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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic disease of unknown etiology. The primary manifestation of RA is inflammatory synovitis, which eventually leads to deformity and functional loss. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptosis form of cell death that depends on intracellular iron accumulation. This leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced-lipid peroxidation. The underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis are System Xc- and Glutathione metabolism, regulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, and ROS generation. Recent studies have shown an association between the pathogenesis of RA and ferroptosis, suggesting the involvement of ferroptosis in the onset and progression of RA. In this review, we have focused on the mechanism of ferroptosis and its association with RA pathogenesis. Further, we discuss the status of therapeutics targeting ferroptosis in the treatment of patients with RA. Targeting ferroptosis could be a potential therapeutic approach for RA treatment.

Additional file 1. Figure S1. Analysis of the ubiquitinated site-containing proteins in rice from published studies. Figure S2. Location of all E3 ligase encoding genes on the rice chromosome. Figure S3. Different types of ubiquitin E3 ligase-encoding genes in rice and the number of RT-PCR cloned and chemically synthesized E3 genes in this study. Figure S4. Confirmation of the interaction between OsUBC14 and its candidate E3s. Figure S5. E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of OsRING77, OsRING113, OsPUB28, OsPUB46, OsPUB49 and OsPUB69 in vitro. Figure S6. Ubiquitination assay of GST-OsSKIPa by MBP-OsPUB46. Figure S7. E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of OsRFPH2-10, P3IP1 and OsRING336 in vitro. Figure S8. The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of OsRING116 in vitro and ubiquitination analysis of rTGA2.1. Figure S9. Transcript level of OPAL1 in individual overexpression lines and the editing types of OsFBK16. Figure S10. Degradation assay of OsPAL5 and OsPAL6 by OsFBK16 in vivo. Figure S11. Transcript level of OsPAL6 in individual overexpression lines.

Additional file 7. Review history.

Additional file 3. Review history.

Additional file 1: Fig S1 Geographical location and genetic structure of the 200 re-sequenced japonica rice varieties. Fig S2 Quantile-quantile plots related to genome-wide association studies of yield-related traits. Fig S3 Identification of candidate genes for yield-related traits. Fig S4 Gene combinations contribute to yield level. Fig S5 Artificial selection trend of GWAS mapped genes. Fig S6 Genetic diversity analysis and selection of representative isolates of blast bacterium. Fig S7 The haplotypes of avirulence genes in 36 sequenced isolates. Fig S8 Yield decrease caused by Hap2 and artificial selection signals. Fig S9 BSLVs show similarity of genomic structure on chromosome 6. Fig S10 JXY1 and XY99 showed high-yield and broad-spectrum blast resistance.

AlTiSiN/CrSiN multilayer coatings were deposited on Si (1 0 0) and cemented carbide substrates using Cr, AlTi cathodes and SiH 4 gases by cathodic arc ion plating system. The influences of SiH 4 gases flowrate on the structural and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated, systematically. AlTiSiN/CrSiN coatings exhibit a B1 NaCl-type nano-multilayered structure in which the CrSiN nano-layers alternate with AlTiSiN nano-layers with multiple orientations of crystal planes indicated by XRD patterns and TEM. Si contents of the coatings increase with increasing SiH 4 flowrate. The hardness of the coatings increases to the maximum value of 3500 Hv 0.05 with increasing SiH 4 flowrate from 20 to 40 sccm and then decreases with further addition of SiH 4 gases. A higher adhesive force of 73 N is obtained at the flowrate of 48 sccm. The coatings exhibit different tribological performance when the mating materials were varied from Si 3 N 4 to cemented carbide balls and the variation of friction coefficients of the coatings against Si 3 N 4 influenced by SiH 4 flowrate are not obvious as against cemented carbide balls.

The short time oxidation behaviour of Super304H was studied at 700°C for different periods. The structure and composition of the oxide layers were investigated using line scanning of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In the sample oxidised for 4 h, a double layer scale consisting of outer magnetite layer and inner chromium rich iron oxide was observed from the cross-section. The EDS results from oxide layer surfaces of other three samples showed that no obvious outer layer can be observed after 3 h oxidation. The oxide phases have been identified by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrum. Atomic force microscopy was used to reveal the mechanism of early oxidation stage of Super304H on samples oxidised for 1·5, 2 and 3 h, respectively. The roughness of the layer surface increased with increasing oxidation time in the early stage, which is in accordance with the proposed model and indicates that the columnar nickel oxide in the specimen is connected to the format...

Ion source assisted cathodic arc ion-plating was used to synthesize molybdenum containing diamond-like carbon films. The element of molybdenum is uniformly distributed in our sample as analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the films was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The structure and bond state of the molybdenum containing diamond-like carbon films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Mo content in the films was controlled by varying of the acetylene gas flow rates. The root-mean square roughness of the as-deposited sample was found in the range of 1.5 nm. The hardness of 35 GPa has been achieved at the optimum conditions of synthesis. This can be attributed to formation multilayer structure during deposition process and the formation of hard molybdenum carbide phase with C=Mo bonding. The results show that ion source assisted cathodic arc ion-plating is an effective technique to fabricate metal-containing carbon films with controlled metal contents.

Quinary CrAlTiSiN coatings have been prepared on cemented carbide and Si substrates using Cr and AlTi (67:33 at.%) alloy targets in the mixture flow of N 2 and SiH 4 gas by multi-arc ion plating method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the multi-element coatings had a nc-CrSiN/nc-AlTiSiN multilayered structure with a thickness period of 10 nm. The microhardness and wear of the coatings were found to be strongly influenced by SiH 4 flow rate. The hardness increased monotonically with the increase of SiH 4 flow rate and reached 37 GPa at 23 sccm. The coatings exhibit friction coefficients varying between 0.58 and 0.76 against Si 3 N 4 ball.

TiSiN nanocomposite Alms have been deposited on YT15 cemented carbide by a cathodic arc plasma plating system. Structure, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope, tribometry, Profiler and Vickers indentation techniques, systemically. The results show that TiSiN films are the typical structure of TiN crystal inserted in amorphous Si 3 N 4 The maximum microhardness is about 4200 HV at 4Pa while the wear property is the best at the pressure of 2 Pa, with an average friction coefficient of 0.54.

Oil level is one of the important monitoring parameters of Power Transformer, it is important to detect the oil level when it is too low or too high in time and take the appropriate measures to ensure the safe of power transformers. To be effective and accurate detection of oil level, this paper processed infrared image of the oil conservator with the improved Watershed segmentation algorithm, take the multi-scale morphological gradient image as access images of the segmentation algorithm. On the premise of focusing the areas' Unicom, The algorithm made multi-scale morphological gradient image to binary map with the method of Otsu to obtain marked map. After the removal of false minimum marks, we use the exact minimum points of the final marked map as the starting point to transform the multi-scale morphological gradient image with Watershed algorithm to get the final segmentation results. Experimental results show that proposed method can effectively separate the oil level and reserve oil volume of oil conservator automatically. Therefore, it can be served as an important part of the substation online infrared monitoring system.

Fully effective vaccines for complex infections must elicit a diverse repertoire of antibodies (humoral immunity) and CD8+ T-cell responses (cellular immunity). Here, we present a synthetic glyco-adjuvant named p(Man-TLR7), which, when conjugated to antigens, elicits robust humoral and cellular immunity. p(Man-TLR7) is a random copolymer composed of monomers that either target dendritic cells (DCs) via mannose-binding receptors or activate DCs via Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Protein antigens are conjugated to p(Man-TLR7) via a self-immolative linkage that releases chemically unmodified antigen after endocytosis, thus amplifying antigen presentation to T cells. Studies with ovalbumin (OVA)-p(Man-TLR7) conjugates demonstrate that OVA-p(Man-TLR7) generates greater humoral and cellular immunity than OVA conjugated to polymers lacking either mannose targeting or TLR7 ligand. We show significant enhancement of Plasmodium falciparum-derived circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific T-cell responses, expansion in the breadth of the alpha CSP IgG response and increased inhibition of sporozoite invasion into hepatocytes with CSP-p(Man-TLR7) when compared with CSP formulated with MPLA/QS-21-loaded liposomes-the adjuvant used in the most clinically advanced malaria vaccine. We conclude that our antigen-p(Man-TLR7) platform offers a strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of protein subunit vaccines.