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HBr emissions from volcanoes lead rapidly to the formation of BrO within volcanic plumes and have an impact on tropospheric chemistry, at least at the local and regional scales. The motivation of this paper is to prepare a framework for further 3D modelling of volcanic halogen emissions in order to determine their fate within the volcanic plume and then in the atmosphere at the regional and global scales. The main aim is to evaluate the ability of the model to produce a realistic partitioning of bromine species within a grid box size typical of MOCAGE (Model Of atmospheric Chemistry At larGE scale) 3D (0.5∘ × 0.5∘). This work is based on a 1D single-column configuration of the global chemistry-transport model MOCAGE that has low enough computational cost to allow us to perform a large set of sensitivity simulations. This paper uses the emissions from the Mount Etna eruption on 10 May 2008. Several reactions are added to MOCAGE to represent the volcanic plume halogen chemistry. A simple plume parameterisation is also implemented and tested. The use of this parameterisation tends to only slightly limit the efficiency of BrO net production. Both simulations with and without the parameterisation give results for the partitioning of the bromine species, of ozone depletion and of the BrO/SO2 ratio that are consistent with previous studies. A series of test experiments were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the results to the composition of the emissions (primary sulfate aerosols, Br radical and NO) and to the effective radius assumed for the volcanic sulfate aerosols. Simulations show that the plume chemistry is sensitive to all these parameters. We also find that the maximum altitude of the eruption changes the BrO production, which is linked to the vertical variability of the concentrations of oxidants in the background air. These sensitivity tests display changes in the bromine chemistry cycles that are generally at least as important as the plume parameterisation. Overall, the version of the MOCAGE chemistry developed for this study is suitable to produce the expected halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes during daytime and night-time.

Legumes provide several ecological services to agroecosystems, but there is a lack of references on services related to N flows for a wide range of legume crops. N2O emissions were measured in two field experiments using a two-year legume-cereal crop sequence. In the first year (2014 and 2016), different legume crops were grown (lupin, pea, fava bean, common bean, soybean, chickpea) and compared to fertilized cereals (barley and sorghum). Once the seeds were harvested and the residues incorporated in the soil, unfertilized wheat was sown and harvested in the second year (2015 and 2017). N2O emissions, as well as soil temperature and moisture, were measured continuously using an automated chamber method during the two years of each experiment. Daily N2O emissions were less than 10 g N-N2O ha-1 d-1, with higher values (ranging from 10 to 90 g N-N2O ha-1 d-1) being measured during exceptionally rainy conditions. Daily N2O emissions were mainly influenced by climatic conditions for field experiments and far less by inorganic N content, except for N-fertilized cereals. For both field experiments, cumulative N2O emissions during legume and cereal pre-crops + fallow period between pre-crop harvest and wheat sowing (1st year) (mean values 365.4 and 318.1 g N-N2O ha-1 for experiment I and II, respectively) were higher than during wheat crop cultivation (2nd year) (155.8 and 101.5 g N-N2O ha-1 for experiment I and II, respectively). For field experiment II, N2O emissions were slightly higher for the N fertilized cereal pre-crops (529.8 and 523.3 g N-N2O ha-1 for barley and sorghum, respectively) compared to legume pre-crops (mean values 380.6 and 417.2 g N-N2O ha-1 for legumes sown in March and May, respectively), while no significant difference was measured for field experiment I. There was no difference in N2O emissions during the cultivation of the different legume species. Furthermore, when wheat was grown after legumes or N fertilized cereals, N2O emissions were comparable for the different experimental treatments with no relation established with the amounts of N present in crop residues or their C: N ratios. Despite the small differences in emissions between N-fertilized cereals and grain legumes, introducing these leguminous species in crop rotation and in these pedoclimatic conditions makes it possible to substitute synthetic N fertilizer and mitigate the greenhouse gases emitted from these cropping systems. However, further research is still needed to clarify and quantify the value of legumes in mitigating and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cropping systems.

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising materials for classical and quantum light emission. To understand these outstanding properties, a thorough analysis of the band-edge exciton emission is needed which is not reachable in ensemble and room temperature studies because of broadening effects. Here, we report on a cryogenic-temperature study of the photoluminescence of single CsPbBr$_3$ NCs in the intermediate quantum confinement regime. We reveal the size-dependence of the spectral features observed: the bright-triplet exciton energy splittings, the trion and biexciton binding energies as well as the optical phonon replica spectrum. In addition, we show that bright triplet energy splittings are consistent with a pure exchange model and that the variety of polarisation properties and spectra recorded can be rationalised simply by considering the orientation of the emitting dipoles and the populations of the emitting states.

Tuberculosis diagnosis might be delayed or missed in children with severe pneumonia because this diagnosis is usually only considered in cases of prolonged symptoms or antibiotic failure. Systematic tuberculosis detection at hospital admission could increase case detection and reduce mortality.We did a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial in 16 hospitals from six countries (Cambodia, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia) with high incidence of tuberculosis. Children younger than 5 years with WHO-defined severe pneumonia received either the standard of care (control group) or standard of care plus Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) on nasopharyngeal aspirate and stool samples (intervention group). Clusters (hospitals) were progressively switched from control to intervention at 5-week intervals, using a computer-generated random sequence, stratified on incidence rate of tuberculosis at country level, and masked to teams until 5 weeks before switch. We assessed the effect of the intervention on primary (12-week all-cause mortality) and secondary (including tuberculosis diagnosis) outcomes, using generalised linear mixed models. The primary analysis was by intention to treat. We described outcomes in children with severe acute malnutrition in a post hoc analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03831906) and the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202101615120643).From March 21, 2019, to March 30, 2021, we enrolled 1401 children in the control group and 1169 children in the intervention group. In the intervention group, 1140 (97·5%) children had nasopharyngeal aspirates and 942 (80·6%) had their stool collected; 24 (2·1%) had positive Xpert Ultra. At 12 weeks, 110 (7·9%) children in the control group and 91 (7·8%) children in the intervention group had died (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0·986, 95% CI 0·597-1·630, p=0·957), and 74 (5·3%) children in the control group and 88 (7·5%) children in the intervention group had tuberculosis diagnosed (adjusted OR 1·238, 95% CI 0·696-2·202, p=0·467). In children with severe acute malnutrition, 57 (23·8%) of 240 children in the control group and 53 (17·8%) of 297 children in the intervention group died, and 36 (15·0%) of 240 children in the control group and 56 (18·9%) of 297 children in the intervention group were diagnosed with tuberculosis. The main adverse events associated with nasopharyngeal aspirates were samples with blood in 312 (27·3%) of 1147 children with nasopharyngeal aspirates attempted, dyspnoea or SpOSystematic molecular tuberculosis detection at hospital admission did not reduce mortality in children with severe pneumonia. High treatment and microbiological confirmation rates support more systematic use of Xpert Ultra in this group, notably in children with severe acute malnutrition.Unitaid and L'Initiative.For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Reliable neutron star mass measurements are key to determining the equation-of-state of cold nuclear matter, but these are rare. "Black Widows" and "Redbacks" are compact binaries consisting of millisecond pulsars and semi-degenerate companion stars. Spectroscopy of the optically bright companions can determine their radial velocities, providing inclination-dependent pulsar mass estimates. While inclinations can be inferred from subtle features in optical light curves, such estimates may be systematically biased due to incomplete heating models and poorly-understood variability. Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope, we have searched for gamma-ray eclipses from 49 spider systems, discovering significant eclipses in 7 systems, including the prototypical black widow PSR B1957$+$20. Gamma-ray eclipses require direct occultation of the pulsar by the companion, and so the detection, or significant exclusion, of a gamma-ray eclipse strictly limits the binary inclination angle, providing new robust, model-independent pulsar mass constraints. For PSR B1957$+$20, the eclipse implies a much lighter pulsar ($M_{\rm psr} = 1.81 \pm 0.07\,M_{\odot}$) than inferred from optical light curve modelling., Comment: 31 pages, 4 figures, includes supplementary tables; published in Nature Astronomy

Black widows are extreme millisecond pulsar binaries where the pulsar wind ablates their low-mass companion stars. Their optical light curves vary periodically due to the high irradiation and tidal distortion of the companion, which allows us to infer the binary parameters. We present simultaneous multi-band observations obtained with the HIPERCAM instrument at the 10.4-m GTC telescope for six of these systems. The combination of this five-band fast photometer with the world's largest optical telescope enables us to inspect the light curve range near minima. We present the first light curve for PSR J1641+8049, as well as attain a significant increase in signal-to-noise and cadence compared with previous publications for the remaining 5 targets: PSR J0023+0923, PSR J0251+2606, PSR J0636+5129, PSR J0952-0607 and PSR J1544+4937. We report on the results of the light curve modelling with the Icarus code for all six systems, which reveals some of the hottest and densest companion stars known. We compare the parameters derived with the limited but steadily growing black widow population for which optical modelling is available. We find some expected correlations, such as that between the companion star mean density and the orbital period of the system, but also a puzzling positive correlation between the orbital inclination and the irradiation temperature of the companion. We propose such a correlation would arise if pulsars with magnetic axis orthogonal to their spin axis are capable of irradiating their companions to a higher degree., 18 pages (+12 pages for appendix), 12 figures (+13 in the appendix), 3 tables (1 in the appendix). Accepted for publication in MNRAS on 2023 January 17th

From the micro- to the mesoscale, water and energy budgets of mountainous catchments are largely driven by topographic features such as terrain orientation, slope, steepness, and elevation, together with associated meteorological forcings such as precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Those topographic features govern the snow deposition, melting, and transport, which further impacts the overall water cycle. However, this microscale variability is not well represented in Earth system models due to coarse resolutions. This study explores the impact of precipitation, shortwave radiation, and wind speed on the water budget distribution over a 15.28 ha small, mid-elevation (2000–2200 m) alpine catchment at Col du Lautaret (France). The grass-dominated catchment remains covered with snow for 5 to 6 months per year. The surface–subsurface coupled distributed hydrological model ParFlow-CLM is used at a very high resolution (10 m) to simulate the impacts on the water cycle of meteorological variability at very small spatial and temporal scales. These include 3D simulations of hydrological fluxes with spatially distributed forcing of precipitation, shortwave radiation, and wind speed compared to 3D simulations of hydrological fluxes with non-distributed forcing. Our precipitation distribution method encapsulates the spatial snow distribution along with snow transport. The model simulates the dynamics and spatial variability of snow cover using the Common Land Model (CLM) energy balance module and under different combinations of distributed forcing. The resulting subsurface and surface water transfers are computed by the ParFlow module. Distributed forcing leads to spatially heterogeneous snow cover simulation, which becomes patchy at the end of the melt season and shows a good agreement with the remote sensing images (mean bias error (MBE) = 0.22). This asynchronous melting results in a longer melting period compared to the non-distributed forcing, which does not generate any patchiness. Among the distributed meteorological forcings tested, precipitation distribution, including snow transport, has the greatest impact on spatial snow cover (MBE = 0.06) and runoff. Shortwave radiation distribution has an important impact, reducing evapotranspiration as a function of the slope orientation (decreasing the slope between observed and simulated evapotranspiration from 1.55 to 1.18). For the primarily east-facing catchment studied here, distributing shortwave radiation helps generate realistic timing and spatial heterogeneity in the snowmelt at the expense of an increase in the mean bias error (from 0.06 to 0.22) for all distributed forcing simulations compared to the simulation with only distributed precipitation. Distributing wind speed in the energy balance calculation has a more complex impact on our catchment, as it accelerates snowmelt when meteorological conditions are favorable but does not generate snow patches at the end of our test case. This shows that slope- and aspect-based meteorological distribution can improve the spatio-temporal representation of snow cover and evapotranspiration in complex mountain terrain.

Association of high body mass index (BMI) with longer survival has been reported in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but results are inconsistent. This 'obesity paradox' is potentially confounded by the effects of BMI change over time and of skeletal muscle depletion.We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort, including consecutive patients receiving ICI treatment for melanoma (n = 411) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 389) in routine care.In the univariable analysis of the entire population, overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/mThe so-called 'obesity paradox', counterintuitive association between high BMI and longer survival, vanished when controlling for confounders, such as type of cancer, and manifestations of depletion (WL and reduced skeletal muscle mass).

Background: A common MRI reference space allows for easy communication of findings, and has led to high-impact discoveries in neuroscience. Brain MRI of neuro-oncology patients with mass lesions or surgical cavities can now be accurately transformed into reference space, allowing for a reliable comparison across patients. Despite this, it is currently seldom used in neuro-oncology, leaving analytic tools untapped. The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuro-oncology literature utilizing reference space. Methods: A systematic review of the neuro-oncology publications was conducted according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Studies specially reporting the use of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) reference space were included. Studies were categorized according to their type of input data and their contributions to the field. A sub-analysis focusing on connectomics and transcriptomics was also included. Results: We identified only 101 articles that utilized the MNI brain in neuro-oncology research. Tumor locations (n = 77) and direct electrocortical stimulation (n = 19) were the most common source of data. A majority of studies (n = 51) provided insights on clinical factors such as tumor subtype, growth progression, and prognosis. A small group of studies (n = 21) have used the novel connectomic and transcriptomic tools. Conclusions: Brain MRI of neuro-oncology patients can be accurately transformed to MNI space. This has contributed to enhance our understanding of a wide variety of clinical questions ranging from tumor subtyping to symptom mapping. Many advanced tools such as connectomics and transcriptomics remain relatively untapped, thereby hindering our knowledge of neuro-oncology.

As esports grow, public authorities have many concerns about the potential negative health effects of this “sedentary” practice. This work proposes a systematic review on the links between esports and physical activity (PA). The research questions guiding this review are as follows: (1) What is the PA level of esports players? (2) Do data exist regarding the influence of participation in esports on players’ PA? (3) Based on these findings, what future research questions should be asked and what studies should be conducted? Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed that esports players appeared to be active, exceeding World Health Organization recommendations, in 13 studies and inactive or low-active in four studies. The different populations of players do not appear to have the same degree of PA. High-level, professional, and/or supervised players appear to be more physically active. However, some data are inconsistent, and our review highlights several biases and methodological limitations. Additionally, while we have found no studies providing data on the influence of esports on PA, five studies highlight several factors that could push players to engage in PA. Finally, further research is needed using objective measurement tools and characterizing and accurately distinguishing between players’ levels of expertise and the type of game played. The nature and modalities of the PA also need to be clarified. We encourage supplementing these quantitative data with qualitative data obtained through interviews to provide a description and understanding of the influence of esports on PA engagement, re-engagement, retention, and withdrawal.

Résumé La recherche sur le pythagorisme aux XIXe et XXe siècles a été parsemée de restitutions et de modèles souvent sources de malentendus ou de mésinterprétations. Cette situation met le chercheur face à une grande quantité de notions précédemment développées qui ne peuvent s’appliquer à un système cohérent. En l’absence d’unité doctrinale, il est possible de se tourner vers les outils de la philosophie de Wittgenstein qui s'appliquent au langage. Le concept d’air de famille, développé par le philosophe allemand, permet alors de comprendre comment s’est constituée l’idée d’un groupe pythagoricien sans caractéristique commune évidente. Ce nouveau modèle, s’appuyant sur des réseaux de ressemblance et de superposition, permet d’envisager l’étude du pythagorisme sans recourir à un système reconstitué a priori. Abstract Title: Rebuilding a model for the study of Pythagoreanism: the Pythagorean family resemblance Research on Pythagoreanism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been littered with reconstructions and models that have often resulted in misunderstanding or misinterpretation. This situation confronts the researcher with a large number of previously developed notions that cannot be applied to a coherent system. In the absence of doctrinal unity, it is possible to turn to the tools of Wittgenstein's philosophy as applied to language. The concept of family resemblance, developed by the German philosopher, allows us to understand how the idea of a Pythagorean group with no obvious common characteristics came about. This new model, based on networks of resemblance and overlaps, allows us to study Pythagoreanism without resorting to an a priori reconstructed system.

Résumé L’étude des pratiques funéraires constitue un moyen d’appréhender les sociétés présentes ou passées par le biais d’observations, d’outils, de notions ou de concepts issus des sciences humaines et sociales. Toutefois, cette approche rencontre de nombreuses difficultés face à la définition de la ou des identités comme construite(s) ou constructions culturelles. Il est alors nécessaire de définir ce qu’on entend par pratique funéraire d’une part et identité(s) d’autre part. Pour cela, le recours à la discussion interdisciplinaire permet de faire émerger les problématiques liées à la combinaison de ces deux notions, mais aussi aux méthodes et à l’étendue des connaissances accessibles dans l’étude d’une société. Abstract Title: Towards a transdisciplinary approach to the links between funerary practices and identities: problems, debates and concepts The study of funerary practices is a means of apprehending present or past societies through observations, tools, notions or concepts borrowed from the humanities and social sciences. However, this approach meets numerous hurdles in defining identity or identities as cultural constructs or constructions. It is therefore necessary to define what is meant by funerary practice on the one hand and identity(ies) on the other hand. In this regard, interdisciplinary discussions play a key role to address the issues linked to the combination of these two notions, as well as to get a better grasp of the methods and the extent of the knowledge accessible in the study of a society.

Grapevine is severely affected by two major nepoviruses that cause grapevine degeneration: the grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and the arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), specifically transmitted by the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index and X. diversicaudatum, respectively. While natural resistance to X. index has been shown to be a promising alternative for controlling X. index and GFLV transmission, the resistance interaction between X. diversicaudatum and grapevine has not yet been documented. In the present study, we evaluated the host suitability to X. diversicaudatum in materials previously characterised for their resistance to X. index. Two X. index-resistant accessions VRH8771 (F1 hybrid) and Nemadex Alain Bouquet (BC1 hybrid) derived from muscadine, together with the X. index-susceptible reference accession V. vinifera cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon and the X. index-resistant reference accession V. riparia ‘10128’, were challenged with a X. diversicaudatum population obtained from woody host plants and a reference isolate of X. index. The reproduction factors of X. diversicaudatum and its numbers per gram of roots paralleled those of X. index, showing a resistance interaction to the population of the former species and suggesting that resistance determinants to both nematode vectors might be the same or linked. Nevertheless, these two criteria illustrated a poorer host suitability of grapevine materials to this X. diversicaudatum population than to X. index.

Oral NEPA is the fixed-combination antiemetic comprising netupitant (neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist [NK

We first describe the construction of the Kuga–Satake variety associated to a (polarized) weight-two Hodge structure of hyper-Kähler type. We describe the classical cases where the Kuga–Satake correspondence between a hyper-Kähler manifold and its Kuga–Satake variety has been proved to be algebraic. We then turn to recent work of O’Grady and Markman which we combine to prove that the Kuga–Satake correspondence is algebraic for projective hyper-Kähler manifolds of generalized Kummer deformation type.

This study conducted 28 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Young Black Men who have Sex with Men in Chicago to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on their HIV care and ancillary service access. The qualitative analysis identified both negative and positive effects. The negative effects included: (l) mixed disruptions in linkage to and receipt of HIV care and ancillary services, and (2) heightened concerns about police and racial tensions in Chicago following the murder of George Floyd, contributing to possible disruption of retention in care. The positive effects included: (1) the ability to reflect and socially connect, contributing to heightened self-care and retention in care, and (2) some improvements in receipt of medical care. These findings suggest that while COVID-19 disruptions in care reduced in-person use of HIV care, the expansion of telemedicine allowed more administrative tasks to be handled online and focused in-person interactions on more substantive interactions.

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) dormancy is understood as supportive of HSC function and its long-term integrity. Although regulation of stress responses incurred as a result of HSC activation is recognized as important in maintaining stem cell function, little is understood of the preventive machinery present in human HSCs that may serve to resist their activation and promote HSC self-renewal. We demonstrate that the transcription factor PLAG1 is essential for long-term HSC function and, when overexpressed, endows a 15.6-fold enhancement in the frequency of functional HSCs in stimulatory conditions. Genome-wide measures of chromatin occupancy and PLAG1-directed gene expression changes combined with functional measures reveal that PLAG1 dampens protein synthesis, restrains cell growth and division, and enhances survival, with the primitive cell advantages it imparts being attenuated by addition of the potent translation activator, c-MYC. We find PLAG1 capitalizes on multiple regulatory factors to ensure protective diminished protein synthesis including 4EBP1 and translation-targeting miR-127 and does so independently of stress response signaling. Overall, our study identifies PLAG1 as an enforcer of human HSC dormancy and self-renewal through its highly context-specific regulation of protein biosynthesis and classifies PLAG1 among a rare set of bona fide regulators of messenger RNA translation in these cells. Our findings showcase the importance of regulated translation control underlying human HSC physiology, its dysregulation under activating demands, and the potential if its targeting for therapeutic benefit.

Oxetanes and azetidines continue to draw significant interest in medicinal chemistry, as small, polar and non-planar motifs. Oxetanes also represent interesting surrogates for carbonyl-containing functional groups. Here we report a synthesis of 3,3- disubstituted oxetane- and azetidine-ethers, with comparisons made to the ester functional group. The tertiary benzylic alcohols of the 4-membered rings are selectively activated using Brønsted acid catalysis and reacted with simple alcohols to form the ethers and maintain the oxetane ring intact. This approach avoids the use of strong bases and halide alkylating agents and allows alcohol libraries to be leveraged. Oxetane ethers demonstrate excellent chemical stability across a range of conditions and an improved stability vis-à-vis analogous esters under basic and reducing conditions.

Additive manufacturing produces net-shaped components layer by layer for engineering applications

International audience; Like other Atlantic languages, Wolof has a large inventory of verbal derivation suffixes, but is exceptionally well endowed for causative derivation with no less than eight different causative suffixes. This article analyzes the different values of these suffixes and reveals firstly a double gradient of distinctions concerning the degrees of involvement of the causer and the causee. Among these causative suffixes, two show a typologically rare specialization, one being specialized in sociative (assistive) causation, the other in the expression of indirect causation with obligatory omission of the causee. Three causative suffixes, rarely analyzed, combine a direct causation value with indications of the modalities of realization of the process, namely, incomplete, completing and corrective causation. Several of these causative suffixes are clearly complex but cannot be described as multiple suffixation in synchrony. Various reconstruction hypotheses are nonetheless presented attesting to multiple derivation in the Atlantic family. Finally, this derivational abundance is compared with the general morphosyntactic strategies of Wolof.; Comme les autres langues atlantiques, le wolof dispose d’un large inventaire de suffixes de dérivation verbale mais présente un raffinement exceptionnel pour la dérivation causative avec pas moins de huit suffixes causatifs différents. Cet article analyse l’ensemble des valeurs de ces suffixes et révèle d’abord un double gradient de distinctions concernant les degrés d’implication respectifs du causateur et du causataire. Parmi ces causatifs, deux présentent une spécialisation assez rare typologiquement, l’un pour la causation sociative assistive, l’autre pour l’expression d’une causation indirecte avec un effacement obligatoire du causataire. Trois causatifs, rarement analysés, combinent à une valeur de causation directe, des indications sur les modalités de réalisation du procès à savoir, une causation incomplète, parachevante ou corrective. Plusieurs de ces suffixes causatifs sont clairement complexes, mais ne peuvent être décrits comme une suffixation multiple en synchronie. Diverses hypothèses de reconstruction sont néanmoins présentées attestant de figement de dérivations multiples que l’on peut retrouver dans la famille atlantique. Enfin, ce foisonnement dérivationnel est mis en parallèle avec les stratégies morphosyntaxiques générales du wolof.

Maintenance planning for complex systems has still been a challenging problem. Firstly, integrating multiple dependency types into maintenance models makes them more realistic, however, more complicated to solve and analyze. Secondly, the number of maintenance decision variables needed to be optimized increases rapidly in the number of components, causing computational expensive for optimization algorithms. To face these issues, this thesis aims to incorporate multiple kinds of dependencies into maintenance models as well as to take advantage of recent advances in artificial intelligence field to effectively optimize maintenance polices for large-scale multi-component systems.

Kobiana is a Niger-Congo language belonging to the Atlantic language family, mostly spoken in Guinea Bissau by about seven hundred people. This language has a quite typical Niger-Congo noun class system with 16 classes for singular, 11 classes for plural and 6 classes non-sensitive to any number contrast. This language also has developed another system of number marking, different from the noun class system whereby the plural number is marked on nouns by means of a -a suffix. This suffixed plural combines with a sizeable part of Kobiana nouns. Such nouns also trigger agreement within the noun phrase, with both singular and plural agreement markers. After presenting the two types of number marking on Kobiana nouns, we observe the morphological behavior of these nouns when they combine with numerals. We also describe how the agreement markers enable us to account for the syntactic analysis of numerals and to show how numerals can be ascribed to different parts of speech. We also discuss several striking morphosyntactic peculiarities of Kobiana numerals.

The treatment landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is evolving, with promising therapies entering clinical translation, yet patient responses remain heterogeneous, and biomarkers for tailoring treatment are lacking. To understand how disease heterogeneity links with therapy response, we determined the leukemia cell hierarchy makeup from bulk transcriptomes of more than 1,000 patients through deconvolution using single-cell reference profiles of leukemia stem, progenitor and mature cell types. Leukemia hierarchy composition was associated with functional, genomic and clinical properties and converged into four overall classes, spanning Primitive, Mature, GMP and Intermediate. Critically, variation in hierarchy composition along the Primitive versus GMP or Primitive versus Mature axes were associated with response to chemotherapy or drug sensitivity profiles of targeted therapies, respectively. A seven-gene biomarker derived from the Primitive versus Mature axis was associated with response to 105 investigational drugs. Cellular hierarchy composition constitutes a novel framework for understanding disease biology and advancing precision medicine in AML.

The complexity of the flow over a wind turbine blade makes its understanding and monitoring a challenging task, especially on operating wind turbines. The innovative electronic TellTale (e-TellTale) sensor is developed for that purpose – detecting the flow separation on wind turbines blades. In this paper, high-Reynolds-number wind tunnel tests have been performed with different configurations of full-scale e-TellTale sensors and wall pressure measurements on a wind turbine blade section. A comparison between the lift curve and the e-TellTale signal was used to evaluate the ability of the sensor to detect flow separation. Results show different interesting properties of the sensor response depending on its size, position along the chord and fitting process that could be used in real applications.

International audience; This study aimed to process 8 mol.% yttrium stabilized zirconia by powder bed selective laser processing, as well known as selective laser sintering / melting. Titanium carbide was used as absorbance enhancer to a Nd:YAG laser. Titanium carbide was chosen for having the lowest weight / absorbance ratio among four additive options: silicon carbide, carbon black, graphite, and titanium carbide. Several trials were performed using 0,25 wt.% of titanium carbide as absorbance enhancer of 8 mol.% yttrium stabilized zirconia, testing different laser powers, laser speeds, laser strategies, hatch distances and designs. A window of optimized parameters was identified within the study conditions, capable of manufacturing parts with high relative density. In addition, challenges and technical aspects are discussed by analyzing the observed phenomena.

Multiple statistical methods have been proposed to estimate individual responses to exercise training; yet, the evaluation of these methods is lacking. We compared five of these methods including the following: the use of a control group, a control period, repeated testing during an intervention, a reliability trial and a repeated intervention. Apparently healthy males from the Gene SMART study completed a 4-week control period, 4 weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT),1 year of washout, and then subsequently repeated the same 4 weeks of HIIT, followed by an additional 8 weeks of HIIT. Aerobic fitness measurements were measured in duplicates at each time point. We found that the control group and control period were not intended to measure the degree to which individuals responded to training, but rather estimated whether individual responses to training can be detected with the current exercise protocol. After a repeated intervention, individual responses to 4 weeks of HIIT were not consistent, whereas repeated testing during the 12-week-long intervention was able to capture individual responses to HIIT. The reliability trial should not be used to study individual responses, rather should be used to classify participants as responders with a certain level of confidence. 12 weeks of HIIT with repeated testing during the intervention is sufficient and cost-effective to measure individual responses to exercise training since it allows for a confident estimate of an individual's true response. Our study has significant implications for how to improve the design of exercise studies to accurately estimate individual responses to exercise training interventions. HighlightsWhat are the findings?We implemented five statistical methods in a single study to estimate the magnitude of within-subject variability and quantify responses to exercise training at the individual level.The various proposed methods used to estimate individual responses to training provide different types of information and rely on different assumptions that are difficult to test.Within-subject variability is often large in magnitude, and as such, should be systematically evaluated and carefully considered in future studies to successfully estimate individual responses to training.

316L stainless steel (316L SS) is a flagship material for structural applications in corrosive environments, having been extensively studied for decades for its favorable balance between mechanical and corrosion properties. More recently, 316L SS has also proven to have excellent printability when parts are produced with additive manufacturing techniques, notably laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Because of the harsh thermo-mechanical cycles experienced during rapid solidification and cooling, LPBF processing tends to generate unique microstructures. Strong heterogeneities can be found inside grains, including trapped elements, nano-inclusions, and a high density of dislocations that form the so-called cellular structure. Interestingly, LPBF 316L SS not only exhibits better mechanical properties than its conventionally processed counterpart, but it also usually offers much higher resistance to pitting in chloride solutions. Unfortunately, the complexity of the LPBF microstructures, in addition to process-induced defects, such as porosity and surface roughness, have slowed progress toward linking specific microstructural features to corrosion susceptibility and complicated the development of calibrated simulations of pitting phenomena. The first part of this article is dedicated to an in-depth review of the microstructures found in LPBF 316L SS and their potential effects on the corrosion properties, with an emphasis on pitting resistance. The second part offers a perspective of some relevant modeling techniques available to simulate the corrosion of LPBF 316L SS, including current challenges that should be overcome.

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic required the establishment of total lockdown in France from March 17 to May 11, 2020. We analyzed the impact of this lockdown on the pediatric burn population consulting in our burn unit during this period compared to data from previous years in order to analyze our model of emergency care for children burned during this unprecedented situation.We carried out a retrospective single-center study by reviewing files concerning emergency consultations for children burns during the total lockdown in France in 2020 (COVID group) compared to the same weeks of 2018 and 2019 (no-COVID group).We find a significant decrease in the number of consultations (P=0.02) during the confinement period. In the "COVID" group, we found a significant increase in burn to the hand (P=0.03) and lower limbs (P=0.03). The other criteria evaluated did not find any difference between the groups. Assessment of a possible rebound effect within 2 weeks of total lockdown found an increased incidence of the children burn consultation, an increased number of older children and mainly male.The decrease in the number of consultations alerts us to a potential increase in the functional sequelae of burns in these patients at risk. Longer-term follow-up will allow us to assess the consequences of this lockdown on this particularly at-risk population.

To better understand the PPI maturity level among AA members before tailoring PPI activities, the PPI TF decided to conduct an AA-internal surveyto identify current PPI practices and perceptions within the AA to serve as a guide to the newly established PPI TF for improved targeting of future content and activities in an evidence-based approach. As a secondary aim, the survey was intended to help raise PPI awareness within the AA by catalysing conversations about the topic.

Field geological studies have revealed the heterogeneous structure of fault zones down to the sub-metric scale due to the juxtaposition of rocks presenting distinct deformation intensity and physical-transport properties. However, such internal variability is not generally resolved by most seismic tomography techniques due to spatial resolution limits. Quantifying the heterogeneous internal structure of fault zones is fundamental to understand their mechanical and hydrological characteristics. In this sense, determining seismic wave velocities and related physical properties (elastic moduli, porosity and fracture intensity) within fault zones, at different observational scales, is crucial.Here, the near-surface velocity structure of two active seismogenic fault zones located in the Central Apennines of Italy was quantified at different length scales, from laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocities (rock samples of few centimeters, 1 MHz source) to high-resolution first-arrival seismic tomography (spatial resolution of few meters). Detailed structural mapping was conducted within the Vado di Corno and Monte Marine fault zones, two NW-SE trending structures with length of ~ 15 km and up to 1.5 km of extensional displacement. Distinct structural units separated by fault strands were recognized in the fault zone footwall blocks cutting Mesozoic dolomitic carbonates: (i) fault core cataclastic units, (ii) breccia unit, (iii) high-strain damage zone, (iv) low-strain damage zone. The single units were systematically sampled along transects orthogonal to the average strike of the faults and characterized in the laboratory in terms of directional P and S ultrasonic wave velocities, porosity and microstructures. The fault core cataclastic units were significantly “slower” (VP = 4.5±0.4 kms-1, VS = 2.7±0.2 kms-1) compared to the damage zone units (VP = 5.6±0.6 kms-1, VS = 3.2±0.3 kms-1) at short length scales (i.e. few centimeters). A general negative correlation between ultrasonic velocity and porosity was observed, with some variability within the fault core mostly related to the textural maturity (clast/matrix volume ratio) of the fault rocks and the degree of pore space sealing by calcite cements.Multiple P- and S-wave high-resolution seismic profiles (length 90-116 m, geophone spacing 1-1.5 m) were acquired across the two fault zones at different structural sites, moving from the principal fault surface into the outer damage zone. The derived first-arrival tomography models highlighted fault-bounded rock bodies with distinct velocities and characterized by geometries which well compared with those deduced from the structural mapping. At the larger length scale investigated by the active seismic survey, relatively “fast” fault core units (VP ≤ 3.0 kms-1, VS ≤ 1.8 kms-1) and very “slow” high-strain damage zones (VP < 1.6 kms-1, VS < 1 kms-1) were recognized. These velocity ranges were significantly different from those determined in the laboratory on small samples. This apparent discrepancy could be reconciled using an effective medium approach, considering the effect of mesoscale fractures density and size distributions affecting each structural unit.This combined study highlighted the high petrophysical variability of carbonate-hosted fault zones, with structural units characterized by sharp contacts and different velocity scaling. In particular, the persistence of compliant high-strain damage zones at shallow depth might strongly affect near-surface deformation.

The behavior of seismic faults depends on the response of the discrete microconstituents trapped in the region between continuum masses, which is usually termed “gouge”. The gouge is a particle region composed of amorphous grains. Conversely, the regions surrounding the gouge can be conceptualized as continua. The study of such system dynamics (slip) requires the understanding of several scales, from particle size to meter scale and above, to properly account for loading conditions. Our final objective in this study is to assess to what extent we can understand friction by leveraging an analogy to fracture. Dynamic friction between sliding surfaces resembles a dynamic mode-II crack, but this equivalence is brought into question when granularity at the interface is considered. Based on the theory of linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), a stress concentration should be observed at the rupture front if indeed friction can be modeled with the toolkit of LEFM.Simulating this system numerically remains a challenge, as, in order to capture proper physics, both the continuum and discrete aspects of the system must be harmoniously incorporated and coupled into a single model. An energy-based coupling strategy between the Finite Element Method (FEM), used to resolve the continuum portions, and the Discrete Element Method (DEM), to model the granularity of the interface, is used [2]. In this exploratory study, we begin by modeling a medium with strong inter-granular cohesion [1]. The use of the coupling ensures a large enough effective domain to control nicely the crack propagation. The linear-elastic properties of both DEM and FEM portions are therefore matched to avoid wave reflections. Both mode-I and mode-II cracks are considered.