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This paper analyzes how the narratives of two Korean contemporary cinema productions based on foreign literary works have given birth to products that continue to articulate themselves around the local and the appeal to a collective national identity following a strategy of glocalization adopted by the South Korean cinema industry. Two recent psychological thrillers that share this characteristic have been selected: Lee Changdong's Burning (2018) and Park Chan-wook's The Handmaiden (2016) based on the works of Haruki Murakami and Sarah Waters respectively. Through this essay it is emphasized how both adaptations use the spaces and narrative changes to pursue a glocalization approach that appeals to a shared Korean identity continuing a strategy of «consumer nationalism» which has been intrinsically related to both the film industry in South Korea and the historical development of Korean nationalism. It will be also argued how the two new products that emerge from this cultural translation do not limit themselves to an imitation of the source materials and go beyond them adding new depth and dimensions thus constituting full new works. El presente artículo analiza las estrategias narrativas utilizadas en dos adaptaciones surcoreanas al cine de obras literarias extranjeras. Las obras seleccionadas han sido los thrillers psicológicos Burning (Lee Changdong, 2018) y La doncella (Park Chan-wook, 2016) basados en obras literarias de Haruki Murakami y Sarah Waters respectivamente. A lo largo del ensayo se pone especial énfasis en la utilización de los espacios y los cambios narrativos para contextualizar la forma en que estos dos nuevos productos resultantes continúan articulándose en torno a un enfoque glocalizador que apela a la identidad colectiva de los coreanos dando así continuidad a una estrategia de consumer nationalism muy ligada tanto al desarrollo de la industria cinematográfica surcoreana como al de su nacionalismo. También se argumentará la manera en que las dos películas que surgen de lo que podríamos denominar traducción cultural no se limitan a una imitación de los materiales de origen, sino que añaden diversas dimensiones y profundidad nuevas convirtiéndose en obras de pleno derecho.

The Pantanal faced an unprecedented drought event in 2020. The hydrological year ended in July, 2020 had an annual average rainfall 26 % lower than the average from 1982 to 2020. Consequently, catastrophic wildfires burned out of control. Active fires during this year have also increased, and were 123 % higher than the 2002-2020 Pantanal's average. Approximately 95 % of these active fires occurred in natural land covers with 28 % of them occurring in areas classified as wetlands that likely dried out due to the drought. Therefore, the development of a special policy is needed to minimize the impact of this crisis on the biodiversity, conservation, and traditional people of the Pantanal.

Savannas are characterized by the coexistence of grasses and trees. Fires are critical for their coexistence, because they decrease the survival of tree seedlings and saplings and their recruitment to the adult stage. In some humid savannas, perennial grasses inhibit nitrification and trees stimulate nitrification, which likely favors coexistence between trees and grasses. However, fires may influence plant capacity to control nitrogen cycling, which could subsequently influence tree–grass coexistence and savanna nitrogen budget. Therefore, we sampled soil in a humid savanna of Ivory Coast under the dominant nitrification‐inhibiting grass species and the dominant nitrification‐stimulating tree species and under bare soil before and after (i.e., 5 days) fire during the long dry season. We quantified the total microbial and nitrifier abundances and transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzyme activity. Fire decreased soil water content, probably by increasing evaporation and, maybe, by triggering the growth of grasses, and increased soil ammonium availability likely due to ash deposition and increased mineralization. Fire did not impact the total archaeal, bacterial, or fungal abundances, or that of the nitrifiers. Fire did not impact archaeal transcriptional activity and increased bacterial and fungal total transcriptional activities. In contrast, fire decreased the archaeal nitrifier transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzymatic activity, likely due to the often reported resumption of the growth of nitrification‐inhibiting grasses quickly after the fire (and the subsequent increase in root exudation). These results pave the way for a better understanding of the short‐term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling and tree–grass competition for nitrogen., In some humid savannas, perennial grasses inhibit nitrification and trees stimulate nitrification, which likely favors coexistence between trees and grasses. Fires may influence plant capacity to control nitrogen cycling. In this study, after the fire, the archaeal nitrifier transcriptional activities and the nitrification enzymatic activity decreased, likely due to the often reported resumption of the growth of nitrification‐inhibiting grasses quickly after the fire (and the subsequent increase in root exudation).

This study assessed early-season effects of spontaneous wildfires on soil fertility and weed diversity in two managed plantations – cashew and teak – in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil pH and nutrients in the topsoils and subsoils of burned and unburned plantations plots after a spontaneous wildfire were analysed. Species diversity and similarity were determined based on the composition and abundances of weed flora two months post-fire. The fire effects on soil nutrients and weed composition in the plantations were evaluated using the canonical correspondence analysis. Burns incidence significantly improved the organic carbon, organic matter, and Ca contents while reducing total N and Mg in both plantations. Twenty-eight weed species were distributed in 9 angiosperm families. Fire differently affected weed composition, abundance and diversity in the plantations. Burning improved soil organic carbon and organic matter contents and restricted Tephrosia bracteolata, Desmodium tortuosum, Daniellia oliveri, Senna obtusifolia and Zornia latifolia to the burned cashew plantation. The occurrence of Euphorbia heterophylla, Eriosema psoraleoides and Crotalaria retusa in the burned teak plantation was associated with a direct fire effect on soil Na and Ca contents. Burning influenced soil nutrients in the studied plantations, but weed diversity increased in the teak plantation and was reduced in the cashew plantation.

Background: Xerostomia, generally referred to as dry mouth, has been identified as a side effect of more than 1,800 drugs from more than 80 groups. This condition is frequently unrecognised and untreated but may affect patients’ quality of life and cause problems with oral and medical health, including burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Purpose: The purpose of this case is to discuss how to manage a patient with BMS caused by xerostomia secondary to medication that has been taken by the patient. Case: We reported that a 45-year-old male military officer from the Royal Malaysian Air Force came to Kuching Armed Forces Dental Clinic with dry mouth and a burning sensation since he started taking 10 mg of amlodipine due to his hypertension. After a thorough physical and history examination, we made a diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) caused by xerostomia secondary to amlodipine. Case Management: Oral hygiene instructions, diet advice and prescription of Oral7 mouthwash has been given to reduce the symptoms of BMS. The patient has been referred to the general practitioner to reduce his amlodipine dosage from 10 mg to 5 mg (OD) in order to prevent xerostomia, and oral hygiene instructions have been given. A review after two weeks showed significant changes in the oral cavity, and the patient was satisfied as he is no longer feeling the burning sensation and can enjoy his food without feeling difficulty in chewing and swallowing. Conclusion: Adverse drug events are normal in the oral cavity and may have a number of clinical presentations such as xerostomia. Xerostomia can cause many implications as saliva helps in maintaining oral mucosa and has a protective function. The signs of adverse drug incidents in the oral cavity should be identified to oral health care professionals.

Ecologically-sound management plans for high-altitude grasslands of the Andes depend on an understanding the responses of plants to fire, especially the dominant tussock grasses. This study considers physiognomic responses of tussock grass in 13 sites in northern Ecuador with a known fire history, with time since fire 0.5–10 y, and a control site which had not been burned for at least 40 y. At each site, we assessed vegetation height, basal cover of the tussocks, and the ratio of dead:live leaves in tussocks. We also measured light at ground level. As recovery time increased, tussock cover and number decreased, while tussock height increased. Light levels fell sharply below the tussock canopies as recovery took place, and dead leaves accumulated quickly, reaching 60 – 70% by just two years after fire. The modification of physical tussock structure is likely to influence a much wider ecosystem response to fire, and determines directly the fuel load for future fires. Despite these clear changes in tussock characteristics, they were too variable to be used as a reliable bioindicator of time since fire. However, a better understanding of the responses of tussock grasses to fire and particularly its impact on other species should become the focus of further attention in future., Los planes de manejo ecológicamente sólidos para los pastizales de gran altura en los Andes dependen del entendimiento de las respuestas de las plantas al fuego, en especial las respuestas de los pastos dominantes. Este estudio considera las respuestas fisionómicas de pastos en 13 sitios en el norte del Ecuador con un historial de incendios conocido, con tiempo entre 0.5 y 10 años después del incendio, más un sitio control donde al menos durante 40 años no se había producido incendio. En cada sitio, evaluamos la altura de la vegetación, la cobertura basal de las macollas y la proporción de hojas muertas:vivas en las macollas. También, medimos la luz a nivel del suelo. A medida que aumentó el tiempo de recuperación, la cobertura y el número de macollas disminuyeron, mientras que la altura de las macollas aumentó. Los niveles de luz cayeron fuertemente debajo de las copas de las macollas durante la recuperación, y las hojas muertas se acumularon rápidamente, alcanzando 60 – 70% solo dos años después del incendio. Es probable que las modificaciones en la estructura física de las macollas influyen en una respuesta mucho más amplia del ecosistema al fuego, y determinen directamente la carga de combustible para futuros incendios. A pesar de que se observaron cambios claros en las características de las macollas, estas eran demasiado variables para ser consideradas como un bioindicador confiable del tiempo transcurrido después del incendio. Sin embargo, una mejor comprensión de las respuestas de las macollas al fuego y, en particular, el impacto de esas respuestas en otras especies debería ser el enfoque de mayor atención en el futuro.

The burning of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases motivates policymakers to think about the transition in their approach towards electric vehicles (EVs) from conventional ones. Transportation vehicles’ electrification drives the attention of various researchers and scientists towards the emergence of charging stations (CSs). CS placement is a matter of great concern for large scale penetration of EVs. Old infrastructure causes several challenges in planning the ideal placement of the CS since EVs have not prevailed in recent years. Recently, a lot of studies have been performed on CS placement, which attracts the attention of researchers. Various approaches, objective functions, constraints and range of optimisation techniques are addressed by researchers for optimal placement of CS. This study provides the research outcomes in respect of the placement of CS over the past few years based on objective functions, solution methods, geographic conditions and demand-side management.

The aim of this study is to differentiate old-field plant communities along the abandonment time and/or environmental gradient in the landscape surrounded villages with established Czech settlers in Romanian Banat area conserving traditional agriculture, and to identify site factors which cause plant diversity of particular vegetation types. Study area: Wider territory centered by the village Sfânta Elena, southern Romania ((44°40’ N; 21°43’ E). Methods: We collected 97 phytosociological relevés covered the same number of old-fields in the area and the following habitat parameters were measured: soil pH, available phosphorus, total carbon and nitrogen, Heat Load Index. Software TURBOVEG / JUICE was used to collect and elaborate the data set of relevés. Old-field vegetation was classified into five basic plant communities using TWINSPAN (all the botanical material includes 291 plant species). For each community, we detected diagnostic species according to their fidelity index. The presence of mowing, grazing or burning was registered for recorded stands. Ecological preferences of each community were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Vegetation-environment relationships were analysed using ordination method – Cannonical correspondence analysis (CCA) in CANOCO for Windows (version 4.5) to find the main variability gradients within the dataset. Scatter plot relationships between variables were constructed. Main results and conclusions: Dependence of number of species (alpha diversity) on the abandoned field’s age exhibits an unimodal shape of this relationship with the maximum peak of species diversity in plant stands aged approximately 13 years. The most importnat ecological factors and/or type of management in the relationship to the old-field plant composition show the following significance order: available phosphorus content in the soil (P), total nitrogen content in the soil (N), presence of burning, length of abandonment (old-field age), carbon/nitrogen ratio in the soil (C/N). Other parameters (grazing, mowing, zero management) do not demonstrate effective impact according to our dataset and seem to be equal to the absence of burning.

The results of studies of the forms of finding and methods of extracting molybdenum from acidic solutions with a high concentration of sulfuric acid are presented. Ion-exchange resins of various modifications were tested to determine the most effective for molybdenum during its sorption from a sulfuric acid solution.

Vast forest areas are spreaded in Russia and perform environment-forming, nature-protective and climate-regulating functions, including carbon sequestration. At the same time, increasing of destructive forest fires scale in recent decades has led to depletion of forest resources. To combat forest fires, it is necessary to develop preventive measures to reduce the number and severity of forest fires and establish reliable evaluation criteria for fire hazard assessment in forestry. However, indices of fire hazard assessment that exist in Russia are not always allowed to determine the degree of fire hazard reliably. The studies were performed in pine forests on the territory of the Central Forest-Steppe. The key forestry factors influencing the fire hazard situation in pine stands are identified: the presence and amount of combustible materials, the state of the stand, as well as the age structure of tree stand. According to burning indices, the highest fire hazard was common for young and middle-aged pine stands, while for ripening, mature and old-growth forests, fire hazard increasing was not observed. A set of parameters that characterize soil moisture and ground cover peculiarities have also a significant impact. Forest growth conditions were shown to be an important indicator for assessment of fire hazard class. Identified factors that have a key impact on the fire hazard in forests will make it possible to improve methodological approach for monitoring and preservation of forests.

Resumen Ante la problemática latente en el manejo de residuos sólidos en el distrito de Guápiles, se plantea la utilización para el análisis de la situación de la herramienta denominada: ''Análisis de Flujo de Materiales”, la cual es utilizada por primera vez en Costa Rica en el año 2018, año en que se realiza la presente investigación. Esta herramienta permite visualizar los flujos de los residuos sólidos dentro de un sistema para identificar los principales problemas existentes con base en la distribución de las masas de los materiales en los sitios de disposición final definidos por la población, así como los diversos actores sociales involucrados en el proceso. La metodología para la investigación fue la caracterización de residuos de ciento cuatro viviendas y cuarenta y nueve comercios, tomando como referencia la ''Guía de interpretación de la metodología para la realización de estudios de generación y composición de residuos ordinarios'' del programa CYMA del año 2012. Además, encuestas realizadas al sector residencial y comercial, entrevistas a gestores de residuos sólidos tanto de la municipalidad de Pococí como a empresas de acopio de materiales valorizables y recolectores privados. Finalmente, se recibieron y clasificaron materiales producto de las campañas de recuperación de residuos para el reciclaje. De esta manera se pudo identificar la totalidad de los residuos sólidos destinados a quemas (283,80 ton/año), entierros de materia orgánica (1 204,89 ton/año), entierros de vidrio (4,71 ton/ año), recuperación de residuos sólidos para el reciclaje, incluyendo los flujos menos comunes como la recuperación de residuos electrónicos y chatarra (2 115,35 ton/año) y las 7 408,04 ton/ año destinadas al Relleno Sanitario Los Laureles, de las cuales 1 225,44 ton/año corresponden a descargas ilegales en el centro del distrito. Utilizando esta herramienta, es posible tomar decisiones basadas en el mejoramiento del sistema de gestión de residuos sólidos que es provisto en el distrito por los sectores: municipal, privado e informal, identificados en el proceso de recolección de datos. Abstract Material Flow Analysis is a powerful tool, first time used in Costa Rica, to analyze the problems related to solid waste management in the district of Guápiles, in the province of Limon, Costa Rica. It is an analytical method to quantify flows and stocks of materials or substances in a well-defined system, allowing the visualization of solid waste and the actors involved in the process. The methodology used for the investigation was the characterization of residues of one hundred four houses and forty-nine shops, taking as reference the ''Guide of interpretation of the methodology for the realization of studies of generation and composition of ordinary waste'' of the CYMA program of the year 2012. In addition, surveys were conducted in the residential and commercial sector, as well as interviews with solid waste managers of the municipality of Pococí, and companies that collect recyclable materials and private collectors. Additionally, the analysis of materials received from the waste recovery campaigns for recycling. With this analysis, it was possible to identify the total amounts of solid waste being burned (283.80 tons / year), burials of organic matter (1 204.89 tons / year), glass burials (4.71 tons / year), recovery of solid waste for recycling, including less common flows such as electronic waste and metal scrap (2 115.35 tons / year). Furthermore, it was found that 7 408,04 tons / year had gone to Los Laureles sanitary landfill, and 1 225,44 tons/ year of illegal dumping. It was concluded that this tool could be used when making decisions in relation to the improvement of solid waste management systems.

We looked at existing recommendations for preventing unintentional injuries in children under five years of age, and we attempted to identify the main sources used as evidence for formulating these recommendations.We conducted a literature search up to the 18th October 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and source of the evidence in tables for each of five areas of unintentional injuries: road traffic injuries, drowning, poisoning, thermal injuries, falls.In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a comprehensive report with strategies for child injury prevention for the European region. More recently, the WHO published several guidance documents focused on one area such as drowning, usually with a global focus. The PrevInfad workgroup (Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics) updated their document on road safety in April 2019, providing recommendations and a summary of the existing evidence. Preventive strategies for injuries in childhood are mainly based on surveillance data and the identification of risk factors. The key strategies for preventing unintentional injuries are a combination of environmental and behaviour modification, that can be achieved through engineering, enforcement and education. Consequently, for this kind of strategies, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of both the intervention itself, and the way the intervention is advised to parents and caretakers so that there is good compliance of the recommendation.

In this article considered the mathematical design of the process of burning of the drop of water-emulsion fuel. The drop of the emulsion of type water-oil is the difficult system, consisting of fuel, in that evenly as микрокапель drops are up-diffused waters being into the drop of emulsion. At burning isolated микрокапли of water with emulsion, there is an irreversible exothermic reaction. For such reactions considered the nonlinear task, with the use of the theory of spatially-homogeneous thermal explosions in the process of burning of fuel. This theory shows a few features, not considered to it. These features include appearance more than of one external area, more than one (internal) layer and nonlinear transformation of compression-expansion. As a result, an asymptotic decision for an incompressible liquid allows to get the hydrodynamic fields of an explosion in a vicinity steam bubble drop, and also in the vicinity of temperature front.

In industry the large volume of works is executed on creation and introduction of the specialized devices, options of automatic control, in-plant systems of automatic control, on development of automatic control system by a production (АСУП) with the use of managing calculable machines (УВМ). Automation of productive processes occupies one of leading places in the complex of technical equipments, assists the increase of the labour productivity and improvement of quality of products in all industries of industry, including in industry of build materials. However, it is not necessary to consider that only realization of ordinary adjusting works can provide support of optimal process of burning of clinker. On flowing of technological process such factors can influence as: bodily condition of auxiliary personnel, influence of environment on the technical parameters of automatic devices, elements of automation, inadequate reaction of operators on making decision, which provide optimization of process. An optimal decision can be accepted by expert advice in composition the experienced specialists, however this expense enough decision. Perspective direction in organization of support of the desirable optimal mode of burning of clinker is application of modern tools of the computing engineering with the use of neuron networks and нейроконтролеров. Creation of CAS of management with a neuron regulator on the basis of standard model and her direct tuning for the concrete mechanisms of technological processes requires additional researches at a choice and method of studies of нейрконтролера. Methodology. The offered sequence of supervisor studies of нейроконтролера is based on previous експериментальном determination of discreteness of entrance educational signal. Such approach allows to carry out the rational choice of amount of neurons and lessons of studies. Results. It is set that pre-election of duration of entrance signal considerably abbreviates on the initial stage of expense of time on the studies of нейроконтролера, and the worked out system of adjusting answers all high-quality indexes of design and works off entrance signals with desirable exactness and able to react on the revolting actions of environment with a minimum error. Scientific novelty. The sequence of supervisor studies of нейроконтролера is improved for work in the systems of automatic control of technological processes. Practical meaningfulness. The offered sequence of supervisor studies of нейроконтролера reduces costs time on the stage of planning of the similar нейроконтролерних systems of automatic control and allows to promote exactness and reliability of their work.

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) has substantially contributed in making India self-sufficient in food grain production; however, rice residue management is of great concern, threatening the sustainability of this system. Rice residue is invariably disposed of by farmers through open burning. In addition to environmental pollution, residue burning of rice also leads to loss of soil nutrients. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems and sustain the RWCS is managing the rice residues in the field itself. Rice residue retention has variable effects on agricultural pests (namely, weeds, insect pests, diseases, and rodents) in the RWCS. High weed infestation in the RWCS results in high consumption of herbicides, which leads to several ecological problems and evolution of herbicide resistance. The shift from intensive tillage to conservation tillage causes major changes in weed dynamics and herbicide efficacy. Incorporation of rice residue reduces weed density and helps in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Rice residue retention on the surface or mulching reduces weed density and the biomass of both grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat crop as compared to its removal. Long-term field studies involving the use of rice residue as a component of integrated weed management strategies are needed to be done in the RWCS.

The article investigates practical application of modern technologies for the use of crop residues as or-ganic fertilizers and mulch. The mechanisms of conversion of straw into organic fertilizer are identified. Meth-ods of mulching in tillage are described. The main types of mulching machines and technologies are analyzed. Emphasis is made on mulching as one of the system-forming factors in no-till and strip-till technologies. Tools of mechanical impact on crop residues are various combines equipped with shredders and special trailed shredders. Effectiveness of strip-till technology in the cultivation of potatoes, the use of which has provided optimal conditions of water regime and nutrition due to the reduction of the soil surface temperature that guarantees higher yields, is confirmed.

В статье указано основное свойства природного вермикулита, рассмотрены анализа минералого-технологических особенностей вермикулита сунгулитового сырья. Приведены сведения, что первые появившиеся вермикулитовых руд Караузякского месторождения, также вопросы эффективного обогащения целью которого является получение сырья для теплоизоляционного и облицовочного плитка. Кроме того приведены сведения о термическим анализа минералов горных пород и образовании вермикулитового огарка., The article indicates the main properties of natural vermiculite, considered the analysis of mineral and technological features of vermiculite sungulite raw materials. Information is given that the first emerged vermiculite ores of the Karauzyak deposit, as well as issues of effective enrichment whose purpose is to obtain raw materials for insulation and cladding tile. In addition, information is given on the thermal analysis of rock minerals and the formation of vermiculite cinders.

This article presents an empirical study of paintings that have failed to meet their reserve price at auction. In the art trade, it is often claimed that when an advertised item goes unsold at auction, it will sell for less in the future. We have constructed a new dataset specifically for the purpose of testing this proposition. To preview our results, we find that paintings which come to auction and failed return significantly less when they are eventually sold than those paintings that have not been advertised at auction between sales. These lower returns may occur because of common value effects, idiosyncratic downward trends in tastes, or changes in the seller’s reserve price.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo aferir, para o período entre 2008 e 2019, o regime de queima no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV), Unidade de Conservação (UC) localizada no estado de Goiás que teve sua área ampliada neste período. A partir de imagens dos satélites Landsat e CBERS, cicatrizes de incêndio foram identificadas, vetorizadas e analisadas quanto à localização, ao tamanho e à frequência. A área atual do PNCV queimou cerca de 542.113 hectares, i.e., mais de 225% da área da UC. Aproximadamente 76% das cicatrizes foram registradas na área ampliada do Parque, a qual teve a maior participação de incêndios em 10 dos 11 anos analisados. Foi possível discriminar dois regimes de queima: um que abrange o limite antigo do Parque, caracterizado por baixa ocorrência de queimada, com presença de feições que se assemelham a aceiros e baixa frequência de incêndios; e outro na área ampliada, com histórico de queima anual com valores mais próximos à média, ausência de cicatrizes lineares e frequência máxima de 10 ocorrências. A unificação destes panoramas em um só território exigirá esforços para homogenização dos regimes e poderá, associada a outras ações, diminuir a imprevisibilidade dos incêndios, e respectivos impactos, legitimando o papel que as UCs possuem para a conservação e a preservação da natureza.AbstractOCCURRENCE OF FIRE IN THE CHAPADA DOS VEADEIROS NATIONAL PARK, GOIÁS, BRAZIL: RECENT HISTORY IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS EXPANSIONThe present study aims to assess, for the period between 2008 and 2019, the burning regime in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (CVNP), Conservation Unit (CU) located in the state of Goiás that had its area expanded in this period. From images of Landsat and CBERS, fire scars were identified, vectorized, and analyzed for their location, size, and frequency. The current area of the CVNP burned about 542,113 hectares, i.e., more than 225% of the area of the CU. Approximately 76% of the scars were recorded in the expanded area of the Park, which had the highest participation of fires in 10 of the 11 years analyzed. It was possible to discriminate two burning regimes: one that covers the old limit of the Park, characterized by the low occurrence of fire, with the presence of features that resemble firebreaks and low frequency of fires; And another in the enlarged area, with a history of annual burning with values closer to the average, absence of linear scars and a maximum frequency of 10 occurrences. The unification of these panoramas in a single territory will require efforts to homogenize the regimes and may, associated with other actions, reduce the unpredictability of fires, and their impacts, legitimizing the role that CU have in the conservation and preservation of nature.

To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, India imposed a national lockdown at the end of March 2020, a decision that resulted in a massive reverse migration as many workers across economic sectors returned to their home regions. Migrants provide the foundations of the agricultural workforce in the ‘breadbasket’ states of Punjab and Haryana in Northwest India.There are mounting concerns that near and potentially longer-term reductions in labor availability may jeopardize agricultural production and consequently national food security. The timing of rice transplanting at the beginning of the summer monsoon season has a cascading influence on productivity of the entire rice-wheat cropping system. To assess the potential for COVID-related reductions in the agriculture workforce to disrupt production of the dominant rice-wheat cropping pattern in these states, we use a spatial ex ante modelling framework to evaluate four scenarios representing a range of plausible labor constraints on the timing of rice transplanting. Averaged over both states, results suggest that rice productivity losses under all delay scenarios would be low as compare to those for wheat, with total system productivity loss estimates ranging from 9%, to 21%, equivalent to economic losses of USD $674 m to $1.48 billion. Late rice transplanting and harvesting can also aggravate winter air pollution with concomitant health risks. Technological options such as direct seeded rice, staggered nursery transplanting, and crop diversification away from rice can help address these challenges but require new approaches to policy and incentives for change., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image, Highlights • An ex-ante analysis was done using geospatial tools on potential effect of labour shortage on rice-wheat system. • Food grain production loss due to labor shortage can be 23% from current levels of production. • Residue burning will exacerbate air pollution in winter and could coincide with an anticipated COVID resurgence in the fall. • India needs new strategies to use available technological and management innovations to address emerging constraints.

Author(s): Gilbert, Matthew | Abstract: This essay examines a scene from Lee Chang-dong’s film Burning (2018) as part of a larger discussion around class conflict. A Korean filmic adaptation of a short story originally by Japanese author Haruki Murakami, Burning tells the story of Jeong-su, a poor farmer who is caught in a love triangle with Hae-mi, an old classmate, and her new boyfriend, Ben, a mysterious, wealthy socialite. In a pivotal scene, Lee turns the camera on Hae-mi as she dances to a song by Miles Davis, creating a filmic parallel to Murakami’s liminal spaces and forcing the audience to question reality. Through a consideration of textual and paratextual material, I argue that the director Lee Chang-dong uses music and dance to critique toxic masculinity through subtle sound editing techniques and narrative and metaphorical signifiers of class and power. Ultimately, Lee breaks from the source material to simultaneously express and nullify Hae-mi’s agency and place her at the heart of the narrative.

Three coarse herbaceous energy plants such as Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis), sida (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby) and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) were grown and investigated in the experimental fields of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy, and the technical means of plant processing and utilization for solid biofuel were investigated. The physical-mechanical properties and quality indicators (moisture content, biometrical properties, density, and resistance to compression) of coarse stem herbaceous plants milled and compressed into 6 mm diameter pellets were investigated. The moisture content of the tested pellets was sufficiently low and ranged from 8.7% to 9.6%. The highest density was that of sida pellets (1072.3 ± 43.4 kg m-3 DM), and the lowest density was that of Miscanthus pellets (713.5 ± 67.1 kg m−3 DM). In order to evaluate the influence of moisture content on the properties of biofuel pressed into pellets, the density and the destructive compressive force of the different-moisture pellets were investigated and their change in the range of 5-15% pellet moisture content was evaluated. Criterion k was calculated to determine the effect of moisture on the pellet quality indicators (density, destructive compressive force, and lower heating value), and the following results were obtained: the highest influence of moisture on density was observed in sida (k = 34.280), on destructive compressive force in Miscanthus (k = 14.5), and on the lower heating value, also in Miscanthus (k = 0.198). After a comprehensive investigation and evaluation of these properties, an empirical model suitable for practical use was developed and prepared. Emissions of harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, were determined when various coarse stem herbaceous energy plants were burned. The determined emissions of harmful gases into the environment did not exceed the permissible values. Keywords: coarse stem plants; solid biofuel; milling; granulation; quality indicators; burning; emissions; energy evaluation.

On a significant experimental material, mathematically, a working formula and its coefficients for determining the length of the body for long tubular bones and their individual fragments of individual skeletons in females, males and in cases of undetermined sex, regardless of the degree of burning of bone tissue, is obtained. It is recommended that the results be used in the identification process for burned bone remnants.INTRODUCTION. When detecting bone remnants in fires or finding a large number of bone remnants in the cells of explosions, fires, etc., forensic examinations are appointed for the purpose of identifying dead persons. Identification in most of these cases is carried out mainly on a group basis, among which the definition of the height of the deceased person is also important. The principle of determination of height (body length) is based on the detection of the regular ratio of individual long bone tubes with body length [1, 2], or determination of the length of individual bones by their fragments, and according to their parameters, the length of the body was determined [ 3-5 ]. Based on the research conducted, the equations and tables recommended for use are compiled.GOAL. Development of the technique of studying the long tubular bones of the skeleton to determine the body length (height) of the deceased person for burned bone remnants.MATERIAL AND METHODS OF THE STUDY. The material of our experimental researches was selected long tubular bones of skeletons of people who died from traumatic causes in Zaporizhzhya region in the period from 1974 to 2002 and transferred to the department of forensic medicine after forensic investigation and the expiration of the specified shelf life. A total of 600 bones, 300 males and females have been studied.Conclusion. Our proposed method of studying burnt long tubular bones in order to determine the body length of a dead and dismembered person, allows us to solve this issue regardless of the degree of inflammation, by any of these characteristics of long tubular bones, or a combination thereof.The proposed method and the resulting formula allows determining the length of the body of the deceased person, also by native dry bones or their fragments, На значительном экспериментальном материале, математическим путем, полученная рабочая формула и ее коэффициенты для определения длины тела с длинными трубчатыми костями и их отдельными фрагментами отдельно скелетов женского, мужского и в случаях неопределенного пола, независимо от степени накаливания костной ткани. Результаты рекомендуется использовать в процессе идентификации личности по сожженным костным остаткам., На значному експериментальному матеріалі, математичним шляхом, отримана робоча формула і її коефіцієнти для визначення довжини тіла за довгими трубчастими кістками та їх окремими фрагментами окремо скелетів жіночої, чоловічої та у випадках невизначеної статі, незалежно від ступеня розжарювання кісткової тканини. Результати рекомендується використовувати у процесі ідентифікації особи за спаленими кістковими залишками.

Objectif:L?hygi?ne des mains estun ?l?mentessentiel de la pr?vention des infections nosocomiales et de la qualit? des soins et par cons?quentune diminution de la morbidit? et de la mortalit? des br?l?s. Notre travail avait pour but d??valuer les connaissances et les pratiquessurl?hygi?ne des mains. M?thodes:L??tude a ?t?r?alis?e au niveau du centre de traitement des br?l?s de l?h?pitalmilitaire Mohammed V de Rabat ets?estd?roul?e du 1er au 15 Janvier 2018. R?sultats:Nous avonsinterrog?39 personnes du personnel. 69.2% du personnel soignantignorent le principal mode de transmission crois?e des germes entre les patients dans un ?tablissement de soins, 66.7% du personnel soignant ne savent pas la source microbienne la plus fr?quemmentresponsabled?infectionsassoci?es aux soins;concernant le timing de ces actions d?hygi?ne, 23.1% du personnel interrog?ssaventqu?ilfaut les appliqueravant le contact avec le patient. Seulement 7.7% du personnel de sant? savent ?quel moment les actions de l?hygi?ne des mains permettent de pr?venir la transmission de germes au soignant. La quasi-totalit? du personnel (94.9 %) penseque les solutions hydro-alcooliquessontmoinsefficacesque le lavage simple des mains, plus de la moiti? (59 %) que la friction hydro-alcooliqueest plus rapideque le lavage au savon et ? l?eau. Dans76.9 % des cas, le personnel penseque les solutions hydro-alcooliquesprovoquentune plus grandes?cheressecutan?eque le lavage des mains. La dur?e de la proc?dure de friction hydro-alcoolique des mains estm?connue de 84.6 % du personnel. Enfin, 20.5% du personnel soignantsontconscients des situations qui favoriseraient la colonisationmicrobienne des mains. Conclusion: les r?sultatsmontrentunbesoin imminent de formation et d?information du personnel du centre de traitement des br?l?s, un plan d?actionvisant ? promouvoir les mesuresd?hygi?nes?av?re indispensable.

The eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis Müller, 1776) is a widespread species that roosts in evergreen or dead foliage suspended in trees during winter but retreats to leaf litter during colder periods. Roosting in leaf litter by eastern red bats makes them vulnerable to prescribed fires in winter. Using radio telemetry, we tracked 33 male eastern red bats to 101 winter (November–February) roosts and quantified roost locations, habitat surrounding roosts, and landscape attributes of roost locations. When roosting in trees, bats preferred oaks but generally avoided other tree species; they used pines in proportion to their availability. During colder periods, bats retreated to roosts in leaf litter where 21% suffered mortality either from predation/scavenging or unknown causes while roosting on the ground. Models of roost selection indicated that southerly aspect was the most important factor determining roost selection, and both tree- and leaf-litter roosts were predominately (≥94%) on upper south-facing slopes. Prescribed burning in late morning/early afternoon on clear days when temperatures under leaf litter are warmest in winter could reduce potential mortality by allowing faster arousal time for hibernating bats.

Successional dynamics in plant community assembly may result from both deterministic and stochastic ecological processes. The relative importance of different ecological processes is expected to vary over the successional sequence, between different plant functional groups, and with the disturbance levels and land-use management regimes of the successional systems. We evaluate the relative importance of stochastic and deterministic processes in bryophyte and vascular plant community assembly after fire in grazed and ungrazed anthropogenic coastal heathlands in Northern Europe. A replicated series of post-fire successions (n = 12) were initiated under grazed and ungrazed conditions, and vegetation data were recorded in permanent plots over 13 years. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to test for deterministic successional patterns in species composition repeated across the replicate successional series and analyses of co-occurrence to evaluate to what extent species respond synchronously along the successional gradient. Change in species co-occurrences over succession indicates stochastic successional dynamics at the species level (i.e., species equivalence), whereas constancy in co-occurrence indicates deterministic dynamics (successional niche differentiation). The RDA shows high and deterministic vascular plant community compositional change, especially early in succession. Co-occurrence analyses indicate stochastic species-level dynamics the first two years, which then give way to more deterministic replacements. Grazed and ungrazed successions are similar, but the early stage stochasticity is higher in ungrazed areas. Bryophyte communities in ungrazed successions resemble vascular plant communities. In contrast, bryophytes in grazed successions showed consistently high stochasticity and low determinism in both community composition and species co-occurrence. In conclusion, stochastic and individualistic species responses early in succession give way to more niche-driven dynamics in later successional stages. Grazing reduces predictability in both successional trends and species-level dynamics, especially in plant functional groups that are not well adapted to disturbance. bryophytes; burning; Calluna vulgaris; coexistence; conservation management; determinism; disturbance; grazing; heathland; randomization test; stochasticity; vascular plants. Changing contributions of stochastic and deterministic processes in community assembly over a successional gradient

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la evolución de los modelos mentales de estudiantes de secundaria sobre fenómenos que implican cambios en la materia al tener la oportunidad de observar, reflexionar y discutir sobre ellos. En trabajos anteriores ya se han identificado los modelos de los estudiantes sobre esta temática; sin embargo, aún se tiene poco conocimiento de cómo esos modelos evolucionan con la interacción social. Para alcanzar este objetivo se propuso como actividad la combustión de una vela dentro de un recipiente de cristal. Los participantes eran ocho estudiantes de 4º de ESO. La recogida de datos se realizó por medio de cuestionarios y grabaciones en audio y vídeo al realizar la actividad en pequeño grupo. Los resultados muestran una cierta evolución en los modelos. Al principio, los estudiantes utilizan los modelos de desaparición y transmutación. Después de la discusión, algunos estudiantes ya utilizan el modelo de reacción química., The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of secondary students' mental models about phenomena involving changes in matter having the opportunity to observe, reflect and discuss them. Previous works have already identified students’ models about this subject; however, there is still little knowledge of how these models evolve with social interaction. To achieve this goal, the combustion of a candle inside a glass vessel was proposed as an activity. The participants were eight students of 10th grade. Data were collected by questionnaires and recordings on audio and video while the activity was performed in small group. The results show certain development of the models. At first, students use the disappearance model and the transmutation model. After discussion, some students already use the chemical reaction model.

We investigate whether the prospect of redistribution hinders the formation of efficiency-enhancing groups. We conduct an experiment in a Kenyan slum, Ugandan villages, and a UK university town. We test, in an anonymous setting with no feedback, whether subjects join a group that increases their endowment but exposes them to one of three redistributive actions: stealing, giving, or burning. We find that exposure to redistributive options among group members operates as a disincentive to join a group. This finding obtains under all three treatments—including when the pressure to redistribute is intrinsic. However the nature of the redistribution affects the magnitude of the impact. Giving has the least impact on the decision to join a group, while forced redistribution through stealing or burning acts as a much larger deterrent to group membership. These findings are common across all three subject pools, but African subjects are particularly reluctant to join a group in the burning treatment, indicating strong reluctance to expose themselves to destruction by others.

This collection of four image datasets represents the first complete photographic documentation (provided as VR 360 degree 2D format and VR 180 degree 3D format imagery) of the Hard Hill Experimental Plots established on blanket bog in 1954 at Moor House National Nature Reserve, north Pennines, UK. The plots were established to observe the long-term effects of different burning and grazing regimes on blanket bog vegetation. There are four Blocks (A, B, C, D), and the same six treatments are represented within each block in a randomised layout - namely burning every 10 years with no grazing, burning every 20 years with no grazing, burnt only in 1954 with no grazing, then burning every 10 years with grazing, burning every 20 years with grazing and burnt only in 1954 with grazing. All four Blocks were burnt completely in 1954 at the start of the experiment. In 2019, we added two new plots. One was established outside Block D but within the area burnt in 1954 though not burnt since, while the second new treatment plot was established outside Block D but in an area that was not burnt in 1954 and has not been burnt since. One set of images for each format (2D or 3D) is provided in the form of imagery processed in Photoshop to balance the darkness of the ground with the brightness of the sky, but a second set of imagery is provided as the un-processed original imagery so that users can apply their own image processing to the original files., Camera locations and plot layout for 360 degree 2D & 180 degree 3D VR imagery.

This study focuses on the development of new methodological approaches to dust-preparation and burning of separated particles, including through the use of polyfractional ensembles. Coal dust screening by means of sieve analysis is described in standard methods. However, in order to further use the results obtained during mathematical modeling of particle motion in fuel-air mixture and exothermal reactions of oxidation while burning in a torch, it must be possible to differentiate and integrate continuous functions. The methodology is based on the continuity of particle motion in a mixture with air in the calculation of aerodynamic and heat-mass exchange processes in a torch. The paper employs new scientific approaches to transforming and normalizing a continuously differentiable function described by the Gauss curve. We propose to combine mathematical modeling of such functions with methods of approximation of piece-linear functions developed by Professor S. V. Aliukov. The implementation of such methods helps reduce calculation errors of particle size and deviations thereof from average equivalent diameter and to avoid the Gibbs effect while differentiating. The paper contains analytical calculations based on the proposed method and experimental data. Quantitative and qualitative results of comparing analytical and experimental data are also presented. We provide recommendations on the further use and extension of the range of the results obtained in a computer simulation of fuel production and burning processes in a torch.

The study focuses on how the South Korean drama/mystery film Burning (2018) intertextually draws from William Faulkner’s short story ‘Barn burning’ and Haruki Murakami’s short story ‘Barn burning’ and related sociohistorical contexts. Burning does quite impressionistically and freely draw from these two short stories as well as adding new features, while simultaneously removing much of the core of Faulkner’s work and some of Murakami’s counterpart. By means of intertextual borrowing and re-contextualization, it has used the global discursive field and consequently hybridized and localized elements and themes from American-Western and Japanese works and discourses to perhaps make them better suited for the South Korean context. Burning has included and excluded various elements from both short stories but emphasized class and gender issues. These two major elements reflect upon the structural inequalities in the contemporary South Korean society.

Stubble burning has been reckoned among the major contributors of air pollution especially in South Asia. It is a significant source of gaseous pollutants such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and methane (CH4) as well as particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) causing serious damage to human health and the environment. It was reported that the burning of 63 Mt of crop stubble releases 3.4 Mt of CO, 0.1 Mt of NOx, 91 Mt of CO2, 0.6 Mt of CH4 and 1.2 Mt of PM into the atmosphere. The situation is more austere in India due to the intensive rice-wheat rotation system which generates large amount of stubble. It was estimated that about 352 Mt of stubble is generated each year in India out of which 22% and 34% are contributed by wheat and rice stubble respectively. About 84 Mt (23.86%) of the stubble is burnt on-field each year immediately after harvest. The disastrous haze observed over India during the winter season has been linked to stubble burning as it coincides with the burning periods (October-November). During this time, most Indian cities, especially within the National Capital Region (NCR) experience harsh pollution often reaching the severe levels of the air quality index (AQI). In November 2019, Delhi recorded a peak AQI of 487, Ghaziabad reported an AQI as high as 493, and Greater Noida recorded 480. The health effects of air pollution ranges from skin and eyes irritation to severe neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, lung capacity loss, emphysema, cancer, etc. It also leads to an increase in mortality rates due to the prolonged exposure to high pollution. The Energy and Resources Institute (2019) reported that in 2012, air pollution had led to about 5 million deaths in South Asia which is around 22% of the total deaths in the region. In addition to its effects on air quality, stubble burning also affects soil fertility (through the destruction of its nutrients), economic development and climate. The crop stubbles (if managed properly) could provide immense economic benefits to the farmers and protect the environment from the severe pollution. Some of the alternative management practices include the incorporation of the stubble into the soil, use of stubble as fuel in power plants, use as raw material for pulp and paper industries, or as biomass for biofuel production. It can also be used to generate compost and biochar, or as blend for the production of cement and bricks. Most of the farmers in North India are not aware of the prolific alternatives for managing stubble and, therefore, consider burning as the best option. This necessitates the need for immense awareness programs to enlighten the farmers about the availability of economically feasible options and the composite effects of stubble burning.

We used long-term datasets (1984−1992) to contrast precipitation-use efficiency estimates between various disturbance kinds at a functional group and/or a species scale. Effects of varying amounts of precipitation and plant cover on PUE were also examined. Field studies were conducted at northeastern, arid Patagonia, Argentina (40°39′49″S, 62°53′6.4″W). Within each management kind, biomass was sampled in 0.5 × 0.5m permanent plots (n = 30) over 9 years after defoliation at 5 cm stubble at the end of each growing season, and it was separated into species. Biomass sampling allowed determination of annual net primary production. Thereafter, species were grouped into each of three functional groups. Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) was calculated as the total dry matter produced per unit surface area on any given year divided by the total rainfall in that year. Plant cover on 20 out of those 30 plots was determined to study the relationship between plant cover and PUE. The contribution of cool-season perennial grasses to total PUE was higher (P 0.05) in wet than dry years, and it was greater (P 0.05), but not lower, on the more than less competitive perennial grass species in all management kinds. The relationship between plant cover and PUE was positive, linear (P

The article analyses and evaluates the possibilities of using oak bark, oak leaves, and their mixtures for biofuel. The preparation of this waste for the burning process (milling, granulation) has been investigated and the results have been presented together with the analysis of the prepared granules&rsquo, properties&mdash, humidity, density, strength, elemental composition, ash content, caloric value, and others. The moisture content of the oak waste granules ranged from 8.1% to 12.5%, and the granules&rsquo, density ranged from 975.8 to 1122.2 kg m&minus, 3 DM (dry matter). The amount of oak ash found was very high (from 10.4% to 14.7%)&mdash, about 10 times higher than that of wood waste granules. The calorific value determined after burning the oak bark and leaves pellets was sufficiently high, ranging from 17.3 to 17.7 MJ kg&minus, 1. This thermal value of oak waste granules was close to the calorific value of the herbaceous plant species and some types of wood waste. The environmental impact of burning the granules of oak waste was also assessed. The harmful emissions of carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburnt hydrocarbons into the environment were found to be below the permissible limits for the incineration of oak waste granules. The highest CO gas concentration, determined when burning the oak leaves, was 1187.70 mg m&minus, 3, and the lowest NOx concentration, determined when burning the oak bark and leaf mixture granules, was 341.2 mg m&minus, 3. The coefficient of energy efficiency R of the granulated oak leaves biofuel, when the oak waste biomass moisture content was reduced by 10%, reached 3.64. It was very similar to the results of previous studies of various types of granulated straw biofuel (3.5&ndash, 3.7). The research results presented show that, given that the main parameters of oak waste meet the basic requirements of solid biofuel, oak bark, leaves, and their mixture can be recommended to be used as solid biofuels.

Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.

Self-incineration is one of the most dramatic and lethal suicide methods. It is rarely reported in Western countries and is more frequent in developing regions. We illustrate the forensic cases of self-immolation occurring over 24 years in the city of Milan, Italy, highlighting the main issues of such a complex and rare suicide. We selected 33 cases of self-incineration among 23,417 autopsies (4022 suicides) performed at the Department of Legal Medicine of the University of Milan over a period of 24 years (1993–2016). Several parameters were included and analysed: gender and age of the victims, pathological history, previous suicide intentions/attempts, duration of burning, place of death or discovery of the corpse, circumstantial data of fatal events and autopsy findings, with particular attention to thermal injuries. Self-incineration was found in 0.8% of total suicides and 0.14% of total autopsies. One of these cases involved a complex modality (association with plastic-bag suffocation). The typical characteristics of the victim were an Italian man with psychiatric illness, frequently moved by passion, existential discomfort and economic problems. During the 24-year period, the number of cases of self-incineration progressively reduced. This study provides a general overview in one of the biggest metropolitan Italian areas and is one of the few works performed on this topic. It may be helpful in understanding and studying such an unusual manner of suicide.

Maize production in Thailand has moved to the highlands, where residues of crop and weeds are burned to prepare land for the new crop. This study was done to compare relay cropping of maize with legumes to reduce burning in the highlands at Pang-da Royal Agriculture Station. The experiment was conducted with 3 maize-legume relay treatments (maize + lablab, maize + ricebean and maize + cowpea) and maize monoculture (farmer's practice) with 3 replicates in the wet season of 2012 and 2013. The maize grain yield was 5.19 Mg/ha in maize-mono, but 24-53% higher in the maize-legume relays. There was additional legume grain yield of 0.13 Mg/ha in maize + lablab, 0.30 Mg/ha in maize + ricebean and 0.73 Mg/ha in maize + cowpea. Contribution from biological N 2 fixation in legumes is most likely to have contributed to the total above ground nitrogen of 288 kg N/ha in maize + lablab, 177 kg N/ha in maize + ricebean and 186 kg N/ha in maize + cowpea, compared with 101 kg N/ha in maize-mono. While the maize-mono residue was lost in burning, 136 kg N/ha was retained in the maize+lablab bean residue, 68 kg N/ha in maize + ricebean residue and 36 kg N/ha in maize + cowpea residue. These maize + legume relay cropping systems are promising as a means to reduce burning in the highlands while increasing maize yield at the same time.

The issues on nitrogen oxides formation during the fossil fuels combustion in the furnace-tube boiler have been considered, taking into consideration the national and foreign literature of recent years. Chemical reactions as well as mathematical models describing the emergence and further changes in the concentrations of thermal, fast NO х are proposed. The coefficient impact assessment of the furnace-tube boiler finning on the composition of gaseous fuels combustion products is provided.

Non-equilibrium process of combustion-wave propagation of thermite compositions (Mg/Fe2O3) inside the sealed steel tube have been investigated to study the burning rate at elevating pressure. Under confinement the hot gas-phase products, formed during thermite combustion result in considerable overpressure inside the tube that reverses the gas flow and leads to pressure-driven preheating effect of the burned-gas permeation. Convective origin of this preheating effect is discussed. The pressure-time dependency is obtained experimentally. The composition was pressed inside the steel tube in pellets; the size of each part was measured to obtain burning rate – pressure dependency. Both micro- and nanosized components were used to prepare thermite compositions under study. The significant difference in burning parameters of micron- and nanosized thermites is observed and analyzed. Based on obtained results, the combustion mechanism of thermites with the micro- and nanosized components is discussed.

Background Over 25% of the UK land area is covered by uplands, the bulk of which are comprised of blanket bog. This not only contains most of the UK’s terrestrial carbon stocks, but also represents 15% of this globally rare habitat. About 30% of UK blanket bog is managed for red grouse by encouraging ling heather (Calluna vulgaris) with rotational burning, which has been linked to habitat degradation, with reduced carbon storage and negative impacts on water storage and quality. Alternative cutting is currently being pursued as a potential restoration management. However, the often used heavy cutting machinery could cause considerable compaction and damage to the peat surface. Two particular issues are (i) a potential increase in bulk density reducing water storage capacity (i.e., less pore volume and peat depth), and (ii) a possible reduction of the micro-topography due to cutting off the tops of hummocks (i.e., protruding clumps or tussocks of sedges). Methods We set up a fully replicated field experiment assessing cutting versus burn management impacts on peat physical and surface properties. Both managements reflected commonly used grouse moor management practice with cutting using heavy tractors fitted with load distributing double wheel and tracks (lowering ground pressure), whilst burning was done manually (setting heather areas alight with flame torches). We assessed management impacts on peat depth, bulk density and peat surface micro-topography which either included pre-management measurements or plot-level data for uncut plots. Total peat depth and bulk density in four 5 cm sections within the top 50 cm was assessed. Micro-topography was determined as the standard deviation of the height offsets measured over several plot transects in relation to the plot peat surface level at the start and end points of each transect. Results Despite an anticipated compaction from the heavy machinery used for cutting, the peat showed resilience and there was no lasting plot-level impact on either peat depth or bulk density. Notably, bulk density showed differences prior to, and thus unrelated to, management, and an overall increasing bulk density, even in uncut plots. However, cutting did reduce the plot micro-topography by about 2 cm, mostly due to removing the tops of hummocks, whereas burnt plots did not differ from uncut plots. Discussion Cutting is suggested as a suitable alternative to burning on grouse moors, although compaction issues might be site specific, depending on the nature of the peat, the machinery used and impacts at resting and turning points (which were not assessed). However, any observed bulk density differences could reflect natural changes in relation to changes in peat moisture, requiring adequate experimental comparisons. Moreover, where micro-topography is a priority, cutting equipment might need to consider the specific ground conditions, which could involve adjusting cutting height and the type of cutting machinery used.

We counted butterflies on transect surveys during Hesperia ottoe flight period in 1988–2011 at tallgrass prairie preserves in four states (Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin), divided into units cross-referenced to vegetation type and management history. H. ottoe occurred only in dry and sand prairie types, and was significantly more abundant in undegraded than semi-degraded prairie, and in discontinuous sod (with numerous unvegetated areas due to bare sand and/or rock outcrops) than in continuous sod. This skipper was significantly more abundant in small sites compared to medium and large sites, even when the analysis was limited to undegraded prairie analyzed separately by sod type. H. ottoe was significantly under-represented in year-burn 0 (the first growing season after fire) compared to an expected distribution proportional to survey effort. However, H. ottoe was also over-represented in fire-managed units compared to non-fire-managed units. However, by far most units and sites were in fire management and most populations declined to subdetection during this study. Peak abundance post-fire occurred in a later year-burn in discontinuous sod and was much higher than in continuous sod. We also analyze H. ottoe status and trend in midwestern prairie preserves by compiling a dataset of our and others’ butterfly surveys from 1974 to 2011. Only 1/9 sites with continuous sod had detectable H. ottoe in recent year(s). In discontinuous sod, 2/6 did, with two sites lacking data for the last few years. The number of years H. ottoe was still detectable after preservation and the number of years to consistent non-detection were both significantly higher in discontinuous than continuous sod. Both measures of population persistence averaged over twice as long in discontinuous than continuous sod, and correlated negatively with prairie size. The year when consistent non-detection began varied over several decades among sites. Despite the currently urgent need to identify how to manage preserves successfully for H. ottoe, such research now needs to be very cautious, because of the extreme fragility of the few remaining populations and the ruggedness of the preserves where H. ottoe is still known to occur.

Smoke plays a positive role in promoting seed germination and enhancing post-germination processes. The compound in smoke is 3-methyl-2 H -furo[2,3- c ]pyran-2-one (KAR 1 ). Recently a structurally related butenolide [3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5 H )-one, (trimethylbutenolide, TMB)], which inhibits germination and reduces the effect of KAR 1 , was isolated. The mechanisms of action and interaction of these karrikins are unknown. In addition, the ecological significance of fires in altering soil-smoke-chemistry and the spatial dimensions of the influence on burnt sites and neighbouring areas are undetermined. This study quantified KAR 1 and TMB residues in soils following fire and assessed the germination activity of burnt soil extracts. Soil samples from 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 cm depths were extracted using dichloromethane and bioassayed using Lactuca sativa L. achenes (seeds). At all soil depths, L. sativa seeds exhibited significantly greater percentage germination when treated with burnt soil extracts compared to the no-burn soil (control). The L. sativa seeds also showed significantly greater percentage germination when treated with soil extracts from the adjacent plots. Compared to the no-burn soil, higher concentrations of KAR 1 and TMB were detected in the surface layers of the burnt soils. Considerable concentrations of KAR 1 and TMB were also detected in no-burn soil indicating that sources other than fire may also generate karrikins. Findings of this study imply that post-fire increases in KAR 1 residues in the soil may influence soil seed bank stimulation of certain smoke-responsive plant communities in both burnt and adjacent non-burnt areas.

The article analyzes domestic and foreign researches in the field of combustion gas cleaning from harmful matters. The drawbacks of the existing methods of cleaning emissions of small-capacity boilers are revealed. The results of the researches conducted by the authors are presented. Complex schemes of cleaning emissions of the industrial boilers of the DKVR series are considered. The results of the tests of afterburning devices installed in the industrial boilers are presented. The simplest design of an afterburning device by the example of an industrial boiler of the DKVR series is considered. It is shown that the application of the afterburning devices prevents emissions of the incomplete burning products (CO, carbon black, benzpyrene) and reduces the nitric oxide content by (50-80)%, depending on the scheme of cleaning. The usage of the afterburning devices improves boiler performance owing to the increase of the radiant component in a furnace chamber, reduction of heat losses, increase of efficiency.

Grasslands have potential to mitigate against climate change because of their large capacity to store soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the long-term impact of grassland management such as burning, which is still common in many areas of the world, on SOC is still a matter of debate. The objective of this study was to quantify the longterm effects of annual burning on CO2 output from soils and SOC stocks. The study was performed on a 62 years old field trial comparing annual burning (AB) to no burning associated with tree encroachment (NB), and to annual mowing (AM) with all treatments laid out in randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. CO2 emissions from soil were continuously measured over two years and were correlated to soil chemical and physical properties. AB and AM produced 30 and 34% greater CO2 emissions from soil than NB (1.80 +/- 0.13 vs. 234 +/- 0.18 and 2.41 +/- 0.17 g C-CO2 ,m(-2) d(-1) for NB, AB and AM respectively). AB and AM also produced greater CO2 emissions from soil and per gram of soil carbon (1.32 +/- 0.1 and 135 +/- 0.1 mg C-CO2 g C-1 d(-1), respectively) than NB (1.05 +/- 0.07 mg C-CO2 g C-1 d(-1)), which corresponded to significant differences of respectively 26% and 29%. Overall, CO2 emissions from soil (per m(2)) significantly increased with soil water content (r = 0.72) followed by SOC stocks (r = 0.59), SOC content (r = 0.50), soil bulk density (r = 0.49), soil temperature (r = 0.47), C:N ratio (r = 0.46) and mean weight diameter (r = 038). These findings suggest that long-term annual burning increases CO2 output from soils. Additional greenhouse gases emissions from burning itself and alternative grassland management techniques were finally discussed.

Neste estudo, objetivou-se a avaliação da dinâmica estrutural de uma comunidade arbórea, com históricos de incêndios, em uma floresta estacional semidecidual altimontana, entre os anos de 2002 e 2008, na Serra da Mantiqueira. Foram calculadas taxas de dinâmica em função do número de indivíduos sobreviventes, recrutas e mortos e, taxas de dinâmica relativas ao ganho e perda de área basal. Foi verificado se existem diferenças espaciais entre as taxas ao longo de gradiente vegetacional paralelo à elevação do terreno e se há correlações entre as taxas de dinâmicas com as variáveis bióticas (número inicial de indivíduos, área basal inicial) e abiótica (cota altimétrica). Foram encontradas taxas de recrutamento superiores às taxas de mortalidade, havendo também maiores taxas de ganho em relação à perda em área basal. Esse resultado indica que a floresta se encontra em expansão, com ganho em números de indivíduos e em área basal. Quando a comunidade foi analisada em setores (base, meio e topo da encosta), verificou-se que não houve diferenças entre as taxas de dinâmicas para os setores. De maneira geral, obtiveram-se poucas correlações significativas entre as variáveis bióticas e abióticas e as taxas de dinâmicas. O ganho em número de indivíduos e área basal, a não diferenciação das taxas de dinâmica entre os setores e as baixas correlações entre as variáveis com dinâmica da estrutura da floresta são evidências que eventos históricos, como incêndio ocorrido na década de 90, podem estar afetando diretamente as taxas de dinâmica da floresta como um todo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural dynamic rates of an shrubs-tree component of a seasonal semideciduous upper montane forest, in Mantiqueira Mountain between 2002 and 2008. We calculated the rates of dynamic according to the number of surviving, dead individuals and recruits, as well as the rates of dynamic for gain and loss of basal area. We verified the spatial differences among the rates along the vegetation gradient parallel to ground elevation. We also studied the correlations between the rates and biotic (initial numbers of trees and initial basal area) and abiotic parameters (altimetric quota). We verified that recruitment was higher than mortality, and the gain of basal area was higher than the loses. This result suggests that the forest is expanding, with gain in number of individuals and in basal area. Normally, this result characterizes forests in recuperation after some disturbance. The community sectors (basis, middle and top of hillside) didn't show any differences in terms of dynamic rates. In general, there were few significant correlations between biotic and abiotic parameters and the dynamic rates. The increase of density and basal area, the similarity of dynamic rates among the sectors and the low correlation between parameters and the dynamic of forest's structure point out that the forest burning occurred in 90's could be, nowadays, interfering directly in dynamic rates of forest.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:27:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:42:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84867650873.pdf: 1459718 bytes, checksum: da52b441d88d2112c76dd61bddd42ccf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-01 Sugarcane is an important crop for the Brazilian economy and roughly 50% of its production is used to produce ethanol. However, the common practice of pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw emits particulate material, greenhouse gases, and tropospheric ozone precursors to the atmosphere. Even with policies to eliminate the practice of pre-harvest sugarcane burning in the near future, there is still significant environmental damage. Thus, the generation of reliable inventories of emissions due to this activity is crucial in order to assess their environmental impact. Nevertheless, the official Brazilian emissions inventory does not presently include the contribution from pre-harvest sugarcane burning. In this context, this work aims to determine sugarcane straw burning emission factors for some trace gases and particulate material smaller than 2.5μm in the laboratory. Excess mixing ratios for CO2, CO, NOX, UHC (unburned hydrocarbons), and PM2.5 were measured, allowing the estimation of their respective emission factors. Average estimated values for emission factors (g kg-1 of burned dry biomass) were 1,303 ± 218 for CO2, 65 ± 14 for CO, 1.5 ± 0.4 for NOX, 16 ± 6 for UHC, and 2.6 ± 1.6 for PM2.5. These emission factors can be used to generate more realistic emission inventories and therefore improve the results of air quality models. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Remote Sensing Division (DSR) National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP 12227-010 Earth System Science Center (CCST) National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP 12227-010 Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory (LCP) National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP 12630-000 Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC) National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, SP 12630-000 Energy Department São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP 12516-410 Energy Department São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá, SP 12516-410

The growing need for energy with concomitant preservation of the environment imposed the need for finding renewable, alternative, environmentally friendly energy sources. Utilization of biomass energy, deriving from residues of field crops, offers numerous advantages. Plant biomass is a renewable source of energy. Its burning does not contribute significantly to the atmosphere CO2, the contamination with NOx and SOx is low, and the amount of ash remaining after combustion is small. Therefore, it is ecologically acceptable. The negative aspects evolve form the fact that organic and mineral matter contained in the harvest residues plays an important role in the cycling of nutrients within agroecosystems. Those nutrients are completely or partly lost when harvested residues are burned. Therefore, regular removal of harvest residues or their burning in the field, without regular application of organic fertilizers which would compensate for lost nutrients and beneficial effect that organic matter has on soil properties, may have long-term negative consequences for soil fertility. Taking into consideration the importance of harvest residues in cycling of nutrients within the agroecosystems and their positive effect on soil properties, it is very wrong to assess their value only on the basis of the value of energy obtained by their burning.

O aumento da produção agrícola na Amazônia brasileira tem ocorrido devido, em grande parte, à expansão da fronteira agrícola, utilizando áreas já antropizadas ou avançando sobre a vegetação primária. Ao mesmo tempo, os sistemas agrícolas, na pequena produção, continuam utilizando o fogo no preparo da área, o que leva à perda da capacidade produtiva dos solos em curto espaço de tempo, forçando a abertura de novas áreas. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de métodos de preparo do solo e tempo de pousio que envolvem queima e trituração da vegetação, com permanência na superfície ou incorporada ao solo, com ou sem adubação mineral, em duas épocas do ano sobre os atributos químicos e biológicos do solo. O experimento foi instalado em 1995 em um Latossolo Amarelo do campo experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, no nordeste do Estado do Pará. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, sendo dois sistemas de manejo e seis tratamentos, estudados em duas épocas de coleta. Os sistemas de manejo envolveram as culturas de arroz (Oriza sativa), seguido de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta). Um sistema constou de dois ciclos de cultivo seguidos, deixando em pousio por três anos; e o outro, de um ciclo de cultivo, deixando em pousio por três anos. Os tratamentos foram: corte e queima da vegetação, com adubação NPK (Q+NPK); corte e queima da vegetação, sem adubação NPK (Q-NPK); corte e trituração da vegetação, deixando-a na superfície do solo, com adubação NPK (C+NPK); corte e trituração da vegetação, deixando-a na superfície do solo, sem adubação NPK (C-NPK); corte e trituração da vegetação, com incorporação e com adubação NPK (I+NPK); e corte e trituração da vegetação, com incorporação e sem adubação NPK (I-NPK). As coletas de solo foram realizadas na estação mais chuvosa (abril de 2006) e na menos chuvosa (setembro de 2006), na profundidade de 0,0-0,1 m. Em cada parcela, foram coletadas 10 amostras simples para compor uma amostra composta. O sistema de manejo mais intensivo apresentou maiores teores de C microbiano (Cmic) e N microbiano (Nmic), ao passo que o sistema menos intensivo mostrou maio teor de C orgânico. Os tratamentos que apresentaram maior teor de Cmic e Nmic foram aqueles em que houve corte, trituração e deposição da biomassa na superfície do solo. Os atributos químicos nos dois sistemas de manejo encontram-se em faixas que enquadram os solos como de baixa fertilidade; no entanto, P e K (no período chuvoso) foram mais elevados no sistema de manejo menos intensivo. The increase in agricultural production in the Brazilian Amazon region is mostly a result of the agricultural frontier expansion, into areas previously influenced by humans or of native vegetation. At the same time, burning is still used to clear areas in small-scale agricultural systems, leading to a loss of the soil productive capacity shortly after, forcing the opening of new areas. This study had the objective of evaluating the effect of soil preparation methods that involve plant residue shredding, left on the surface or incorporated to the soil, with or without chemical fertilization, on the soil chemical and biological properties. The experiment was conducted in 1995, in an experimental field of Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) of the Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, northeastern Pará (Brazil). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, in a 2x6 factorial design, with two management systems and six treatments evaluated twice. The management systems consisted of rice (Oriza sativa), followed by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with manioc (Manihot esculenta). In the first system the crops were planted in two consecutive cycles, followed by a three-year fallow period (natural regrowth); the second system consisted of one cultivation cycle and was left fallow for three years. The following treatments were applied to the secondary forest vegetation: slash and burn, fertilized with NPK (Q+NPK); slash and burn, without fertilizer NPK (Q-NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving the residues on the soil surface, fertilized with NPK (C+NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving residues on the soil surface, without fertilizer (C-NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and fertilized with NPK (I+NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and without NPK fertilizer (I-NPK). The soil was sampled in the rainier season (April 2006) and in the drier season (September 2006), in the 0-0.1 m layer. From each plot, 10 simple samples were collected in order to generate a composite sample. In the more intensive management system the contents of microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic) were higher, while the C (Corg) level was higher in the less intensive system. The treatments with highest Cmic and Nmic levels were those with cutting, shredding and distribution of biomass on the soil surface. Under both management systems, the chemical characteristics were in ranges that classify the soil as little fertile, although P and K (in the rainy season) were higher in the less intensive management system.

Grazing and fire have been the most common disturbances in many grasslands ecosystems for many centuries. However, some mountain regions are currently experiencing a decrease in land use, and therefore in frequency or intensity of these disturbances. In this study, we evaluated how fire and grazing affect vegetation structure in mountain grasslands of NW Argentina. We hypothesized that they would have differential effects on plant species richness, vegetation composition and aerial biomass dynamics, predicting that fire would have a stronger effect on these variables than grazing. We tested this hypothesis by performing a controlled field experiment in which we manipulated fire and compared grazed plots with ungrazed exclosures, simulating current (high frequent fires and low livestock load) and future (fire suppression and grazing exclosure) scenarios. We recorded total of 90 species with 40 shared among all treatments. Tussock grasses (Elionurus muticus), followed by three shrubs represented the main contribution to live biomass in all treatments. Species richness, equitativity and diversity were higher in burned plots. Multivariate ordination indicated that burning is more important than grazing in determining plot to plot similarity in species composition. Burning reduced total aerial biomass, standing dead biomass and litter, as well as live biomass, that was also reduced by grazing. Burning also reduced standing dead biomass and litter proportions, but increased live biomass contribution, showing a more evident effect within the grazed plots. Burning, seasonality and growing season had significant effects on the relative contribution of all biomass categories. Biomass consumption showed a strong seasonality, being significantly higher in January of both growing seasons, and it was not affected by burning. We conclude that under the current fire and grazing scenario, fire plays a more important role than grazing in shaping these grasslands dynamics. Fil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Aragón, Myriam Roxana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina Fil: Gurvich, Diego Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

The paper analyses waste tyre rubber treatment technologies. According to foreign countries and Lithuanian experiment results, positive and negative features of the utilization methods are presented. Data of experiments is presented using tyre rubber in clinker burning furnaces. Here is also information on the use of rubber additive in concrete and the impact to road design. Formulated conclusions. Santrauka Nagrinėjamos naudotų padangų regeneravimo ir utilizavimo technologijos. Remiantis užsienio šalių ir Lietuvoje atliktais tyrimais, pateikiamos pozityvios ir negatyvios metodų savybės. Pateikta informacija ir duomenys, gauti deginant gumą klinkerio krosnyse. Taip pat duomenys apie gumos panaudojimą betone ir poveikį kelio dangos konstrukcijai. Suformuluotos išvados. Raktiniai žodžiai: padangų perdirbimas, guma, deginimas, termolizė, modifikuotasis betonas, utilizavimas, akustinės charakteristikos, lenkimo deformacija, pirolizė