteristics on both line current and supply voltage. Therefore, this study extensively analyzes variations of the line current and supply voltage because of DC arc faults based on the volt-ampere characteristics of DC arc faults. Then, a DC series arc fault detection method is proposed that comprehensively uses information on line current and supply voltage. An experimental platform for DC fault arc generation and detection was established using a DC-DC converter and a photovoltaic power supply as DC power supplies, and the proposed method was confirmed by experiments using this platform. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively distinguish arc faults and has the characteristics of clear physical meaning while maintaining a low amount of calculation.

This paper deals with electromagnetic torque and current characteristics of an induction motor with rotor bar breakage, and electromagnetic field analysis based on finite element method and motor current signal analysis is performed according to various load conditions. Although various monitoring techniques of rotor bar breakages were dealt with in previous studies using MCSA, they cannot be, in fact, applied to every case. Therefore, in this paper, electromagnetic field analysis of induction motor with various rotor bar fault conditions is performed to establish fault monitoring criteria in MCSA method. This study employs 0.4(kW) squirrel cage induction motor, and experimentally measured torque and current supports the analysis results.

To increase the optical output of a lighting system, high power Light Emitting Diodes are requested to operate at high currents; however, the maximum drive current is limited by the reliability of the devices. With this work we report on the effects of step stress carried out at increasing bias up to extreme current levels. By means of optical, electrical and photoluminescence analysis we hypothesize that the optical power decrease is related a degradation of the current transport layers of the devices and that an accurate control of the current crowding is crucial in extending the operating range of high power devices.

Indoor gas stove use for cooking is associated with an increased risk of current asthma among children and is prevalent in 35% of households in the United States (US). The population-level implications of gas cooking are largely unrecognized. We quantified the population attributable fraction (PAF) for gas stove use and current childhood asthma in the US. Effect sizes previously reported by meta-analyses for current asthma (Odds Ratio = 1.34, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.12–1.57) were utilized in the PAF estimations. The proportion of children (

One of the key issues in improving marine aquaculture is achieving efficient control of feeding, which accounts for large percentages of the production costs in aquaculture operations. To quantify the feeding behavior in seas where the environment conditions are variable, we propose to measure underwater currents generated by fish movement in a feeding activity. We developed a sensor suite consisting of custom-made current sensors and underwater cameras. We deployed this prototype in two sea fish cages and measured the changes of currents during a feeding activity. Results suggest that changes in current may be related to the feeding behavior of the fishes, but more data needs to be collected and analyzed to understand this relationship. To improve on the experiences from the initial experiment, we designed a modular sensor system that will measure currents at more than one side of the fish cage during a feeding activity., OCEANS 2021, San Diego – Porto, September 20-23, 2021 (In-Person & Virtual)

Waves, currents, and related sediment transport are important factors driving the development of saltmarshes. Separating the effects of waves and currents accurately from simple field observations is a technical challenge in shallow water environments with limited inundation such as saltmarshes. In this paper, the estimation method of both wave and current information was studied mainly through the data obtained by a solely used field ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter, Vector). Phase and pressure inversion wave methods were both used to estimate wave parameters, which were then compared to synchronous observation by wave loggers at the front of a saltmarsh. Our results show that ADV is able to achieve simultaneous observations of tidal currents and waves independently. The pressure inversion wave method (r2 ∼ 0.996) is more effective than the phase method (r2 ∼ 0.876) in estimating wave energy when comparing with wave logger results. However, the former is more restricted by submergence depth and duration in field, while the latter provides cut-off frequencies for the pressure inversion wave method. Both methods can be combined to best estimate wave parameters from field ADV data. Further, hydrodynamic observation on a Scirpus mariqueter patch at the front of a saltmarsh was used as an application to indicate the importance of obtaining both wave and current information from field data. The patch was found to mainly reduce the advection of tidal currents, but it slightly increases wave energy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the different effects of plants on tidal currents and waves simultaneously in field observations. This study confirms that ADV and associated analysis can detect waves and currents at reliable accuracy at the marsh edge, which is vital in assessing the long-term resilience of marshes to sea level rise and increased storm severity.

This study investigates a novel method of undertaking online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements to estimate battery impedance across the frequency range using a battery balancing circuit. A switched capacitor balancing system is used to generate an excitation signal of low-frequency of variable values from which battery voltage and current can be measured to estimate the impedance.

High‐voltage electrical pulse (HVEP) technology, a potential method for degassing coal seam in the future, has made great progress in field application. However, the previous studies mainly concentrated on the coal‐crushing effect of the action of single pulse, ignoring the influence of cyclic single pulse on the fracture structure of coal. In this paper, Huaibei anthracite coal and Inner Mongolia bituminous coal were taken as the experimental objects to study the effect of cyclic single pulse on the fracture structure of coal. The results show that the uneven distribution of electric field in the coal causes the crack to break along the interface between the mineral and the coal. Besides, the characteristics of cracks and functional groups of coal before and after electrical breakdown were investigated through scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results suggest that the relative contents of oxygen‐containing functional groups are reduced after electrical breakdown, which promotes the gas desorption from the surfaces of coal samples. Moreover, changes in CH4 adsorption capacity of HVEP‐treated coal were studied through a high‐pressure adsorption instrument, with the adsorption temperature set from 40 to 120°C. The results show that the adsorption amount of electrically broken coal is smaller than that of raw coal, which proves that temperature and current exert similar influences on the adsorption capacity of coal sample. Additionally, current waveforms indicate that the peak current increases with the number of cycle, whereas the breakdown time decreases with it. However, the peak current and breakdown time will eventually become stable as the number of cycles grows, demonstrating that electrical properties of coal are changed in the process of breakdown, which thus affects the next discharge.

The continuous growth of population and energy-based industries have rapidly increased the demand on electricity and raised up the need for harmless and clean methods of electric energy generation and storage capacity. The world’s governments found it is feasible to consider the renewable energy sources as another alternative to supply part of their electrical needs. Renewable energy will minimize the environmental pollution associated with non-green methods of electrical generation which occupy the largest percentage of generation. Thus, photovoltaic systems along with large batteries have been implemented to generate and store electricity. These batteries have bad influences on the environment because they contribute in the pollution when they are manufactured and when they are out of use (i.e. they need recycling treatment). In this paper, we propose a schematic design of optimized water analysis-based cells that efficiently generate and safely store the energy as Hydrogen-Hydrogen Oxygen (HHO) ions. HHO cells promote a green energy generation and storage since clean water is the chemicals that is release out of burning this fuel. The HHO ions will be used as a clean energy source that can run most energy consuming systems. Hence, HHO ion generation will be another alternative to improve the storage of renewable energy.

Dynamic response of a well boat operating at a fish farm in current is investigated numerically. An objective is to determine the operational conditions of the well boat. In terms of the fish farm, a realistic set-up (with single cage) is considered, including a floating collar, an elastic sinker tube, a flexible-closed net cage and a complex mooring system. A time-domain solution is used to find the steady configuration and response. Transverse viscous current loads are estimated using the cross-flow principle. The drag coefficients are obtained empirically by considering cross-sectional details, free surface and three-dimensional (3D) flow effects. The drag force is experimentally validated. The effect of the ship wake on the net loading is also assessed. The most critical scenario with the well boat placed at the weather side of the fish farm is analyzed in detail. Critical response variables for operational limits are the maximum anchor-line tensions and floater stresses. Numerical results show that the anchor loads will increase more than 40% in small current velocities and up to 90% in high current velocities due to the viscous current loads on the boat. There is also a strong increase of the floating collar deformations and stresses when the well boat is in contact with the floating collar. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to identify the physical parameters affecting the anchor loads and the maximum stress in the floating collar. From our studies, the anchor loads are more sensitive to current direction, bottom weight system, sinker tube depth and mooring line properties (pretension load, anchor chain weight, etc.) and less sensitive to other parameters such as floating collar stiffness and cross-sectional drag coefficients of the well boat. The shading effect of the well boat on the fish-farm inflow has been examined and appeared not negligible with 4% to 10% reduction of the anchor loads for the studied current conditions. The maximum stress in the floating collar is sensitive to well-boat loads related parameters (current direction, cross-sectional drag coefficient) and pretension load in the anchor line; not so sensitive to net loading related parameters such as sinker tube depth and sinker tube weight. Lastly, the operational conditions of the well boat at the fish farm were discussed. Numerical results show that the maximum stresses in the floating collar should be of major concern. The loads in the mooring lines are moderate compared with the corresponding breaking limits.

Methylotrophic yeasts, which are able to utilize methanol as the sole carbon and energy source, have been intensively studied in terms of physiological function and practical applications. When these yeasts grow on methanol, the genes encoding enzymes and proteins involved in methanol metabolism are strongly induced. Simultaneously, peroxisomes, organelles that contain the key enzymes for methanol metabolism, massively proliferate. These characteristics have made methylotrophic yeasts efficient hosts for heterologous protein production using strong and methanol-inducible gene promoters and also model organisms for the study of peroxisome dynamics. Much attention has been paid to the interaction between methylotrophic microorganisms and plants. In this chapter, we describe how methylotrophic yeasts proliferate and survive on plant leaves, focusing on their physiological functions and lifestyle in the phyllosphere. Our current understanding of the molecular basis of methanol-inducible gene expression, including methanol-sensing and its applications, is also summarized.

This article presents a new method for the estimation of active power losses based on a “field” approach, i.e., on the theory of the electromagnetic field and the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium. Electromagnetic waves are assumed to transmit energy from the traction substation to electric rolling stock through the airspace of the inter-substation zone (i.e., not through the wires of the traction network) and meet electrically conductive surfaces on their way. The waves are partially reflected from the surfaces and partially penetrate them, thus creating thermal losses, the determination of which is the main task of this article. The analytical expressions for specific losses of active power are obtained by solving the system of Maxwell’s equations. Calculations of specific power losses in the catenary, rails, roofs, and bottoms of carriages and electric locomotives are performed. Power losses in carriages and electric locomotives are found to be at least 7%. A comparative assessment of the magnitude of total power losses of different types obtained by the “field” and “circuit” approaches is provided, which has established that “conditional” losses correspond to losses in rails, train carriages, and electric locomotives.

The present work deals with multilevel inverters (MLI) with modified carrier pulse width modulation technique and its application, especially in solar-based applications due to its modularity in structure and suitability for medium or high-power applications. Several multilevel inverters are introduced for various applications. One of the drawbacks of these inverters is high total harmonic distortion (THD) value in the output which impacts the power quality. The main objective of this work is to improve the power quality, thereby increasing the life and performance of the overall system at the consumer side. The most popular and compact cascaded multilevel DC-link inverter (CMDCLI) is considered for study and employed for 11-level operation. In general, sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used for control of inverter. However, the present work proposes a modified carrier-based hybrid pulse width modulation (HPWM) technique and has been tested with CMLDCLI. This novel technique compares the THD performance results with normal carrier wave considering R-L load. The results are analyzed in MATLAB environment and are validated with experimental results.

Exchange of Bivalvia and Gastropoda larvae between the Aniva Bay and Busse Lagoon is described on results of the plankton survey conducted in the connecting Suslov Channel in 2014. Taxonomic composition of meroplankton is described. Tide-induced water exchange through the channel is estimated, as well. The total water flux is evaluated for each tidal cycle using the data on the water level in the lagoon and on the area of its water mirror. The main factor of the larvae exchange is the tidal water flow that reaches the rate of 4 knots both for ebb and tide currents. The meroplankton from the lagoon is transported by the ebb current rather far to the sea, and its reverse drift with the tide current back to the lagoon looks doubtful, so export of the meroplankton from the lagoon is detected, with certain seasonal dynamics. The export is the most intensive in early summer (July) because of earlier spawning in the lagoon, which water is warmed quicker on shallows. The exchange decreases in August, when the water temperature is the highest both in the lagoon and in the Aniva Bay and many species spawn actively in both areas. Both reverse transport and export of the larvae are low in September because of the water cooling and cessation of the spawning.

International audience; Interactions between a patchy degraded Zostera noltei seagrass meadow and waves, currents, and sedimentary processes were analyzed from data obtained from a strongly wind-influenced micro-tidal brackish water lagoon in southeastern France. Measurements were conducted on offshore and foreshore morphology (topography, bathymetry), on hydrodynamics (waves, water levels, and currents) under different wind conditions within and outside the meadow, and on meadow biometry (shoot density, leaf length). The main impact of this patchy meadow on wind-wave transformations seems to be attenuation of waves further offshore than in the absence of vegetation. This attenuation is particularly notable above the meadow front edge, and is related to wave heights, water levels, and wave periods that are, in turn, dependent on wind intensity and fetch length. The data show that the patchy meadow does not attenuate small and short waves, especially when water levels are high, but is capable, like salt marshes and artificial seagrass, of attenuating relatively high and long waves. Notwithstanding its patchy and degraded character, the meadow also strongly influences the vertical distribution of currents. Whereas currents are strong and significantly influenced by wind and wind waves above the meadow, both waves and currents are dissipated in a transitional canopy-water layer. These wave and current modifications are reflected in the evolution of the seabed. Erosion and sedimentation are mainly controlled by the hydrodynamics but the seasonal state of the meadow plays a role by modulating the hydrodynamics. These substrate changes are, important, in turn, in influencing protection of the shoreline.

Le rapport entre actuel et virtuel a été très problématisé dans l’ensemble de l’histoire de la pensée occidentale. À partir de la critique nietzschéenne de l’essentialisme, l'idée aristotélicienne de la primauté ontologique de l'acte (entelecheia) sur la puissance (dunamis) a été profondément mise en question : il n’y aurait pas d’essence, il n’y aurait que des actions. Ainsi, le mouvement, les dynamiques, le processus, auraient une priorité sur leur actualisation en essences qui ne serait qu’un contrecoup de la puissance. Cette structure de priorité de la dynamique sur l’actualité semble s’adapter particulièrement aux environnements numériques, toujours en mouvement. Pourtant, l’économie des notifications toujours plus nombreuses, ainsi que la permanence et l’enregistrement par défaut de tous nos actes, se révèle indispensable aux fins de la production du mouvement – qui serait en réalité fondé sur l’immobilité. Dans cet article, nous allons revenir sur le rapport entre actuel et virtuel pour souligner l’importance du concept d’actuel., The connection between actual and virtual has been very much problematized in the history of Western thought. Based on Nietzsche criticism of essentialism, the Aristotelian idea of ontological primacy of acting over power was deeply questionned: in fact, the essence would not exist, only actions would. Therefore, the movement, the dynamics, the process would have a priority over their actualisation as essence, and that would be the result of power. This structure prioritizing dynamic over actuality seems to particularly adapt to digital environnements which are always evolving. However, the growing number of notifications and the constant recording of our actions turns out to be essential to the goals of producing the movement – the latter being actually based on immobility. In this article, we will analyze the connections between actual and virtual to highlight how important the concept of actual is.

A mathematical model is developed to study the performance of a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell system (DC-SOFC). Simulation results indicate that in the anode supported configuration, anode design parameters (porosity, tortuosity and anode thickness) play very important role in the performance of DC-SOFC, presented as the polarization curve. The effect of Ag content in anode electrode is found to play a significant role in the performance of the DC-SOFC. The effect of operating parameters, namely pressure and temperature, on the overpotentials (concentration, activation and ohmic) are studied. The concentration profiles of gases (CO2 and CO) as a function of operating current density across the anode electrode is studied. Model results are compared with experimental data and found to compare well.

В работе рассматриваются устройства, предназначенные непосредственно для снижения пропускной способности света. Приведены основные характеристики, достоинства и принцип работы устройств данного типа. Показана актуальность применения устройств снижения пропускной способности для ис-пользования на транспортных средствах при все более ужесточающихся требованиях к использованию тонированных стекол, а также как элемент декоративной составляющей при отделке частных домов и коттеджей., The devices designed directly to reduce the light transmission capacity are described in the article. The main characteristics, advantages and principle of operation of such devices are given. The relevance of reducing bandwidth device use on vehicles in conditions of increasingly toughening of orders for tinted windows applica-tion, as well as an element in the decoration of private homes and cottages were actualized

The article discusses the issues of air purification in dusty workshops of the textile industry. Increasing the efficiency of air purification is achieved by the fact that a method for monitoring the dustiness of premises has been developed, providing high accuracy and a wide range of measurements, The method is implemented in a device in which corona discharge sections of different polarities are created and connected in series: in the first section, dusty air is charged in a negative volumetric charge of the corona discharge, in the second section, the flow of dusty air is discharged in a positive volumetric charge of the corona discharge. The degree of dustiness is determined by the value of the discharge current in the common circuit.

De jugar en los antiguos campos de barro de Tercera división y Preferente a consolidarse en Primera División. La historia del Villarreal C.F está basada en la cultura del esfuerzo. De ser una ciudad conocida por su agricultura y el sector de la cerámica, ha pasado a serlo por un club de fútbol. Desde su primer ascenso a la actual Liga Santander, el conjunto de La Plana Baixa ha sufrido numerosos cambios. De ser un equipo acostumbrado a sufrir a ser un firme candidato cada temporada a ocupar puestos europeos. Histórica es su semifinal de la Uefa Champions League ante el Arsenal F.C en su primera participación en la competición. Como también lo es el subcampeonato en la temporada 06/07 con Manuel Pellegrini en el banquillo. Estos cambios han venido de la mano de Fernando Roig, el presidente de mayor importancia en la entidad. Junto al empresario valenciano, el submarino amarillo está viviendo su época dorada. Los avances se han hecho notar en todos los sectores del club, ejemplo de ello es su ciudad deportiva, su fútbol base, las remodelaciones del Estadio de la Cerámica o la construcción de un equipo ganador. Esta proyección ha provocado que jugadores de clase mundial jueguen en el conjunto amarillo, por su vestuario han pasado nombres como: Juan Román Riquelme, Diego Forlán, Santiago Cazorla, Pepe Reina o Raúl Albiol. Hace unas semanas el equipo se convirtió campeón de la Uefa Europa League, primer título de importancia a nivel de clubes. Con Unai Emery como entrenador, cuenta en sus filas con hombres de la talla de Pau Torres, Daniel Parejo, Paco Alcacer, Raúl Albiol, Gerard Moreno o Francis Coquelin. A esto se le suma el reciente ascenso del primer equipo femenino a la Liga Iberdrola. From playing at the old fields in 3rd Division and Preferential cattegories, to have been consolidated at First Division. Villarreal´s history is the tale of a culture based in the effort. The city was famous for its farming and ceramics activities, and nowadays everyone knows Villarreal because of its football team. Since its first promotion to the first cattegory ( Known as Liga Santander), the Plana Baixa´s team has changed a lot. At first, they were used to suffer a lot each season, and nowadays they have turned to a candidate to Uefa Champions League vs Arsenal F.C in their first year at the competition. It is also important the sub championship at the 06/07 season under Manuel Pellegrini´s orders. Those changes have come with the colaboration of Fernando Roig, the most important president of the football team. The “yellow submarine” is living his gold moment right now. All of the advances have been noticed in every single section of the club. Its sports installations or its younger football teams, without forgeting the reshuffle of the stadium or the building of a winner team. All of this achievements have caused mundial players wearing Villarreal´s football shield. The team has had some important players such as Juan Román Riquelme, Diego Forlán, Santiago Cazorla, Pepe and Raúl Albiol. Nowadays, Villarreal CF is the actual winner of the Uefa Europa League Championship, the first europe prize if whe think of club levels with Unai Emery as coach. Players like Pau Torres, Daniel Parejo, Paco Alcacer, Raúl Albiol, Gerard Moreno or Francis Coquelin are playing for Villarreal CF in this moment. To al lof the above, the femenine section of the football team has promoted to LaLiga Iberdrola.

Постановка проблемы и частной задачи: С наблюдаемым в последние годы явным расширением сегмента глобального рынка бесконтактных зарядных устройств (БЗУ) для автономного электротранспорта при формировании на их основе проектов региональных зарядных инфраструктур остро встала проблема обеспечения совместимости устройств различных разработчиков и производителей, и как следствие этого проблема необходимости унификации создаваемых и поставляемых на рынок БЗУ. Целью исследований являлась разработка методики и критериев оценки совместимости БЗУ различных классов и конструктивных конфигураций. Используемые методы и технологии: для решения поставленной задачи использовались основные инструменты системного анализа: факторный анализ, математическое моделирование, критериальный анализ процесса пере-дачи энергии методом магнитно-резонансной индукции и условий совместимости «трансляторов» и «приемников» БЗУ. Для численных расчетов магнитных параметров БЗУ использовался программный комплекс «MATLAB toolbox Simulink». Новизна результата: основной новизной результата исследований является создание универсальной методики анализа и комплексной оценки совместимо-сти различных классов БЗУ с «Tesla-pack» различной конфигурации. Научная новизна методики заключается в том, что: анализ и оценка осуществляется путем последовательного анализа и оценки магнитной и электрической совместимости «трансляторов» и «приемников» БЗУ, а в качестве основного критерия принят суммарный импеданс «приемника» и «нагрузки», рефлектирующий на стороне «транслятора»; оценка совместимости осуществляется путем сопоставления его фактических значений с нормированными расчетными показателями, устанавливаемыми в рамках граничных условий, определяемых исходя из того, что БЗУ должно обеспечить требуемые для зарядки ТС диапазоны значений выходных мощности и напряжения. В качестве инструмента реализации методики разработана универсальная математическая модель, описывающая процесс взаимодействия «транслятора» и «приемника» в виде функциональной алгебраической зависимости рефлектирующего импеданса от импеданса вторичного устройства и магнитных параметров БЗУ. Практическая значимость: разработанная методика при ее использовании не требует детальных исходных данных о структуре принципиальных электрических схем модулей электроники и конструктивных особенностях обмоток индуктивности анализируемых БЗУ. Методика и результаты расчетов, выполненных для четырех основных конфигураций «Tesla-pack» БЗУ, могут быть использованы при проектировании новых устройств с целью повышения уровня их унификации, а также для тестирования поставляемых на рынок БЗУ различных разработчиков и производителей на предмет совместимости., Problem statement and specific task: With the obvious expansion of the global market segment of contactless chargers for autonomous electric vehicles observed in recent years, when forming regional charging infrastructure projects based on them, the problem of ensuring the compatibility of devices of various developers and manufacturers has become acute, and as a result, the problem of the need to unify the equipment complexes created and supplied to the market. The aim of the research was to develop a methodology and criteria for evaluating the compatibility of contactless chargers of various classes and design configurations. Methods and technologies used: to solve the set tasks, the main tools of system analysis were used: factor analysis, mathematical modeling, criteria analysis of the process of energy transfer by the method of magnetic resonance induction and the compatibility conditions of "Translators" and "Receivers" of chargers. For numerical calculations of the magnetic parameters of the devices, the «MATLAB toolbox Simulink» software package was used. The novelty of the result: The main novelty of the research result is the creation of a universal methodology for analyzing and comprehensively evaluating the compatibility of various classes of contactless chargers with the "Tesla-pack" of various configurations. The scientific novelty of the method is that: the analysis and evaluation is carried out by sequential analysis and evaluation of the magnetic and electrical compatibility of the "Translators" and "Receivers" of devices, and the total impedance of the "Receiver" and "Load", reflecting on the side of the "Translator", is accepted as the main criterion. The compatibility assessment is carried out by comparing its actual values with the normalized design indicators set within the boundary conditions determined on the basis that the charger must provide the required ranges of output power and voltage values for charging the vehicle. As a tool for implementing the technique, a universal mathematical model is developed that describes the process of interaction between the "Translator" and the "Receiver" in the form of a functional algebraic dependence of the reflecting impedance on the impedance of the secondary device and the magnetic parameters of the charger. Practical significance: the developed method, when used, does not require detailed initial data on the structure of the basic electrical circuits of the electronics modules and the design features of the inductance windings of the analyzed devices. The methodology and results of calculations performed for the four main configurations of "Tesla-pack" devices can be used in the design of new devices in order to increase the level of their unification, as well as for testing the chargers supplied to the market by various developers and manufacturers for compatibility.

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Ушбу мақолада ўқувчиларга ўтказгичларнинг солиштирма электр қаршилигини ҳисоблашда ахборот технологиялари асосидаги “С++” дастуридан фойдаланиб аниқ натижалар олишлари мумкинлиги кўрсатиб берилган., In this article, students are shown the possibility of obtaining accurate results in calculating the specific electrical resistance of conductors using information technology based on the "C ++" software

THE PURPOSE. To consider issues related to the study of methods for determining the sources of violations of the quality of electrical energy in power supply systems, in particular consumers which create rapid voltage changes or voltage fluctuations that create rapid changes in the luminous flux in electric lighting installations. Show that electrical receivers with a sharply variable operating mode are sources of fluctuations in the consumed current and voltage in the electrical network of power supply systems, which in turn manifests itself in the form of unacceptable values of one of the indicators of the quality of electricity - flicker, defined as the subjective perception of fluctuations in the luminous flux of lighting devices. To study the possibilities of determining the places of occurrence of significant voltage fluctuations without the use of expensive and complex instruments for measuring flicker values in the electrical network. To develop a simplified method for determining the locations of electricity consumers that negatively affect the operation of electric lighting systems and, ultimately, the vision of personnel. Conduct a check on a computer model of a simplified method for determining the places of occurrence of voltage fluctuations that are inadmissible in their magnitude, which are expressed in the appearance of significant doses of flicker that exceed the standard values.METHODS. Solving the problem, a computer model was used, created in the Simulink extension package of the Matlab scientific and technical calculation system.RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the problem, discusses the quality of electricity in power supply systems. It has been shown using experimental data that in electrical networks there is an excess of the standard values of flicker doses. The possibility of using interharmonic components of the mains voltage to determine the sources of unacceptable doses of flicker is considered. A simplified method for finding flicker sources based on obtaining the values of the derivatives of currents at various points of the electrical network is presented. Computer simulation of an electrical network diagram with electrical receivers, which have both calm and sharply variable nature of work, has been performed. It is shown that the use of the values of the derivatives of the current at various points of the electrical network makes it possible to identify the sources of the occurrence of unacceptable doses of flicker.CONCLUSION. The occurrence of significant rapid voltage changes in the electrical network negatively affects vision, which is inevitably accompanied by increased personnel fatigue and can lead to industrial injuries. The results obtained by the authors of the article show that it is possible to use it to determine the places of occurrence of large voltage fluctuations, which are manifested in unacceptable doses of flicker of the derivatives of currents. It should be taken into account when conducting surveys of power supply systems in order to use fairly simple hardware to identify sources of disturbance in the quality of electrical energy.

Overvoltage encountered in loads connected to power transformers can be a consequence of nonlinear core magnetization. In order to identify the impact on the quality of electricity consumer, we conducted a computer experiment in the “Multisim” program. To form the research, it was created a T-shaped transformer substitution circuit, to which the load was connected in turn: active, inductive and capacitive with different values of parameters. The purpose of the experiment is to pinpoint the cause of overvoltage, to verify that the transformer is capable of producing an effect and to show how severe it can be.