Search

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in the bentonite-based resistance-reducing agent (RRA) with different infiltration rates of underground water. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion behavior of the steel in underground water was assessed by weight loss experiment, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve. Findings The results showed that the corrosion rate of the steel in the RRA pastes was much lower than that in the original acidic soil. The underground water infiltration slightly accelerated the corrosion rate of the steel in the RRA pastes, but the acceleration role is weak. The bentonite-based RRA can be compatibly applied in the acidic soil. Originality/value The bentonite-based RRA can significantly reduce the corrosion rate of the steel and is suitable to compatibly apply in the acidic soil.

Ultrasound imaging is regarded as a highly sensitive imaging modality used in routine clinical examinations. Over the last several decades, ultrasound contrast agents have been widely applied in ultrasound molecular cancer imaging to improve the detection, characterization, and quantification of tumors. To date, a few new potential preclinical and clinical applications regarding ultrasound molecular cancer imaging are being investigated. This review presents an overview of the various kinds of ultrasound contrast agents employed in ultrasound molecular imaging and advanced imaging techniques using these contrast agents. Additionally, we discuss the recent enormous development of ultrasound contrast agents in the relevant preclinical and clinical applications, highlight the recent challenges which need to be overcome to accelerate the clinical translation, and discuss the future perspective of ultrasound molecular cancer imaging using various contrast agents. As a highly promising and valuable tumor-specific imaging technique, it is believed that ultrasound molecular imaging will pave an accurate and efficient way for cancer diagnosis.

Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters.Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism.Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p

Purpose Elderly patients have different physical condition and tumor biology of breast cancer. Surgical choices for older patients are complicated and several studies have reported that breast conserving surgery (BCS) had better survival than mastectomy in different patient population. The major object of this study was to compare the efficacy of BCS and mastectomy in the whole elderly cohort in SEER database.Methods Female patients aged over 70 years old and diagnosed with breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 were included from SEER database. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to establish a cohort composing of similar characteristics. We compared the overall survival (OS) among patients undergoing BCS and mastectomy. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional regression model were used to evaluate the associated factors of survival outcome.Results Of 44755 eligible patients, 30375 (67.9%) patients underwent breast conserving surgery (BCS) and 14380 (32.1%) patients underwent mastectomy. After PSM, 7222 patients in each group were analyzed and there was no significant difference between BCS and mastectomy in terms of the overall survival rate (85.8% in BCS group and 85.0% in mastectomy group, p = 0.135). Multivariable analysis also indicated that no significant difference between two surgical procedures after adjusting for covariates both in all patients (HR = 1.074, 95% CI 0.992-1.105, p = 0.098) and matched cohort (HR = 1.062, 95% CI 0.997-1.132, p = 0.063). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy contributed to the survival benefit of BCS compared to mastectomy (p < 0.05).Conclusion For elderly breast cancer patients, BCS and mastectomy had similar overall survival rate. BCS might be a better surgical treatment with or without axillary surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE The traditional anterior approach for multilevel severe cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is demanding and risky. Recently, a novel surgical procedure—anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF)—was introduced by the authors to deal with these problems and achieve better clinical outcomes. However, to the authors’ knowledge, the immediate and long-term biomechanical stability obtained after this procedure has never been evaluated. Therefore, the authors compared the postoperative biomechanical stability of ACAF with those of more traditional approaches: anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF). METHODS To determine and assess pre- and postsurgical range of motion (ROM) (2 Nm torque) in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation in the cervical spine, the authors collected cervical areas (C1–T1) from 18 cadaveric spines. The cyclic fatigue loading test was set up with a 3-Nm cycled load (2 Hz, 3000 cycles). All samples used in this study were randomly divided into three groups according to surgical procedures: ACDF, ACAF, and ACCF. The spines were tested under the following conditions: 1) intact state flexibility test; 2) postoperative model (ACDF, ACAF, ACCF) flexibility test; 3) cyclic loading (n = 3000); and 4) fatigue model flexibility test. RESULTS After operations were performed on the cadaveric spines, the segmental and total postoperative ROM values in all directions showed significant reductions for all groups. Then, the ROMs tended to increase during the fatigue test. No significant crossover effect was detected between evaluation time and operation method. Therefore, segmental and total ROM change trends were parallel among the three groups. However, the postoperative and fatigue ROMs in the ACCF group tended to be larger in all directions. No significant differences between these ROMs were detected in the ACDF and ACAF groups. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro biomechanical study demonstrated that the biomechanical stability levels for ACAF and ACDF were similar and were both significantly greater than that of ACCF. The clinical superiority of ACAF combined with our current results showed that this procedure is likely to be an acceptable alternative method for multilevel cervical OPLL treatment.

Background Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1) with significant clinical features in the skeletal, cardiopulmonary, and ocular systems. To gain deeper insights into the contribution of epigenetics in the variability of phenotypes observed in MFS, we undertook the first analysis of integrating DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in whole blood from MFS and healthy controls (HCs). Methods The Illumina 850K (EPIC) DNA methylation array was used to detect DNA methylation changes on peripheral blood samples of seven patients with MFS and five HCs. Associations between methylation levels and clinical features of MFS were analyzed. Subsequently, we conducted an integrated analysis of the outcomes of the transcriptome data to analyze the correlation between differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and explore the potential role of methylation regulated DEGs (MeDEGs) in MFS scoliosis. The weighted gene co‑expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to find gene modules with the highest correlation coefficient with target MeDEGs to annotate their functions in MFS. Results Our study identified 1253 DMPs annotated to 236 genes that were primarily associated with scoliosis, cardiomyopathy, and vital capacity. These conditions are typically associated with reduced lifespan in untreated MFS. We calculated correlations between DMPs and clinical features, such as cobb angle to evaluate scoliosis and FEV1% to assess pulmonary function. Notably, cg20223687 (PTPRN2) and cg00259849 (CSMD1) exhibited an inverse correlation with cobb angle of scoliosis, potentially playing a role in ERKs inactivation and chondrocyte proliferation, respectively. Conclusions Taken together, our systems-level approach sheds light on the contribution of epigenetics to MFS and offers a plausible explanation for the complex phenotypes that are linked to reduced lifespan in untreated MFS patients.

IntroductionDiabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a chronic complication of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by diabetes that affects learning and memory capacities over time. Recently, acupuncture has been shown to improve cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. However, the effects of electroacupuncture on DCI and its underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated in detail. MethodsIn this study, we used db/db mice as DCI animal models which showed low cognitive, learning and memory functions. Electroacupuncture significantly ameliorated DCI, which is reflected by better spatial learning and memory function using behavioral tests. The db/db mice with cognitive impairment were randomly divided into a model group (Mod) and an electroacupuncture treatment group (Acup), while db/m mice were used as a normal control group (Con). First, the mice were subjected to behavioural tests using the Morris water maze (MWM), and body weight, blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were observed; HE, Nissl, and TUNEL staining were used to observe the morphological changes and neuronal apoptosis in the mice hippocampus; Finally, Western blot and rt-PCR were applied to detect the essential proteins and mRNA of ERS and insulin signalling pathway, as well as the expression levels of Tau and Aβ.ResultsElectroacupuncture significantly ameliorated DCI, which is reflected by better spatial learning and memory function using behavioral tests. Moreover, electroacupuncture attenuated diabetes-induced morphological structure change, neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Our results revealed that electroacupuncture could regulate the expression levels of Tau and Aβ by improving hippocampal ERS levels in db/db mice, inhibiting JNK activation, attenuating IRS1 serine phosphorylation, and restoring normal transduction of the insulin signaling pathway.DiscussionIn summary, ERS and insulin signaling pathway paly causal roles in DCI development. Electroacupuncture can significantly alleviate the pathogenesis of DCI, improve mice's learning and memory ability, and improve cognitive dysfunction. This study adds to our understanding of the effect of acupuncture on DCI and opens the door to further research on DCI.

Acne vulgaris is a complex skin disease involving infection by Cutibacterium acnes , inflammation, and hyperkeratinization. We evaluated the activity of the retinoid 6-[3-(adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) and 16 other retinoid analogs as potential anti- C. acnes compounds and found that CD437 displayed the highest antimicrobial activity with an MIC against C. acnes (ATCC 6919 and HM-513) of 1 μg/mL.

Background Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord injury and factors leading to worse prognosis are a longer symptoms duration and a higher myelopathy severity. However, no studies have identified serological biomarkers for the early diagnosis of patients with DCM.Methods A total of 46 participants were enrolled in the study, and peripheral blood was collected for subsequent analysis. Further, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DCM, healthy controls (HCs) and patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR, as DCM mimics) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed on DEGs. DEGs enriched in neurological disabilities by DisGeNET ontology category were used to diagnosis DCM and predict severity. Proportions of immune cell types were selected to predict injury levels in DCM.Results The results showed that DEGs enriched terms were mainly related to neurological disabilities with 128 genes included, such as muscle weakness, dystonia, myopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy, and peripheral nervous system diseases. LASSO analysis was used for candidate genes selection to construct a multinomial logistic regression model based on the 128 DEGs. A five-gene model was constructed to diagnose DCM from CSR and HC with an accuracy of 93.5%. The model had good specificity and sensitivity with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.939. As for DCM severity, one gene model was constructed to distinguish mild DCM and severe DCM with 83.3% accuracy (AUC: 0.769) and 76.7% accuracy (AUC: 0.770), respectively. Using the same method of model building, signatures of two immune cell types distinguished single-level and multi-level injury with 80% accuracy (AUC: 0.895). Our results suggest that mRNAs extracted from peripheral blood could serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of DCM and can predict severity and injury levels in DCM.Conclusion Blood RNA biomarkers could diagnose DCM and predict the severity of DCM as well as the level of injury in DCM. Our results may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DCM and aid in designing treatment.

The artificial intelligence (AI) community has recently made tremendous progress in developing self-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms that can learn high-quality data representations from massive amounts of unlabeled data. These methods brought great results even to the fields outside of AI. Due to the joint efforts of researchers in various areas, new SSL methods come out daily. However, such a sheer number of publications make it difficult for beginners to see clearly how the subject progresses. This survey bridges this gap by carefully selecting a small portion of papers that we believe are milestones or essential work. We see these researches as the “dots” of SSL and connect them through how they evolve. Hopefully, by viewing the connections of these dots, readers will have a high-level picture of the development of SSL across multiple disciplines including natural language processing, computer vision, graph learning, audio processing, and protein learning.

In this communication, we propose a novel feeding scheme to design a wideband filtering patch antenna. The antenna is composed of two substrates: the feeding- and the radiating ones. Two circular patches are etched on the top surface of the radiating substrate as the radiators and a hybrid substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and spoof localized surface plasmon (SLSP) structure is employed as the feeding scheme. Due to the abundant resonant modes and filtering feature of the hybrid SIW-SLSP structure, the antenna can radiate under the triple-mode resonance with high filtering performance. Moreover, the proposed filtering antenna has an independently adjustable capability of both low-band and high-band radiation nulls. The presented antenna is designed, fabricated and measured. Measured results reveal that the operating bandwidth reaches up to 11.3%, ranging from 7.44 GHz to 8.33 GHz. The peak gain of 10 dBi is obtained in passband with 10 dB gain suppression out of the band. This approach provides a simple way to design wideband filtering patch antenna, which can be easily integrated with planar circuit.

BackgroundAcupuncture, a traditional Chinese medicine therapy, is an effective migraine treatment, especially in improving pain. In recent years, many acupuncture brain imaging studies have found significant changes in brain function following acupuncture treatment of migraine, providing a new perspective to elucidate the mechanism of action of acupuncture.ObjectiveTo analyse and summarize the effects of acupuncture on the modulation of specific patterns of brain region activity changes in migraine patients, thus providing a mechanism for treating migraine by acupuncture.MethodsChinese and English articles published up to May 2022 were searched in three English databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane) and four Chinese databases (China national knowledge infrastructure, CNKI; Chinese Biomedical Literature database, CBM; the Chongqing VIP database, VIP; and the Wanfang database, WF). A neuroimaging meta-analysis on ALFF, ReHo was performed on the included studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) software. Subgroup analyses were used to compare differences in brain regions between acupuncture and other groups. Meta-regression was used to explore the effect of demographic information and migraine alterations on brain imaging outcomes. Linear models were drawn using MATLAB 2018a, and visual graphs for quality evaluation were produced using R and RStudio software.ResultsA total of 7 studies comprising 236 patients in the treatment group and 173 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. The results suggest that acupuncture treatment helps to improve pain symptoms in patients with migraine. The left angular gyrus is hyperactivation, and the left superior frontal gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus are hypoactivated. The migraine group showed hyperactivation in the corpus callosum compared to healthy controls.ConclusionAcupuncture can significantly regulate changes in brain regions in migraine patients. However, due to the experimental design of neuroimaging standards are not uniform, the results also have some bias. Therefore, to better understand the potential mechanism of acupuncture on migraine, a large sample, multicenter controlled trial is needed for further study. In addition, the application of machine learning methods in neuroimaging studies could help predict the efficacy of acupuncture and screen migraine patients suitable for acupuncture treatment.

Fluid injection into enhanced geothermal system (EGS) reservoirs can reactivate subsurface fractures/faults and trigger earthquakes—requiring that frictional stability and permeability evolution characteristics are adequately evaluated. This behavior potentially becomes more complicated when the impacts of temperature and cycled thermal stresses, and the resulted damage accumulation on both stability and transport characteristics are getting involved. We conducted coupled shear-flow experiments on saw-cut fractures recovered from an analog surface outcrop representative of a reservoir at 2450 m in the Gonghe Basin of northwestern China. The rocks were subjected to variable numbers of repeated heating-quenching (25-180-25 °C) cycles for shear-flow experiments at an effective stress of ~ 3 MPa and with velocity stepped between 10-1-10-1-10 μm/s. The smooth fractures return frictional coefficients in the range ~ 0.69 to 0.72 and are little affected by the thermal cycling. The frictional stability parameter (a–b) decreases and the instantaneous permeability increases with an increase in the number of heating-quenching cycles, during which intergranular and intragranular microcracks were generated in fracture surface. The above results indicate that the heating-quenching cycles during hydraulic fracturing of geothermal reservoir could affect both the fracture frictional instability and permeability evolution.

Motivated by recent results reporting the instability of horizonless objectswith stable light rings, we revisit the linearized stability of suchstructures. In particular, we consider an exterior Kerr spacetime truncated ata surface where Dirichlet conditions on a massless scalar are imposed.Thisspacetime has ergoregions and light rings when the surface is placedsufficiently deep in the gravitational potential. We establish that thespacetime is linearly, mode-unstable when it is sufficiently compact, in amechanism associated with the ergoregion. In particular, such instability hasassociated zero-modes. At large multipole number the critical surface locationfor zero modes to exist is precisely the location of the ergosurface along theequator. We show that such modes don't exist when the surface is outside theergoregion, and that any putative linear instability mechanism acts ontimescales $\tau \gtrsim 10^5 M$, where $M$ is the black hole mass. Our resultsindicate therefore that at least certain classes of objects are linearly stablein the absence of ergoregions, even if rotation and light rings are present.

Porous coordination polymers were synthesized for adsorbing carbon dioxide with high selectivity.

One undescribed benzofuran derivative (illiciumphenolicacid A, 1) and one new phenolic glycoside (illiciumphenolicacid B, 2), together with six known compounds (3–8) were isolated from the leaves of Illicium dunnianum Tutcher. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). In addition, we determined the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the isolates in vitro using spectrophotometric methods. Compared with the positive control acarbose (IC50 306.2 ± 4.1 μM), compounds 1–8 were shown to be moderate potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the range 380–655 μM.

The influence of SLM process parameters (i.e. laser power, scanning speed, and hatch spacing) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed 18Ni-300 maraging steel was investigated. In experiments on 3D printed scan tracks, better fusion of powder material was achieved in parameter configurations with higher linear energy density (i.e. LED ≥ 375.00 J m-1). A higher LED indicates that more laser energy is transferred to the powder material, resulting in complete melting of the powder and the creation of a microstructure with less defects. In experiments on fully built samples, higher relative density was achieved when the hatch spacing was increased or the scanning speed was decreased. Fully built samples produced using parameter configuration B-2 (300 W, 700 mm s-1, 0.10 mm) have higher relative density and ultimate tensile strength as compared to the other parameter configurations.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as essential regulators that could have pivotal roles in cardiac homeostasis and pathological remodeling of various cardiovascular diseases. We previously demonstrated that miRNA-122-5p overexpression exacerbated the process of vascular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction in hypertensive rats and rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts. However, the exact roles and underlying mechanisms of miRNA-122-5p in myocardial fibroblasts remain largely unknown. In this work, neonatal rat cardiofibroblasts (CFs) were isolated and primarily cultured from the hearts of 2- to 3-d-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) resulted in marked increases in cellular proliferation and migration and levels of collagen I, collagen III, CTGF, and TGF-β1 in cultured CFs. Furthermore, Ang II led to promoted expression of P62, Bax, and phosphorylated mTOR as well as downregulation of LC3II, beclin-1, and AMPK-phosphorylated levels, thereby contributing to imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis, and cellular injury in CFs, which were significantly ameliorated by treatment with miRNA-122-5p inhibitor. These changes were associated with decreased levels of collagen I, collagen III, CTGF, and TGF-β1. Furthermore, Ang II-induced loss of autophagy and promotion of apoptosis in CFs were prevented by the treatment with Pyr

This paper studies the factors influencing the leverage ratio of non-financial enterprises in the Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2007 to 2017. On the whole, the leverage ratio of non-financial enterprises in the greater bay area is not high. From the perspective of ownership, state-owned enterprises have a higher leverage ratio than non-state-owned enterprises. The leverage ratio differs significantly across industries. From the regional perspective, before 2008, enterprises in Macao had the lowest leverage ratio, and those in Guangdong had the highest. In recent years, the corporate leverage ratio has tended to be similar among the enterprises in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. Corporate profitability is the most important micro-level factor affecting the leverage ratio, and economic growth has the most significant direct impact on the leverage ratio of non-state-owned enterprises. In addition, the economic growth rate, the M2 growth rate and policy uncertainty have a clear indirect impact on the leverage ratio. JEL classification numbers: G11, G24, G34. Keywords: Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Leverage ratio, Influencing factors, Two-way fixed effects.

One new phenolic glycoside (1) and one new benzofuran derivative (2) were isolated from the leaves of Illicium dunnianum. The structures of these compounds were established by using comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, including the 1D and 2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS, electronic circular dichroism and comparison with literature data. All isolates were evaluated for the inhibition against the production of NO by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Adsorbent is an important waste water-based drilling fluid treatment agent, which can adsorb and settle heavy metal ions, high polymer organics, and other soluble harmful substances in the waste drilling fluid. Traditional adsorbents such as polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide will produce other metal ions or toxic monomers after hydrolysis, which cannot fully meet the requirements of safety and environmental protection. Therefore, a new environmentally friendly waste water-based drilling fluid adsorbent, named RH-β-CD, was prepared by the Wilson etherification reaction, which was initiated by epichlorohydrin and ceric ammonium nitrate, and successfully grafted rhamnolipid and amine strong adsorption groups onto β-cyclodextrin. The adsorption effect and environmental protection performance of RH-β-CD on the organic matter and chromium ion in waste sulfonated water-based drilling fluid were evaluated and compared with commonly used adsorbents such as activated carbon, PAM, and polyaluminum chloride. The results show that RH-β-CD can effectively adsorb the organic matter in the filtrate of waste water-based drilling fluids, reduce its chemical oxygen consumption, and reduce the concentration of heavy metal ions in the filtrate. The effect is better than PAM, activated carbon, and polyaluminum chloride, with the BOD5/CODcr >20% and EC50 >1,000,000 mg·L−1, which is environmentally friendly.

Considering the low-carbon supply chain led by one manufacturer and followed by one retailer, market demand is influenced by the investment of low-carbon product promotion and the degree of emission reduction. Stackelberg game theory is used to construct the game models with no-incentive model and three incentive models, respectively. The equilibrium solutions of the degree of low-carbon products promotion, the degree of low-carbon products emission reduction, the market demand, the cost-sharing ratio of the manufacturer to the retailer’s low-carbon products promotion, the degree of government’s incentive to the manufacturer’s low-carbon products, as well as the manufacturer’s and retailer’s profit are obtained in the four models. Finally, with the results, we provide some policy suggestions for the management and practice of a low-carbon supply chain.

Establishing reliable correspondences by a deep neural network is an important task in computer vision, and it generally requires permutation-equivariant architecture and rich contextual information. In this paper, we design a Permutation-Equivariant Split Attention Network (called PESA-Net), to gather rich contextual information for the feature matching task. Specifically, we propose a novel “Split–Squeeze–Excitation–Union” (SSEU) module. The SSEU module not only generates multiple paths to exploit the geometrical context of putative correspondences from different aspects, but also adaptively captures channel-wise global information by explicitly modeling the interdependencies between the channels of features. In addition, we further construct a block by fusing the SSEU module, Multi-Layer Perceptron and some normalizations. The proposed PESA-Net is able to effectively infer the probabilities of correspondences being inliers or outliers and simultaneously recover the relative pose by essential matrix. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed PESA-Net relative surpasses state-of-the-art approaches for pose estimation and outlier rejection on both outdoor scenes and indoor scenes (i.e., YFCC100M and SUN3D). Source codes: https://github.com/x-gb/PESA-Net .

Under the background of carbon cap and carbon subsidy policies implemented by the government, considering a low-carbon supply chain led by a manufacturer and followed by a retailer, the market demand is influenced by the level of emission reduction and promotion of low-carbon products. Stackelberg game theory is used to construct four models, one with no carbon cap and three with a carbon cap respectively. And we get the equilibrium solutions of the degree of emission reduction, degree of promotion, sharing ratio, market demand, manufacturer and retailer profit of low-carbon products. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the MKM model is the optimal one in which the government implements carbon cap and carbon subsidy policies and the manufacturer shares the cost of low-carbon promotion. In this model, the degree of manufacturer’s emission reduction is positively correlated with the influence coefficient of low-carbon emission reduction, manufacturer’s marginal revenue, government unit subsidy for low-carbon emission reduction and the initial price of carbon trading. Meanwhile, it is negatively correlated with the government’s carbon emission quota, elastic coefficient of carbon emission quota and the cost coefficient of low-carbon emission reduction. The results are closely related to the government unit subsidies for low-carbon emission reduction and the government carbon allowances. The manufacturer is more willing to accept the MKM model only when they exceed a certain threshold. Finally, the validity of the models would be verified by a numerical example.

Three new phenylpropenoid glycosides (1–3), and five undescribed shikimic acid derivatives (4–8), together with six known analogues (9–14), were obtained from the dried leaves of Illicium dunnianum.