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Evidence of violations of academic integrity can be identified at all levels of education. A survey on academic integrity was mailed in 1998 to the academic deans of all fifty-five U.S. dental schools, with a response rate of 84 percent. This survey showed that reported incidents of academic dishonesty occur in most dental schools, with the average school dealing with one or two cases a year. The most common incidents of dishonest behavior involved copying or aiding another student during a written examinations; the second most common involved writing an untrue patient record entry or signing a faculty member9s name in a patient chart. Respondents indicated the major reason for failure to report academic dishonesty was fear of involvement because of time and procedural hassles and fear of repercussions from students and peers.

Evidence of violations of academic integrity can be identified at all levels of education. A survey on academic integrity was mailed in 1998 to the academic deans of all fifty-five U.S. dental schools, with a response rate of 84 percent. This survey showed that reported incidents of academic dishonesty occur in most dental schools, with the average school dealing with one or two cases a year. The most common incidents of dishonest behavior involved copying or aiding another student during a written examinations; the second most common involved writing an untrue patient record entry or signing a faculty member's name in a patient chart. Respondents indicated the major reason for failure to report academic dishonesty was fear of involvement because of time and procedural hassles and fear of repercussions from students and peers.

Organ malfunction often occurs following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Renal function, inulin clearance (Cln), was examined in 27 dogs before and after (days 2, 4, and 6) cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Group A (n = 7) had no ventricular fibrillation (VF), but cardiopulmonary support was applied for 20 min, and three transthoracic countershocks were delivered. In groups B (n = 7), C (n = 7), and D (n = 6) VF was induced for 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 min, respectively, followed by cardiopulmonary support for 20, 20, and 15 min, respectively. When necessary, epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate were given during resuscitation. Countershock was applied for defibrillation. Kidneys were examined histologically in groups C and D. Following cardiac arrest, Cln was significantly less in the arrested groups compared to the nonarrested group. Within group C, which received the most epinephrine, Cln correlated negatively with epinephrine administration, and with the energy applied for defibrillation. Histologically, group C showed the highest incidence of cortical tubular cytoplasmic vacuolization, regeneration, inflammation, and tubular casts. Groups C and D showed outer medullary tubular cytoplasmic vacuolization, renal vascular changes, and calcification. In conclusion, cardiac arrest and resuscitation may precipitate acute renal hypofunction as well as reversible and irreversible morphological changes in normal functioning canine kidneys. The confounding effect of pre-existing renal disease remains to be examined experimentally.

Values of stroke volume calculated from five different formulas utilising parameters derived from the aortic-pressure pulse waveform were compared with stroke-volume values calculated from the thoracic electrical-impedance waveform, which was recorded simultaneously with the aortic-pressure waveform. A total of 195 beats from three closed-chest anaesthetised dogs were compared. During the recording of the impedance and blood-pressure waveforms, the cardiac output was measured by dye and saline dilution. The mean of stroke-volume values from the impedance method was 39% greater than the mean ‘stroke volume’ calculated by dividing the dye cardiac-output value by the mean heartrate measured during the recording of the dye-dilution curve. The correlation between impedance and dye cardiac-output values was 0·879. The correlation of dye ‘stroke volume’ with values calculated by all four formulas was about 0·89. Individual stroke volumes could be markedly affected by variations in the beat-by-beat values of the total systemic resistance.

SUMMARY– Pairs of hams from 72 crossbred barrows slaughtered at three weight intervals (68.2, 90.9, and 113.6 kg) were assigned to three treatments of glucono delta lactone (GDL) (0, 30, or 60 g/l) and two post cure aging periods (1 or 14 days). Following post cure aging, samples from the boneless hams were exposed to light (200 ft-c) for various time intervals (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 1440 min) and nitric oxide- and total-pigments extracted with acetone/water and acetone/acid respectively. There were no significant differences in color formation or color stability of hams aged 1 or 14 days. The influence of GDL on nitric oxide- and total-pigment formation and stability was nonsignificant at most exposure intervals. Chemical analysis showed a significant decrease in moisture content of hams with increasing amounts of GDL added. Fat, chloride, and ash levels were not different for the three GDL treatments. Residual nitrite levels were found to be significantly lower for the 30 g/l of GDL in hams extracted one day post cure.

The influence of short-term energy intake and cycle exercise on oxygen consumption in response to a 1.5 MJ test meal was investigated in ten young, adult men. On the morning after a previous day's "low-energy" intake (LE regimen) of 4.5 MJ, the mean resting oxygen consumption increased by 0.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1 after the test meal (P less than 0.025). After a "high-energy" intake (HE regimen) of 18.1 MJ, the resting measurement was unchanged (+0.4 ml X kg-1 X min-1) after the meal (n.s.). These trends are the reverse of what would be expected if oxygen consumption in response to feeding is a factor in the acute control of body weight. The mean fasting oxygen consumption during cycle exercise at 56% of VO2max (constant work) for both LE and HE prior intakes was not different at 31.1 ml X kg-1 X min-1. Oxygen consumption during exercise increased after feeding by 0.5 ml X kg-1 X min-1 on the LE regimen (n.s.) and decreased by 1.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1 on the HE regimen (n.s.). These results are also the reverse of what would be expected if oxygen consumption in response to exercise is related to short-term energy intake.

Three approximate methods for the computation of cardiac output from dye-dilution curves have been analysed using the classical Stewart-Hamilton technique as a reference in a total of 89 curves obtained from 11 dogs. The gamma-function method has a tendency to overestimate on the average (+7·1%±1·6%), with an 82% probability of falling within ±20% of the Stewart-Hamilton value. The forward-triangle and compartmental methods are approximately equivalent, the first giving a small overestimation of (0·3%±1·2%), and the second a small underestimation of (−3%±1·2%); both methods have a probability of better than 92% of being within ±20% of the Stewart-Hamilton value. The analysis of human radiocardiograms by the compartmental method was encouraging. A number N of equivalent compartments greater than 2·2 for either the right-or left-heart peaks was associated with an abnormal radiocardiogram. In eight normal subjects, N yielded an average of 1·73 for the right heart and 1·69 for the left heart. The compartmental analysis of radiocardiograms, together with a study of other parameters of the curves, would seem to provide a useful assessment of the cardio-vascular function.