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International audience; Archaeological excavations carried out in the 1990s in the former rural parish of Rigny (Indre-et-Loire, France) uncovered 1738 graves. Among the individuals discovered, a female adult presents a series of cranial deformities characteristic of an extremely rare pathology, til then unknown in the archaeological record: the Treacher-Collins syndrome. It induces facial dysmorphism and is generally associated with hearing loss or even conductive deafness of the patient due to malformations of the hearing system.The retrospectif diagnosis of this individual was based on macroscopic analysis and computed tomography (CTscan). The use of 3D imaging made it possible to explore the impact of the pathology on the individual's hearing.In addition to the functional implications, the negative impacts of facial dysmorphic disorders in the social sphere are well known in today's societies while they are poorly documented for the medieval period.During this period, diet was an important social marker. The analysis of the individual affected by this syndrome’s diet, compared to those of other members of the Rigny village community, provide an opportunity to discuss the social significance of disability in a rural context in the Middle Ages. In this perspective, the isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen in this individual's bone collagen were compared to those of forty-seven other individuals found on the site.Archaeological, paleopathological and biochemical information are relevant to better characterize the functional repercussions of this syndrome on the Rigny individual and also to discuss the integration of this individual into this medieval village community.

Archaeological and palaeontological excavations frequently produce large quantities of highly fragmentary bone. These bones can help to answer questions regarding past environments and human and animal lifeways via a number of analytical techniques but this potential is limited by the inability to distinguish individual animals and generate sufficiently large samples. Using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone collagen (δ13C, δ15N), we present a metric to identify the number of isotopically distinct specimens (NIDS) from highly fragmented faunal assemblages. We quantified the amount of intra-individual isotopic variation by generating isotopic data from multiple elements from individual animals representing a wide variety of taxa as well as multiple samples from the same skeletal element. The mean intra-individual variation (inter-bone) was 0.52‰ (σ = 0.45) (Euclidean distance between two points in isotopic bivariate space), while the mean intra-bone variation was 0.63‰ (σ = 0.06). Using archaeological data consisting of large numbers of individual taxa from single sites, the mean inter-individual isotopic variation was 1.45‰ (σ = 1.15). We suggest the use of 1.50‰ in bivariate (δ13C, δ15N) space as a metric to distinguish NIDS. Blind tests of modelled archaeological datasets of different size and isotopic variability resulted in a rate of misclassification (two or more elements from the same individual being classified as coming from different individuals) of

Gelatin is a protein from the hydrolysis of bone collagen and skin of animals wich are widely used for industrial food and non food. Studies on extraction of gelatin from tuna (Thunnus sp) bone were carried out by soaking in hydrochloric acid solutions of 4%, 6% and 8% for 48 hours respectivelly and extracted with aquadest at 60ºC, 70ºC and 80ºC for 5 hours. The extract was filtered with filtering cloth and the filtrate was oven dried at 55ºC for ± 48 hours until gelatin was formed. The result showed that soaking the bone in 8% hydrochloric acid solutions followed by extraction 80ºC for 5 hours gave the best result with 8,64 yield, isoelectrict point 8,20%, protein contain 93,72%, lipid contain 0,74-1,75%. Gel strengh 257,59 g/bloom gel strengh, viscosity 3,20 cPs, pH 3,98. The results obtained for water contain of 6,97%. Ash countain 2,07%. The colour of gelatin produced from tuna bone showered different with commercial gelatin that is between yellowish brown to whitish yellow. Gelatin made from tuna bone has fishy odor whereas commercial gelatin has neutral odor.

Colonial New Zealand was built on the ideal of creating better lives for settlers. Emigrants came looking to escape the shackles of the class-system and poor conditions in Industrial Revolution period Britain. Colonial propaganda claimed that most emigrants achieved their aims, but the lives the colonists actually experienced upon reaching New Zealand remain relatively unexplored from a biosocial perspective. In this paper we present a pilot study of stable isotope results of bone collagen from seven adults interred in the St. John’s Cemetery (SJM), Milton, New Zealand (ca. AD 1860–1900). We interpret the diet at Milton and broadly compare our isotopic results with contemporaneous samples from Britain. We show that, like contemporary Britain, the diet of our studied individuals was focused on C3 crops and terrestrial meat sources. Despite higher ????15N values in contemporary UK populations (which can simplistically be interpreted as indicative of higher meat intake), consideration of different local baselines makes it likely that this New Zealand population had relatively similar levels of meat intake. Interestingly marine resources did not form an important part of the Milton diet, despite the site's proximity to the ocean, hinting at the possible stigmatisation of local resources and the development of a European New Zealand (pākehā) food identity.

International audience; New stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic values of charred plant and bone collagen remains from 6th mill. BCE Halai, central Greece, together with datasets from 6th mill. BCE Kouphovouno, southern Greece, and later 6th/early 5th mill. BCE Makriyalos, northern Greece, demonstrate how early farming communities in mainland Greece adapted mixed farming strategies to distinct local environmental and cultural settings. Intra-site similarities or differences in δ13C and δ15N values of distinct crop species, along with the intra-species variabilities in stable isotopic values, are used to assess the cultivation choices that farmers at the three sites made to fulfill distinct economic goals. At Halai, farmers cultivated multiple crops under variable soil conditions, a strategy likely geared towards minimizing overall risk in a relatively arid coastal setting. At better-watered Kouphovouno, by contrast, farmers practiced strategic manuring to maximize the yield of free-threshing wheat, likely grown exclusively for human consumption and rotated with nitrogen-fixing pulses. At Makriyalos, the limited sample size of cereal remains suggests a lack of intensive manuring, in contrast to the two other sites. Assessment of which crops may have been consumed by livestock sheds further light on symbiotic relationships between crop cultivation and animal husbandry.

International audience; Archaeological bone collagen is highly useful for radiocarbon (14 C) dating and palaeodietary reconstruction. However, collagen preservation and carbon contamination are essential considerations when extracting collagen, becoming especially crucial close to the limit of the method (50,000 years before present = BP). Strong progress has been achieved in the past two decades by 14 C and stable isotopic laboratories in removing contamination from archaeological bones, but different pretreatment protocols have been proven to produce varying results. Here we compare three collagen extraction protocols used for palaeodietary studies and 14 C dating, considering collagen yield, elemental and stable isotopic data, FTIR analysis, and 14 C dates. We focus on the impact of ultrafiltration on the yield and quality of the extracted material. The results again underline the importance of rigorous decontamination methods to gain accurate 14 C dates and demonstrate that different protocols have significant effects on the quality and yield of extracted collagen.

The formation of Northeastern Rus in the 10th-11th centuries is usually regarded as a process triggered by intense multicultural interaction and the influx of new settlers from the Dnieper region, Northwestern Rus, and Scandinavia to the Volga-Oka watershed. The dense rural settlement network that existed in 1000-1300, which was recently documented in central Northeastern Rus, and the reconstructed medieval landscapes unambiguously suggest that the prosperity and stability of villages was an important factor in the rise of the region. The level of mobility of the population in Northeastern Rus in the 10th-12th centuries is highly relevant to this issue. This parameter can be assessed using paleodietary data on the isotopic composition of strontium in the dental enamel and bone collagen of individuals buried at medieval cemeteries. The analysis of such samples from a large, rural agglomeration dating to the 10th-early 13th centuries, Shekshovo-9, suggests that this was a culturally diverse and wealthy population, which was part of a trade network. The migration level in this agglomeration was estimated by the results of the mass spectrometric analysis of samples from 24 humans and three animals from the Shekshovo-2 and -9 cemeteries. The reconstructions indicate a high proportion of locals as compared to similar sites in Eastern Europe. No direct relationship was found between the presence of artifacts introduced from other cultures and the isotopic profile of first-generation immigrants. The resulting pattern, indicating a high proportion of native individuals, has no parallels among the 10th-11th century sites in Eastern and Northern Europe represented by comparable data on strontium isotopes.

Several studies have revealed the subsistence strategies of Bronze Age people along Eastern Tianshan Mountains. However, all the previously revolved sites were permanent settlements. How people survived in arid harsh mountainous environment facing source scarcity during Bronze Age in the inner Asia is far beyond clear. This study focuses on bone carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis of both human and faunal assemblage exhumed from Liushugou site, integrated with marcobotanical result and radiocarbon data to reveal human diets and subsistence strategy of this Bronze Age community. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of human bones (−19.1‰ to −17.2‰, −18.1 ± 0.4‰, n = 46) and macrobotanical results (barley) consistently indicating a nearly pure C3 based plants food intake. High δ15N values of the majority people (12.4‰ to 15.1‰, 13.4 ± 0.5‰, n = 44) point to heavy animal protein consumption. No detectable isotopic composition was observed between omnivores (boar, −19.0‰ and −17.5‰, 8.2‰ and 8.7‰, n = 2) and large number of herbivores (−20.0‰ to −9.7‰, −18 ± 1.7‰; 5.5‰ to 13.4‰, 8.4 ± 1.7‰; n = 56). Compared to those sites along Eastern Tianshan Mts. whose diets included millets/barley/wheat, humans at Liushugou site barely consumed millets during their occupation (3500–2900 cal BP). The diverse subsistence strategies of human populations demonstrate the active adaptations to different environment along Eastern Tianshan Mts. during Bronze Age.

Prior to their extirpation around 1900 CE, Lake Ontario hosted the world’s largest freshwater Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery. Due to their early disappearance, questions remained about fundamental aspects of the species’ biology, such as whether they belonged to sea-run (anadromous) or freshwater resident (potamodromous) ecotypes. Recent isotopic analyses have demonstrated that the complex of Atlantic salmon populations spawning in tributaries emptying along Lake Ontario’s northern shores were potamodromous. However, no evidence has yet been gathered for Atlantic salmon migratory behaviour from Lake Ontario’s southeastern region, where historical observations suggest both anadromous and potamodromous populations may have spawned. Here, we provide the first results for isotopic analyses of bone collagen from seven fish bones from archaeological sites (c. 1427 to 1600 CE) identified as Atlantic salmon through ancient DNA and zooarchaeological analyses. The results of the isotopic analyses confirm that at least some of the salmon spawning in tributaries emptying into Lake Ontario’s southeastern shores were also potamodromous. Although further analyses are needed, this suggests anadromy may have been completely absent in Lake Ontario’s complex of Atlantic salmon populations in recent centuries.

Given the nature of medieval artifacts and resulting research requirements, a precise temporal classification is essential. It is especially important for the purposes of medieval archaeology in interpreting archaeological finds/finding situations and identifying them with a historical events or figures, for example, to identify skeletal remains of a known historical figure or to establish a chronological sequence of various cultural and architectural changes within an area. Due to the fact that the uncertainties of radiocarbon (14C) analyses have been decreasing in recent years, the applicability of 14C dating for such purposes is now growing. In this work, we aim to demonstrate the current possibilities of the use of AMS 14C analyses on specific cases and confront the results with other available data. 14C data from skeletal remains of members of the oldest Czech ruling dynasty of the Přemyslids (about 880–1306 AD) were obtained in recent years. Archaeological research conducted in the three oldest churches in the Prague Castle discovered skeletal remains of three members of the second, two members of the fourth and two members of the fifth generation. This case study of the application of 14C data has three parts: i) identification of excavated individuals; ii) demonstration of the application using current AMS-based analysis of 14C on medieval osteological material and tests of our preparation method; iii) contributing to discussion and consulting with other problematical 14C age alteration influenced by diet, age of bone collagen or seasonal variation of 14C activity. The obtained results and the issues arising from them clearly highlight the necessity of a multidisciplinary cooperation in this type of study.

Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society Isotopic analyses of collagen, the main protein preserved in subfossil bone and tooth, has long provided a powerful tool for the reconstruction of ancient diets and environments. Although isotopic studies of contemporary ecosystems have typically focused on more accessible tissues (e.g. muscle, hair), there is growing interest in the potential for analyses of collagen because it is often available in hard tissue archives (e.g. scales, skin, bone, tooth), allowing for enhanced long-term retrospective studies. The quality of measurements of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of ancient samples is subject to robust and well-established criteria for detection of contaminants and diagenesis. Among these quality control (QC) criteria, the most widely utilized is the atomic C:N ratio (C:NAtomic), which for ancient samples has an acceptable range between 2.9 and 3.6. While this QC criterion was developed for ancient materials, it has increasingly being applied to collagen from modern tissues. Here, we use a large survey of published collagen amino acid compositions (n = 436) from 193 vertebrate species as well as recent experimental isotopic evidence from 413 modern collagen extracts to demonstrate that the C:NAtomic range used for ancient samples is not suitable for assessing collagen quality of modern and archived historical samples. For modern tissues, collagen C:NAtomic falling outside 3.00–3.30 for fish and 3.00–3.28 for mammals and birds can produce systematically skewed isotopic compositions and may lead to significant interpretative errors. These findings are followed by a review of protocols for improving C:NAtomic criteria for modern collagen extracts. Given the tremendous conservation and environmental policy-informing potential that retrospective isotopic analyses of collagen from contemporary and archived vertebrate tissues have for addressing pressing questions about long-term environmental conditions and species behaviours, it is critical that QC criteria tailored to modern tissues are established.

Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of bone repair using xenogeneic native bone collagen (Bongraf COLLAGEN) as compared to other widely applied orthopaedic solutions (xenogeneic native bone mineral Geistlich Bio-Oss® and bone autograft).Materials and Methods. We employed a conventional critical-sized (8 mm) rat calvarial defect model (48 Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats). The artificial defect was repaired using Bongraf COLLAGEN, Geistlich Bio-Oss® utilised as a comparator, bone calvarial autograft, or remained unfilled (n = 6 per group). Rats were euthanised 4 or 12 weeks postimplantation (n = 3 per time point) with the subsequent examination (repair extent, volume, thickness and mineral density of the repaired tissue) by means of microcomputed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results. Expectedly, highest volume, thickness and mineral density of the repaired tissue have been observed in defects filled with autografts. Bongraf COLLAGEN and Geistlich Bio-Oss® also demonstrated a comparable and significant repair capability, yet the former option demonstrated higher bone regeneration rate.Conclusion. Xenogeneic native bone collagen (Bongraf COLLAGEN) is comparable with xenogeneic native bone mineral (Geistlich Bio-Oss®).

A single radiocarbon date derived from the Buhl burial in south-central Idaho has frequently been used as a data point for the interpretation of the Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) chronology and technology because of the stemmed biface found in situ with the human remains. AMS dating of bone collagen in 1991 produced an age of 10,675 ± 95 14C BP, immediately postdating the most widely accepted age range for Clovis. The Buhl burial has been cited as evidence that stemmed point technology may have overlapped with Clovis technology in the Intermountain West. We discuss concerns about the radiocarbon date, arguing that even at face value, the calibrated date has minimal overlap with Clovis at the 95.4% range. Furthermore, the C:N ratio of 3.69 in the analyzed collagen is outside of the typical range for well-preserved samples, indicating a postdepositional change in carbon composition, which may make the date erroneously older or younger than the age of the skeleton. Finally, the potential dietary incorporation of small amounts of anadromous fish may indicate that the burial is younger than traditionally accepted. For these reasons, we argue that the Buhl burial cannot be used as evidence of overlap between WST and Clovis.

This paper explores how significant are the ecological and climatic variables to influence the stable isotopes of guanacos. Lama guanicoe bone collagen carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios are assumed as a macro regional average value in west Argentina, mostly as a baseline to model archaeological human diet. If stable isotopes on mammals reflex ecology and climate, we need to know how those variables influence mammals bone stable isotope ratio. This paper analyses the 13C/12C and 15 N/14N ratio on bone collagen on 122 guanacos from Northwest Patagonia during the Holocene. The results confirm significant variation in both isotopes between Monte and Andean-Patagonian specimens. Guanacos from Monte shows higher δ13C and δ15N than those from Andean-Patagonian. Temporal trends indicate variation through Holocene but this variation is not spatially homogeneous. In this paper we suggest that Medieval Climatic Anomaly had stronger effect in Monte desert than in Patagonia desert, generating driest and/or hottest conditions between 1250 and 600 years BP. Those variations need to be considered to reconstruct human diet at least during the second part of the Holocene.

In this paper, we carry out an isotopic study to learn about the diet and mobility patterns of the human groups that inhabited different areas and environments of western Catamarca, Argentina, over almost 2500 years. We present and discuss the results of the isotopic composition of 26 bioarchaeological remains (δ13C and δ15N on bone collagen, and δ13C and δ18O on bone apatite) with their respective calibrated absolute dates, from different settings and elevations of the province of Catamarca. They account for the sociocultural development of both the first agropastoral village societies and the Inca society. We also present the regional isotopic context of autochthonous animal and plant food resources. The isotopic composition (δ13C and δ15N on bone collagen) of 47 samples of pre-Hispanic camelids recovered from archaeological sites located at different altitudes of the Fiambala and Chaschuil regions are studied and discussed. In addition, the δ13C values of 52 native modern and archaeological plant samples are compiled, including samples from the region as well as information from the bibliography. Finally, isotopic analyses of water samples (δ18O) recovered from different environments in the study region are also shown. The data from δ13C and δ15N on bone collagen and δ13C on bone apatite show a high variability of the human diet of the populations of western Catamarca, and suggest that the societies that inhabited the region during the first millennium AD had a balanced diet that combined proteins and carbohydrates, while those dated after the thirteenth century AD reduced their protein intake, which would have significantly affected their health status. The first trends in the δ18O values indicate that individuals had low mobility patterns during their lives, except for some unusual cases of possible non-local individuals.

Objectives We compared δ15 N and δ13 C values from bone and dentine collagen profiles of individuals interred in famine-related and attritional burials to evaluate whether individuals in medieval London who experienced nutritional stress exhibit enriched nitrogen in bone and tooth tissue. Dentine profiles were evaluated to identify patterns that may be indicative of famine during childhood and were compared with the age of enamel hypoplasia (EH) formation to assess whether isotopic patterns of undernutrition coincide with the timing of physiological stress. Materials and methods δ15 N and δ13 C isotope ratios of bone collagen were obtained from individuals (n = 128) interred in attritional and famine burials from a medieval London cemetery (c. 1120-1539). Temporal sequences of δ15 N and δ13 C isotope profiles for incrementally forming dentine collagen were obtained from a subset of these individuals (n = 21). Results Results indicate that individuals from attritional graves exhibit significantly higher δ15 N values but no significant differences were found between burial types for the sexes. Analyses of dentine profiles reveal that a lower proportion of famine burials exhibit stable dentine profiles and that several exhibit a pattern of opposing covariance between δ15 N and δ13 C. EH were also observed to have formed during or after the opposing covariance pattern for some individuals. Conclusions The results of this study may reflect differences in diet between burial types rather than nutritional stress. Though nutritional stress could not be definitively identified using bone and dentine collagen, the results from dentine analysis support previous observations of biochemical patterns associated with nutritional stress during childhood.

For the pretreatment of wood, charcoal and collagen from bone micro samples using the Acid–Base–Acid (ABA) method, we have assembled an automated computer-controlled unit in our laboratory CRL. The sample is placed in a glass single-necked cuvette. The machine consists of prepared solutions which are guided through capillaries, switching valve and peristaltic pump into the cuvette with the sample according to the currently selected program. The automat can be used for the pretreatment of charcoal, wood and also collagen from bones.

Research on the Late Intermediate Period (AD 900–1450) in northern Chile has been strongly influenced by two mobility models: John Murra's classic vertical ecological archipelago model, with highland colonies in the lowlands; and the gyratory mobility model, with pastoralists and their llama caravans controlling trade. The widespread application of these two models, however, suffers from a lack of supporting archaeological evidence. Stable isotope analysis provides a more direct approach for studying both diet and mobility patterns, complementing material culture studies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the presence of colonies and/or specialised highland caravans in the lowlands of northern Chile through the application of δ13C, δ15N and δ18O to human tooth enamel, bone collagen and bone apatite. The results show strong local traditions in terms of diet and mobility associated with the Loa-San Pedro, Antofagasta and Pica-Tarapaca cultural groups. Our results suggest a non-local origin for some individuals in Pica-Tarapaca and Loa-San Pedro, but provide little evidence to support either the presence of ‘colonies’ or of specialised ‘caravans’. Mobility patterns were, instead, diverse and flexible, including female and male individuals that moved at different moments of their lives.

Recent attempts to date batches of poorly preserved archaeological bone prompted a re-evaluation of existing protocols for bone sample preparation and ultrafilter cleaning methods at the Keck-Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (KCCAMS) facility. The emphasis of the study was to optimize decalcification time and ultrafiltration retention efficiency to improve overall collagen yields, especially for poorly preserved bone. Decalcification time and acid strength tests were done on four in-house bone standards of varying states of preservation. Through systematic testing, we found that 200 mg bone chip samples decalcified in 4 mL of 1.0 N HCl over 16 h showed increases of collagen yield across all samples relative to our existing protocol. Ultrafilters precleaned with weak acid (0.01 N HCl) showed greater retention efficiencies than those cleaned by sonication in ultrapure Milli-Q (MQ) water. Collagen produced from each sample were analyzed via AMS dating to check the quality of the collagen.

Background: Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios of collagen from teeth and bone are used to study human nutrition and health. As bones are constantly remodelling throughout life, isotopic values of bone collagen represent an average of several years. In contrast, human teeth do not remodel and their primary dentine contains only the isotopic data from the time of formation. In contrast to all other bones, human auditory ossicles also appear not to remodel. As they develop in utero and finish formation in the first 2 years of life, their collagen should also represent isotopic values of these two relatively short periods.Aim: By comparing δ13C and δ15N data from ossicles and incremental dentine, this study aims to investigate how two developmental periods of the ossicles, in utero and the first 2 years of life, reflect in collagen obtained from the ossicles.Subject and methods: Ossicle and tooth samples of 12 individuals aged 0.5 ± 0.4 years to 13 ± 1 years from the nineteenth century St. Peter's burial ground in Blackburn were collected and processed to obtain bulk bone and incremental dentine collagen which was measured for δ13C and δ15N.Results: Averaged δ13C and δ15N of ossicles are lower when compared to every age group except after 3 years of age. Average offset between ossicles and dentine of different groups ranges from 0.4-0.9‰ for δ13C and from 0.3-0.9‰ for δ15N, with highest counterbalance at birth and after the first 5 months after birth.Conclusions: There appears to be a systematic offset between the dentine and ossicle data. It seems that the second phase of development does not influence the isotopic values of collagen significantly and the data we are obtaining from ossicles represents the in utero period.

This paper presents the results of isotopic analysis for dietary reconstruction of humans and animal remains from several prehistoric (3500–2000 BCE) populations in Anatolia. The investigated sites are Ikiztepe (north Anatolia, Samsun region, on the Black Sea coast), Titris Hoyuk (south east Anatolia, Urfa region), Bademagaci (south Anatolia, Antalya region), and Bakla Tepe (south west Anatolia, in the Izmir region). This research utilises the results of stable isotope analyses of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulphur (δ34S) in bone collagen from over 200 human and animal samples in conjunction with published archaeological, archaeobotanical, and archaeozoological data (where present) to address this issue. This study, for the first time, has permitted a wider observation of Early Bronze Age dietary habits and subsistence strategies across the region, as well as examining the nature of dietary habits on an intra- and inter-site level, and temporally across the 3rd millennium BC. The results show that during the EBA in Anatolia there was a general degree of homogeneity in dietary habits at an intra- and inter-site and regional level and across the millennium of the EBA with diets being predominantly terrestrial C3 based.

While the Southside Cemetery, St. John's, Newfoundland was excavated in 1979, previous historical and morphological investigations had been unable to distinguish between potential associations: Royal Navy, Royal Army, early Newfoundland settlers, and recent Anglican parishioners from the south side of St. John's harbour. Due to the difficulty of discerning between these hypotheses with historical and morphological investigations alone, stable isotope analyses of bone collagen and tooth enamel carbonate (δ13CCOLL, δ13CCARB, δ15NCOLL, and δ18OCARB) were used to examine the diet and geographic origins of skeletal remains (n = 21) from the Southside Cemetery in St. John's, Newfoundland. In order to distinguish between local and likely British origins, data from these individuals were compared to bone collagen and enamel carbonate isotope values of a civilian population from St. Paul's Anglican Church, Harbour Grace, Newfoundland (n = 6), and to published values from Newfoundland and the British Isles. These comparisons, along with a strong historical and archaeological context, suggest that individuals from the Southside Cemetery were associated with the St. John's Naval Hospital's use of the cemetery from ca. 1750–1825. This study then considers these data with previously published data of contemporaneous Royal Naval Hospital cemeteries within their historical contexts to better understand naval rations and movement in the British Atlantic World. This re-examination of the data, with an emphasis on historical and physiological contexts, highlights factors previously undervalued that limit the ability of stable isotope analyses to define the variability of naval rations in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Objective: A model of alveolar cleft phenotype was established in rabbits to evaluate the effect of active bone particles containing modified rhecombinant human BMP-2 on the repair of the alveolar cleft. Methods: 2-month-old Japanese white rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups: normal, control, material and BMP groups. Blood biochemical analysis, skull tomography (microfocus computerized tomography), and histological and immunohistochemical staining analysis of paraffin sections were performed 3 and 6 months after operation. Results: Both types of collagen particles showed good biocompatibility and promoted bone regeneration. The effect of active bone particles on bone repair and regeneration was better than that of bone collagen particles. Conclusions: Active bone particles containing modified rhecombinant human BMP-2 can be used for incisors regeneration.

Previous studies on settlement patterns have suggested that the prehistoric farmers who inhabited the Peruvian north-central coast during the transition between the Middle and Late Formative Periods (500–400 B.C.) experienced considerable population growth. In this study we assess the mean weaning age of the population recovered at the Quebrada Chupacigarro cemetery in the middle valley of Supe (2739–2153 cal B.P.), using stable isotopes, to test if weaning practices are compatible with this scenario. Stable nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes from bone collagen of 34 individuals (18 subadults and 16 adults) were analyzed by age using a cross-sectional approach with the WARN (Weaning Age Reconstruction with Nitrogen isotope analysis) method. Furthermore, stable carbon (δ13C) isotopes were assessed to identify age-related dietary differences between juveniles and adults. The results show that the introduction of supplementary foods occurred around 6 months of age (95‰ CI: 0.0–1.2 years; 65‰ CI: 0.1–0.9 years), while complete weaning was likely achieved at 2.6 years (95‰ CI: 1.2–4.2 years; 65‰ CI: 1.9–3.5 years). The findings suggest a relatively late age of end of weaning, not necessarily compatible with higher fertility rates. The resultant increased fertility in Quebrada Chupacigarro is plausible only under the hypothetical failure of postpartum infertility mechanisms, modulated by other potential factors from the context, such as culture-driven weaning practices. Estudios previos de patrones de asentamiento sugieren que los agricultores prehistóricos que habitaron la región de la Costa Nor-Central del Perú durante la transición entre los períodos Formativo Medio y Formativo Tardío (500–400 a.C.) experimentaron considerable crecimiento poblacional. Utilizando isotopos estables, en este estudio se investiga la edad promedio de destete de una población exhumada del cementerio Quebrada Chupacigarro (2739–2153 cal A.P.), localizado en el valle medio de Supe, para comprobar si las prácticas de lactancia materna y destete son compatibles con este escenario. Isotopos estables de nitrógeno (δ15N) obtenidos de colágeno óseo de 34 individuos (18 subadultos y 16 adultos) fueron analizados según edad usando un abordaje seccional cruzado con el programa WARN. Además, isótopos estables de carbono (δ13C) fueron utilizados para identificar diferencias dietéticas intrapoblacionales y/o dietas especiales entre subadultos y adultos. Los resultados indican que la introducción de la dieta suplementaria ocurrió alrededor de los 6 meses (IC95‰: 0.0–1.2años; IC65‰: 0.1–0.9 años), mientras el destete final ocurrió a una edad promedio más probable de 2.6 años (IC95‰: 1.2–4.2 años; IC65‰: 1.9–3.5 años). Nuestros resultados sugieren una edad de destete relativamente tardía, no necesariamente compatible con una alta tasa de fertilidad. El incremento resultante de fertilidad en Quebrada Chupacigarro es plausible apenas bajo la hipotética falla de los mecanismos de infertilidad postparto, modulada por otros factores del contexto como hábitos de lactancia materna y destete culturalmente mediados.

Anthropogenic foods such as agricultural crops have potential to give large impacts on wildlife populations. However, few studies have addressed the impact of anthropogenic food consumption on the individual performance and then population of long‐lived mammals such as large herbivores. In this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural crop consumption on the physical characteristics and reproductive performances of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in central Japan. To investigate the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops for each individual, we performed nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen. Our results suggest that nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15N) could be used as an index of the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops. The δ15N value of agricultural crops was much higher than that of wild plants and that of bone collagen varied widely among individuals. Deer ≤4 yr old that were more likely to consume agricultural crops tended to be larger and have a higher reproductive rate. In contrast, body size and reproductive rate did not vary according to the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops in individuals ≥5 yr old. These results indicate that consumption of anthropogenic foods can induce precocious maturity in younger individuals by improving their physical characteristics and reproductive performance. Agricultural crop consumption is therefore likely to be an important factor in the population dynamics of large herbivores living in agricultural landscapes.

The lamellar structure of bone, which endows biomechanical rigidity to support the host organism, is observed in mammals, including humans. It is therefore essential to develop a quantitative analysis to evaluate the lamellarity of bone, which would especially be useful for the pharmacological evaluation of anti-osteoporotic drugs. This study applied a current system for the semi-automatic recognition of fluorescence signals to the analysis of un-decalcified bone sections from rat and monkey specimens treated with teriparatide (TPTD). Our analyses on bone formation pattern and collagen topology indicated that TPTD augmented bone lamellarity and bone collagen linearity, which were possibly associated with the recovery of collagen cross-linking, thus endowing bone rigidity.

OBJECTIVES Stable isotope analysis can provide crucial insight into the function and development of early state-level societies on the north coast of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multi-tissue (bone collagen, tooth enamel, hair, nail, skin, and tendon) stable isotope analyses (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and strontium) were conducted for 13 individuals from the lower Viru Valley. RESULTS Non-seasonal changes in a predominantly C4 -based terrestrial diet, with minimal inputs of marine foods were identified. One individual (Burial 5), however, had a stable isotope signature unlike any previously found on the north coast of Peru, indicating both a large contribution of C3 -terrestrial resources to their diet and an 87 Sr/86 Sr value suggestive of highland residence during childhood. DISCUSSION This research provides the first strong stable isotope evidence of a highland individual within a coastal burial in northern Peru, new insight into the ritual killing event at Huaca Santa Clara during the late middle horizon and supporting evidence of the importance of C4 terrestrial resources to the developing Viru polity during the early intermediate period.

Objectives Even though much is known about bone mineral and matrix composition, studies about their relationship with several bone properties and its alterations related to bone diseases such as osteoporosis are practically non-existent in humans. Thus, the development of methods to understand the effects of bone properties at a microscopic level is paramount. This research aimed to evaluate whether Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) band intensity ratios correlate with femoral bone mass, bone mineral content (BMC) (total and femoral neck), bone mineral per unit area (BMD) (total, femoral neck, greater trochanter, intertrochanteric region, and Ward's area) and the area (total and femoral neck). A sample of femora from the 21st Century Identified Skeleton Collection (N = 78, 42 females and 36 males) was employed and BMC, BMD, and the femoral areas were acquired by DXA. Results It was found that only females' BMD had a significant association with the femoral FTIR-ATR indices under study, whereas bone collagen (Am/P) and the content of carbonate Type A (API) in males correlated with the total proximal femur area of the regions of interest and the femoral neck area. Discussion Men and women showed different changes related to their chemical composition in BMD, BMC, and probed area, most likely due to differences in structure and physiology, as well as mechanical strength in the proximal femoral sites where BMD was analyzed.

In an attempt to have a glimpse at the past trophic relationships of human-dependent animals, particularly those that were able to receive or find food of different origins, we applied bone collagen stable isotope analysis (SIA) to domestic dogs, chickens and several other domestic and wild animals that were sampled from eight sites in Ukraine, Eastern Europe, and were chronologically ranging from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. The results show a variety of diets in chickens and dogs from different sites, but those specimens that were cohabiting mostly share similar isotope signatures, indicating the lack of obvious differential feeding and suggesting the consumption of human food waste. This implies their relatively free-ranging status rather than penning and feeding on specifically prepared food.

OBJECTIVES We undertook a more comprehensive analyses than our previous study (Yi et al., International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2018, 28, 636-644) at the Gaoshan site (~2500-2000 cal. BC) to expand our understanding of the different roles of rice and millets to human subsistence strategies, diachronic shift of human diets, diversity of human life histories and cultural influence (dental ablation) to human population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses of human (ribs and long bones, n = 68) and animal (n = 15) bones as well as carbonized seeds from rice and millets (n = 8) were undertaken. Human bones were directly AMS-14 C dated. In addition, sequential sampling of 16 individuals with varied age and sex and cultural contexts for isotopic analysis was also conducted. RESULTS The calibrated dating results (n = 27) indicate that there existed two periods of occupation at the site, ~2500-2200 BC and ~2200-1900 BC. Moderate high δ15 N values were found in the crops. Isotopic data from bone collagen suggest that the humans mainly relied on C3 -based animal protein and were supplemented by C4 -based foods. This isotopic pattern is also seen in pigs. Significant difference of human δ13 C values (Mann-Whitney U test, p

Stable isotope analyses show that Ancient Beringian diets were seasonally structured and included substantial summer salmon., The earliest Native Americans have often been portrayed as either megafaunal specialists or generalist foragers, but this debate cannot be resolved by studying the faunal record alone. Stable isotope analysis directly reveals the foods consumed by individuals. We present multi-tissue isotope analyses of two Ancient Beringian infants from the Upward Sun River site (USR), Alaska (~11,500 years ago). Models of fetal bone turnover combined with seasonally-sensitive taxa show that the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of USR infant bone collagen reflects maternal diets over the summer. Using comparative faunal isotope data, we demonstrate that although terrestrial sources dominated maternal diets, salmon was also important, supported by carbon isotope analysis of essential amino acids and bone bioapatite. Tooth enamel samples indicate increased salmon use between spring and summer. Our results do not support either strictly megafaunal specialists or generalized foragers but indicate that Ancient Beringian diets were complex and seasonally structured.

This paper presents the first systematic study of Aztec diets using bone collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. The objective was to identify the dietary patterns of an Aztec community living in the Basin of Mexico. The collection analyzed includes adult and subadult skeletons from the residential site of San Cristobal Ecatepec (in present-day Mexico State) (A.D. 900–1521). The isotopic data were compared with available ethnohistoric and archeological information about Aztec diets. We conclude that Ecatepec residents consumed mostly C4 and CAM plants (as opposed to C3 plants), terrestrial animals, and some lacustrine resources. They shared similar diets and foodways, as indicated by the fact that they belonged to the same socio-economic group and that there were no substantial sex-based differences indicated by the isotopic data. The slightly higher carbon isotope compositions of the men compared with the women could be evidence of pulque consumption by the men—as noted in the ethnohistoric record. The nitrogen isotope compositions of the subadults, however, show some variability related to breastfeeding and weaning practices, with infants weaning between 2 and 4 years of age.

Background Alveolar cleft is a type of cleft lip and palate that seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. In this study, a model of the alveolar cleft phenotype was established in rabbits to evaluate the effect of bone collagen particles combined with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) on the repair of alveolar cleft bone defects. Methods A model of alveolar clefts in rabbits was established by removing the incisors on the left side of the upper jaw bone collagen particles combined with HUC-MSCs that were then implanted in the defect area. Blood biochemical analysis was performed 3 months after surgery. Skull tissues were harvested for gross observation, and micro-focus computerised tomography (micro-CT) analysis. Tissues were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical staining. The experiments were repeated 6 months after surgery. Results Bone collagen particles and HUC-MSCs showed good biocompatibility. Bone collagen particles combined with HUC-MSCs were markedly better at inducing bone repair and regeneration than bone collagen particles alone. Conclusions Combining HUC-MSCs with bone collagen particles provides a simple, rapid and suitable method to fill a bone defect site and treat of alveolar cleft bone defects.

RATIONALE Stable sulfur isotope compositions (δ34 S values) are a useful marker of terrestrial (lower δ34 S) versus marine (higher δ34 S) diets. In coastal areas, 34 S-enriched sea spray can obscure these marine/terrestrial differences. We sought to establish whether δ34 S values of sea spray-affected terrestrial fauna can be distinguished from those of marine-feeding terrestrial fauna. METHODS We measured bone and dentine collagen δ34 S values, as well as stable carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) isotope compositions via continuous flow elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry of 21 sheep (Ovis aries) raised on an island (North Ronaldsay, UK) of

This study explored the relationship between paleodietary patterns and social inequality in rural human populations from Medieval (AD 600–1499) and Modern (AD 1500–1800) Asturias, Spain. Diets were investigated through stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from a sample of burials from eight cemetery sites (n = 80). Social status was inferred by burial location, where individuals interred within church buildings (ad sanctos) were compared to those buried in cemeteries. While Medieval and Modern society was strongly hierarchical, burial location is only one factor in determining the status and diet of individuals. It was hypothesized that ad sanctos burials would have elevated δ15N values as a reflection of high-status individuals consuming protein-rich diets in comparison to lower-status peasant populations; however, results found no significant differences in δ15N values between those buried in ad sanctos compared to those buried in cemeteries. Rather, the results of our paleodietary reconstruction indicate that the difference in δ13C values is statistically significant between burial location, where ad sanctos burials have more elevated δ13C than commoner individuals. These elevated δ13C values suggest that those buried in places of prestige often consumed a different diet (more C4 resources) from than those buried outside of church walls.

Rationale Different thermal conversion reactor packings result in distinct δ2 H values in nitrogen-containing materials, such as bone collagen. An older 'traditional' glassy carbon packing method causes incomplete conversion of N-containing samples into H2 gas, resulting in altered δ2 H values compared with the complete conversion of hydrogen obtained with a chromium-packed reactor. Given that δ2 H values from collagen are gaining importance in palaeoecological and archaeological studies, a determination of the relationship between δ2 H values produced with a glassy-carbon-packed and a chromium-packed reactor is needed. Methods We obtained δ2 H values (normalized on the VSMOW-SLAP scale) from both glassy-carbon-packed (GP) and chromium-packed (Cr) reactor configurations from bone collagen (n = 231) from a variety of archaeological sites, using a High-Temperature Conversion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) coupled to a Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results δ2 H values from both methods are linearly correlated (r2 = 0.934) and yield the following interconversion equation, δ2 H(Cr) = 1.054 δ2 H(GP) + 11.6‰ (95% conf. slope 1.020-1.090, intercept 10.6-12.6), and a mean difference of δ2 H(Cr) - δ2 H(GP) = 10.1‰ (1 sd 5.2, 1 se 0.3, n = 231). Conclusions We recommend adopting this interconversion between δ2 H values produced with a glassy-carbon-packed and chromium-packed reactor for bone collagen only, with appropriate propagation of uncertainty.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were determined for camelid bone collagen, hair, and wool (fibre) sampled from textiles from archaeological sites in the Santa Valley (north coast of...

Stable isotope studies of early human populations in Remote Oceania, the last major region to be settled by humans, have the potential to shed light on our understanding of dietary adaptations to small island environments. However, little research has focused on western Micronesia, which was settled ca. 3500–3000 cal B.P., contemporaneous with the better-known Lapita culture. Human skeletal remains recovered from three archaeological sites in Palau, Micronesia, dating between ca. 3000 and 1500 cal B.P., were tested for light stable isotope ratios to determine patterns of paleodiet. Results from bone collagen of 23 samples are characterized by moderately high δ15N values (avg. 11.4‰) and δ13C values (avg. –14.8‰), reflecting significant consumption of marine protein resources. Bone apatite δ13C values (avg. –7.3‰) suggest consumption of 13C-enriched dietary carbohydrates, which could potentially include seaweed or sugarcane. Results correspond well with complementary archaeological evidence, demonstrating that early Palauans were heavily dependent on marine food resources and are similar to contemporary Lapita groups, suggesting that endemic marine resources were critical to successful colonization of these small, remote island environments. Aika el kmal mlo uriul el beluu el ng mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii, a omesubir a rechad er a mesechesechel a beluu er a taiheio el ousbech a kar el isotope, a ngar er ngii a techellel el meskid e klemedengei er kid e kirel a kall el lulenga a rechad er aika el iungs. E ng di kekere el omesuub a mla mo er ngii, el kuk kmal di melutk el kirel a iungs er a ngebard er a Micronesia el mlo er ngii a delengchokl er ngii er a bekord ede el telael me a eim el dart el mo er a ede el telael el rak, (3500–3000 BP) el ngii el taem a kmal di mengaisisu er a temel se el merael a chisel Lapita Culture (uchelir a rechad er a taiheio el bekai er tir a le biltik er ngii er a Lapita el beluu er a New Caledonia). Tia el babier a mo mesaod a chiuesir a rechad el mlengai er a klde el basio er a beluu er a Belau el mirrael a ureor er ngii el kirel a chuodel el delengchokl, el rekil a ngar er a delongelel a ede el telael mo ta el telael me a eim el dart el rak (3000–1500 BP) e mlengai el mo er a skeng el ousbech a kar el isotope el mo omeketakl a teletelel a omengelir a rechad er a rechuodel.Me a skeng el mlegai er a lluich me a klde el ngerdel a chiuis a mlo meketeklii el kmo ng telkib er a bab δ15N values (avg. 11.4‰) me a δ13C values (avg –14.8‰) el ngii a ochotii el kmo a omengelir a rechad a kmal mle klou el utluil er a kall el mengai er a daob. A skeng er a bedengel a chiuis δ13C values (avg –7.3‰) a ochotii el kmo omengelel el kall el mui er a 13C a ochotii el kmo kall el lulenga tirka el chad a locha mlengai er a dellomel el uldimukl er ngii a char me a lechub e ng deb.

Human skeletal remains of at least three individuals were unearthed during excavations at the Early Neolithic site of Grumăzeşti – Deleni in northeast Romania (Moldova region) between 1968 and 1978. They comprise the articulated skeleton of an adult buried in a crouched position (M1), and the disarticulated remains of another adult and a juvenile found together in another part of the site and interpreted by the principal excavator, S. Marinescu-Bîlcu, as a disturbed burial (referred to here as M2/ 1– 2). The human remains are described and analysed in terms of state of preservation, age-at-death, sex, stature and pathology. Results of radiocarbon dating and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from M1 and radiocarbon dates on herbivore bones from the site are presented and discussed., Cercetările arheologice din situl de la Grumăzeşti – Deleni din nordul României, realizate între 1968 și 1978, au pus în evidența existența unor resturi osteologice umane de la cel puțin trei indivizi. Primul dintre aceștia, M1, era reprezentat de un schelet în conexiune anatomică, descoperit în poziția chircit pe partea stângă. Resturile fragmentare atribuite altor doi indivizi (denumite în acest articol M2/ 1– 2, un adult și un juvenil) provin dintr-un context diferit, fiind interpretate de autorul cercetării arheologice, S. Marinescu-Bîlcu drept un mormânt deranjat de o amenajare ulterioară. Lucrarea de față face o analiză descriptivă a stării de conservare a resturilor osteologice, determinarea vârstei, sexului și staturii, precum și a patologiilor identificate pe resturile osteologice prezente. Analiza antropologică este însoțită de o discuție asupra datelor de radiocarbon realizate pe probe prelevate de la M1 și două erbivore de talie mare. Pentru M1 au fost realizat și studiului izotopilor stabili de C și N., Diana Annamaria, Boroneanţ Adina, Bălășescu Adrian, Sava Tiberiu, Bonsall Clive. Early Neolithic burials from Grumăzeşti – Deleni, Neamţ County, Romania. In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°15 2019. pp. 15-25.

This study investigates a medieval (twelfth to sixteenth century) poorhouse skeletal collection from Regensburg, Germany, by assessing diet and health. Medieval poorhouses were an early form of social care facility that offered permanent shelter to the sick and destitute. The Regensburg sample offers a chance to explore the lives of an underprivileged group in larger medieval society. Isotopic data from bone collagen, and structural carbonate are used here in combination with osteological evidence for disease to explore dietary histories and health among poorhouse residents. We sampled human (n = 111) and faunal (n = 9) bone for carbon ( δ 13C col and δ 13C sc ) and nitrogen ( δ 15N col ) isotope analysis. Low δ 13C col and a narrow range in carbon-isotope compositions indicate that poorhouse residents subsisted primarily on C 3 plants, and protein from terrestrial and freshwater sources. However, δ 15N col and Δ 13C sc-col values suggest differential access to protein. In addition, a small subset of individuals may have incorporated famine foods like millet (a C 4 resource) into their diet. Many individuals survived serious bouts of stress and disease, though most of these conditions were debilitating and not lethal. Overall, the data suggest that the backgrounds of the poorhouse residents may have been diverse, despite a shared lower-class status at the end of their lives. Die Skelettfunde eines Armenhausfriedhofs im mittelalterlichen Regensburg (FRG; 12.–16. Jhdt. A.D.) wurden bezuglich des individuellen Gesundheitszustands und der Ernahrung untersucht. Mittelalterliche Armenhauser stellen fruhe soziale Einrichtungen dar, welche kranken und mittellosen Menschen dauerhaften Schutz gewahrten. Die Skelettserie aus Regensburg bietet die Moglichkeit, Lebensbedingungen einer unterprivilegierten mittelalterlichen Bevolkerungsschicht zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden palaopathologische Befunde mit stabilen Isotopenanalysen des Knochenkollagens und strukturellen Karbonats kombiniert, um Ernahrungsgewohnheiten und Morbiditat der Armenhausbewohner zu erschliesen. 111 Menschen-und 9 Tierknochenproben wurden bezuglich stabiler Kohlenstoff- ( δ 13C col und δ 13C sc ) und Stickstoffisotope ( δ 15N col ) untersucht. Vergleichsweise niedrige δ 13C col und eine insgesamt geringe Variabilitat der Kohlenstoffisotopien sprechen fur eine mehrheitlich C 3 -Pflanzen basierte vegetabile Nahrungskomponente der Armenhausbewohner, wobei das Nahrungsprotein sowohl aus terrestrischen als auch aus Suswasserquellen bezogen wurde. δ15N col und Δ 13C sc-col belegen jedoch unterschiedlichen individuellen Zugang zu Nahrungseiweis. Einige wenige Individuen durften sogar auch damalige Notnahrung wie Hirse—eine C 4 -Pflanze—konsumiert haben. Zahlreiche Individuen haben offenkundig schwere Stress-und Krankheitsperioden uberlebt, obgleich diese mehrheitlich nicht todlich, wenngleich kraftezehrend und schwachend wirkten. Insgesamt sprechen die Befunde dafur, dass die Bewohner des Armenhauses trotz des gemeinsamen unterprivilegierten Status gegen Lebensende unterschiedliche soziale Hintergrunde hatten.

Within the past quarter century, researchers have taken steps to understand pathophysiological stable isotope fractionation within mammalian tissues more accurately. Biomedically, researchers have demonstrated that pulmonary disease, smoking, organ failure, anemia, anorexia, and changes in metabolic rate all affect the isotopic composition of human tissues and tissue by-products. This research strongly suggests that a relationship exists between human (patho)physiology and stable isotope biochemistry. Despite the results achieved by these studies, only a small minority of bioarchaeologists have attempted to elucidate these mechanisms in human skeletal and dental tissues. This research presents the results of a pilot study aimed at examining the degree to which bone collagen δ 13C and δ 15N values and enamel apatite δ 18O and δ 13C values vary between individuals with and without lesions indicative of a chronic anemia. Consistent with previous research, our results indicate that the enamel apatite of suspected anemics have significantly lower δ 18O values relative to their lesion-free counterparts (U = 4.00, p = 0.05); however, this result was limited to the first permanent molar. Due to the small sample size and the lack of information concerning breast-feeding and weaning practices in the region during this time, it is not possible to link this variation definitively to the pathophysiology of anemia and/or its sequelae. There was no significant variation in bone collagen δ 13C or δ 15N values between anemic and lesion-free juveniles ( δ 13C: U = 26.00, p = 0.38; δ 15N: U = 33.00, p = 0.85) or between anemic and lesion-free adults ( δ 15N: U = 2.70, p = 0.26; δ 13C: U = 4.57, p = 0.10). A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors may have contributed to the lack of variation. While sample sizes are small, the data indicate that future analysis is warranted. En el ultimo cuarto de siglo, los investigadores han tomado medidas para comprender con mayor precision Fraccionamiento de isotopos estables fisiopatologicos en tejidos de mamiferos. Biomedicamente, los investigadores han Demostro que la enfermedad pulmonar, el tabaquismo, la insuficiencia organica, la anemia, la anorexia y los cambios metabolicos. La velocidad de todos los efectos de la composicion isotopica de los tejidos humanos y los productos derivados del tejido. Esta investigacion fuertemente sugiere que existe una relacion entre la fisiologia humana (patho) y la bioquimica de isotopos estables. A pesar de los resultados logrados por estos estudios, solo una pequena minoria de bioarqueologos ha intentado Elucidar estos mecanismos en los tejidos humanos esqueleticos y dentales. Esta investigacion presenta los resultados de un estudio piloto destinado a examinar el grado en que el colageno oseo valores δ 13C y δ 15N, y el esmalte los valores de apatito δ 18O y δ 13C varian entre individuos con lesiones indicativas de anemia cronica, y aquellos sin De acuerdo con investigaciones anteriores, nuestros resultados indican que el apatito de esmalte de las anemicas han agotado significativamente los valores de δ 18O en relacion con sus contrapartes libres de lesiones (U = 4.00, p = 0.05), sin embargo esto se limito al primer molar permanente. Debido al pequeno tamano de la muestra y la falta de informacion sobre las practicas de lactancia materna y destete en la region durante este tiempo, no es posible vincular definitivamente esta variacion a la fisiopatologia de la anemia y / o sus secuelas. Habia no hay variacion significativa en los valores de colageno oseo δ13C o δ 15N entre los juveniles anemicos y sin lesiones ( δ 13C: U = 26.00, p = 0.38; δ 15N: U = 33.00, p = 0.85), o adultos anemicos y sin lesiones ( δ 15N: U = 2.70, p = 0,26; δ 13C U = 4.57, p = 0.10). Varios factores pueden haber contribuido a la falta de variacion. Se requiere mas investigacion con tamanos de muestra mas grandes y una estrategia de muestreo mas refinada.

Collagen isolated from archaeological bone is a common material for radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis, and zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS). However, not all bones contain extant collagen, leading to unnecessary destruction of unproductive bones and wasted laboratory time and resources. An aim of this research is to study bone diagenesis, particularly collagen destruction, in an effort to develop a minimally destructive method for identifying bones with high collagen content. In a multi-method study of variably preserved bones from Etton, Cambridgeshire, UK, we examined material properties of Neolithic cattle and sheep bones including porosity, surface area, and elemental composition. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) is an imaging technique that furnishes three-dimensional images of mineralized materials such as bone. Cortical bone porosity, the percentage of total bone volume consisting of empty space as calculated using microCT, can act as a proxy for bone collagen preservation. In general, bones with high cortical porosity are unlikely to contain sufficient collagen for further analysis. Bones with apparently low cortical porosity have a more varied range of collagen preservation. Bone samples with low porosity and no extant collagen often contain micropores with a diameter of 10 nm or less that cannot be seen in microCT images but are apparent in pore size distributions measured by mercury porosimetry, and indicated by high surface areas measured by nitrogen adsorption. Furthermore, a re-evaluation of light-induced breakdown spectroscopy data from this same assemblage confirms that ratios of calcium to fluorine may likewise indicate the state of diagenesis.

Bizans donemine tarihlenen Kovuklukaya (Sinop) mezarli g indan ele gecen iskeletlerin kemik kolajeninin karbon ve azot sabit izotop oranlari beslenmenin yeniden yapilandirilmasi icin analiz edilmi s tir. δ 13C de g erleri, esas olarak C3 kaynaklarina dayanan ve C4 bitkilerinin cok az dâhil oldu g u karasal bir diyeti gostermektedir. Di g er taraftan, δ 15N de g erleri, bolgenin deniz/tatlisu kaynaklarina nispeten yakin olmasina ra g men δ 13C de g erleri gibi karasal kaynaklara i s aret etmi s tir. Kovuklukaya azot izotop de g erleri Camlibel Tarlasi ve Sagalasos’dan faunal izotop de g erleriyle kar s ila s tirildi g inda beslenmede karasal hayvanlardan elde edilen proteinin onemli yer tuttu g u gorulmu s tur. Hayvansal proteinin muhtemel kayna g i koyun ve kecidir. Kovuklukaya izotop de g erleri cinsiyete dayali beslenme farklila s masinin olu s madi g ini da ortaya cikarmi s tir.

Recent advancements in accelerator mass spectroscopic (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) analytical methods and instrumentation offer us reliable conventional 14C ages with highly reduced analytical uncertainty for archeological bone collagen. However, after calibration this may be still too high for archeologists in periods where archeochronology is capable of attaining a resolution of 25–30 yr. Furthermore, there are cases when wiggles in the calibration curve yield wider age ranges than initially expected. For the Avar Age in the Carpathian Basin (568 to early 9th century AD) reliable archeotypochronology is available for the 7th century AD alone. The date of Avar invasion (568 AD) is precisely known. Precise archeological dating for the late 6th and the 9th centuries is lacking, calling for other methods to be introduced. This paper reports the first 14C dates for an Early Avar Age cemetery, Makó-Mikócsa. According to archeotypochronology, the cemetery was in use for three generations until the mid-7th century AD. The imprecision in 14C chronology arising from wiggles in the IntCal13 curve was significantly reduced by relative stratigraphy-controlled Bayesian modeling. Introduction of further age constraints from archeotypochronology into the model reduces broad absolute age ranges providing more constraint ages.