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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. The results of the genotyping call rates and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests of the rs2253206, rs10932201, and rs162209 polymorphisms.

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is a serious epidemic in fish that is characterized by severe anemia and variable hemorrhaging, and is one of the most important pathogens that China tests for in imported salmon and salmon products. The Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau (SCCIQ) tested a total of 79 batches of salmonid products from Norway for ISAV during 2015, using the TaqMan RT-qPCR targeting segment 7 and conventional RT-PCR with segment 6 HPR (highly polymorphic region) primers, and by virus isolation attempts using Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line monolayers. Only one batch of eviscerated, fresh salmon (imported random sample 2015CD0652) was shown to be suspected positive for HPR-deleted ISAV. The sequence from the conventional PCR product was analyzed by phylogenetic alignment, and the results show that 2015CD0652 has a 51 bp deletion in the HPR, and a close relationship with ISAV9 and 9/93 HPR 3 isolates from Norway; however, the virus isolation attempts on the sample were negative. This is the first published report of the detection of HPR-deleted ISAV sequences in salmon flesh rather than salmon viscera in a Chinese entry-exit port, which suggests the need for heightened vigilance regarding imported fresh salmon.

Summary A number of new cell death processes have been discovered in recent years, including ferroptosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products derived from iron metabolism. The evidence suggests that ferroptosis has a tumor-suppressor function. However, the mechanism by which ferroptosis mediates the response of tumor cells to oncolytic viruses remains poorly understood. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can selectively replicate in tumor cells. We show that NDV-induced ferroptosis acts through p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway. Meanwhile, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides increased in tumor cells. Ferritinophagy was induced by NDV promotion of ferroptosis through the release of ferrous iron and an enhanced Fenton reaction. Collectively, these observations demonstrated that the NDV can kill tumor cells through ferroptosis. Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of NDV-induced ferroptosis and highlights the critical role of viruses in treating therapy-resistant cancers., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Oncolytic viruses NDV caused tumor cells death through ferroptosis • NDV-induced ferroptosis acts through nutrient deprivation by suppression of System Xc− • P53 activation is required for NDV-induced ferroptosis initiation • Ferritinophagy induced by NDV promotes ferroptosis through release of ferrous iron, Biological sciences; Virology; Cell biology; Cancer

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes major losses in the poultry industry. The safe and effective vaccine to control IBV spread is imperative. In the present study, we developed IBV S1 glycoprotein poly-epitope-based DNA vaccine pV-S1B+S1T consisting of SH1208 and Holte strain BF2-restricted T cell epitopes and Australian T strain dominant B cell neutralization epitopes. Specific pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with pV-S1B+S1T and control plasmids twice to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune response, as indicated by viral neutralization titers and results of CD8+ T cell proliferation assays. A lethal dose of IBV SH1208 strain used for protection and challenge experiments at two weeks post-booster immunization following challenge protection and virus shedding reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay, indicated that pV-S1B+S1T protected against IBV and significantly reduced viral excretion. These results demonstrated that the IBV poly-epitope-based vaccine effectively prevents infection and represents a potential IBV vaccine.

Sensitive detection of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is very important for surveillance of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is novel PCR method that can achieve high precision. Our study aimed to develop a sensitive assay utilizing ddPCR to detect PCV-2. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by the failure of amplification of DNA of other relevant viruses. The detection limit for ddPCR was 25 copies/μL, a 4-fold greater sensitivity than TaqMan real-time PCR. Both methods showed a high degree of linearity ( R2 = ~1), although TaqMan real-time PCR showed less sensitivity than ddPCR for clinical detection. Our findings indicate that ddPCR might represent a promising platform for detecting PCV-2 viral loads.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major pathogen common in the poultry industry. Broad cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against IBV is one of the crucial factors that help to control viral replication. Spike glycoproteins on the surface of the IBV virion harbor major T cell epitopes. In this study, based on the peptide-binding motifs of chicken MHC I molecules for the BF2*4, BF2*12, BF2*15, and BF2*19 haplotypes, potential CTL epitopes were predicted using S1 proteins from different IBV strains. Twenty-one peptides were predicted to be potential CTL epitopes; they were manually synthesized and the CTL responses to them tested in vitro. Spleen lymphocytes were collected from specific-pathogen free (SPF) chicken that had been immunized with the S1 protein expression plasmid, pV-S1, and were stimulated by the synthesized peptides. IFN-γ secretion and CD8(+) T cell proliferation in chickens were tested by ELISpot array and flow cytometry, respectively. Four epitopes (P8SRIQTATDP, P9SRNATGSQP, P18GAYAVVNV, and P19SRIQTATQP) were identified to stimulate CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion, indicating their efficacy as CTL epitopes in chicken. Poly-CTL-epitope DNA vaccine (pV-S1T) was constructed by inserting nucleotide sequences encoding the P8, P9, P18, and P19 CTL epitopes into the pVAX1 vector. Chickens were vaccinated with either pV-S1, pV-S1T, or pVAX1 and the protection efficacy was analyzed, revealing that ninety percent of chickens immunized with pV-S1T were protected after challenge with 10(6) ELD50 of IBV, demonstrating that these novel CTL epitopes were effective against IBV challenge. This study provides a new method to screen virus CTL epitopes in chicken and to develop poly-CTL-epitope DNA vaccines.

Jingning County is located in the transition zone of Liupan Mountains and Loess Plateau including East and West Gansu. Its geomorphology is typical loess hilly-gully region. Through analyzing the detailed investigation results of geological hazards in Jingning County, some elements of geological hazards which contain main types, size, developmental characteristics, spatial and temporal distribution are summarized. According to further analyzing formation conditions of geological hazards such as topography, geomorphology, stratum structure, rainfall, earthquake and human engineering activities, the evaluation of geological hazards' prevention division is conducted in Jingning County. Based on the evaluation results, prevention of geological hazards in Jingning County which should be gradually performed in the light of prevention stage and prevention grade is proposed. Also the further prevention suggestion is given.

Daqing Oil Field is the largest oil field in China and one of the largest oil fields in the world. Development began 35 years ago. By cyclic identification and comparison of continental heterogeneous sandstones, studies on sedimentation models and sand body types, a better understanding of the development stage, water flood characteristics and residual oil distribution of different types of sandstones was obtained. A whole set of technologies (including geology, reservoir engineering, drilling, production, open hole logging and production logging) were developed to increase the recoverable reserves of different zones. As a result, at each stage of development the recoverable reserves of the oil field were increased. It is estimated that after drilling the third round of infill wells and after polymer flooding, the recoverable reserves will be 118 to 133% higher than 1978. Daqing was brought on production in 1960. The present water cut is around 80%. Production reached 50 × 106t in 1976 and in 1995 reached a record high of 56 × 106. Production has been stable for 20 years and is estimated to be stable for another long period of time. Excellent development results have been obtained and are better than planned.

To further understand the nitrogen removal mechanism in leachate treatment using aged-refuse-based bioreactor, 10 year aged refuse was used as adsorbent, ammonium chloride as adsorbate. The adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics, and adsorption mechanism were studied. The results show that: (1) The isothermal adsorption process of NH4+ on aged refuse can be fitted by Freundlich equations with a high correlation coefficient (0.9873 ~ 0.9907). (2) The adsorption process of NH4+ on aged refuse is spontaneous and exothermic. Temperature is conducive to the spontaneous adsorption but adsorption decreased. (3) In the absorption of ammonium by aged refuse, the main force is the hydrogen bonding and dipole bond for physical adsorption.