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We demonstrate a highly efficient DLD separation device and process that is driven by a paper wick yet allows direct collection of products from reservoirs.

This is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form as Fonseca, R., Burn, T. N., Gandolfo, L. C., Devi, S., Park, S. L., Obers, A., Evrard, M., Christo, S. N., Buquicchio, F. A., Lareau, C. A., McDonald, K. M., Sandford, S. K., Zamudio, N. M., Zanluqui, N. G., Zaid, A., Speed, T. P., Satpathy, A. T., Mueller, S. N., Carbone, F. R., & Mackay, L. K. (2022). Runx3 drives a CD8+ T cell tissue residency program that is absent in CD4+ T cells.Nature Immunology,23(8), 1236-1245. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-022-01273-4 Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.

Latin America and the Caribbean continue to be adversely affected by dengue with the disease being endemic in several countries in this region. As a result, the social and economic impacts of the disease have risen significantly. Currently, there are very few solutions available to limit the spread of the virus, with vector control being the most commonly used. However, due to increased insecticidal resistance, scientists in the region have actively been seeking new ways to limit the spread of the virus. This quest has led researchers to investigate the antiviral properties of natural products. While antiviral screening activities focused on preventing or treating infection of the human host remains a significant area of study, some scientists have now focused their attention on preventing infection or transmission in the mosquito vector. This review therefore aims to highlight the use of natural products in Latin America and the Caribbean for blocking viral transmission of dengue virus in mosquito cells. This novel approach is promising and could ultimately be used in conjunction with other methods to help significantly reduce dengue incidence in the region.

Through the expansion of Industry 4.0, the Oil & Gas industry in the world is undergoing a major transformation, so that the formalization of a process chain for the manufacture of spare-parts becomes increasingly necessary. This work aims to create work patterns using the concepts of industry 4.0 applied to the Oil & Gas industry, through the study of several work- pieces of this area. All spare-parts were used to create a chain of manufacturing processes. From there, they were recreated through different digital or hybrid manufacturing techniques. Several points such as geometry, type of acquisition of geometry, types of raw materials, types of manufacturing technology and machinery were addressed. Mechanical tests were carried out at different stages of the process. The results obtained formed a basis for strategies aiming solving problems of the studied spare-parts, using hybrid and additive manufacturing techniques, combined with the concepts of Industry 4.0. The created protocol was a descriptive and detailed standardization of the production chain process. The evaluation of the processes, justifications and solutions was applicable for each demand, generating a virtual catalog of spare-parts and that fed a cyclical model of experiences that continually update the database itself.

Supplementary Figure 1 from Antiestrogens Induce Transforming Growth Factor β–Mediated Immunosuppression in Breast Cancer

Background The tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TTTG) distance is used to assess patellofemoral instability (PFI) and the likelihood of the development of patellofemoral disorders. The current gold standard in the assessment of the TTTG is computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The current image software used for viewing these CT images does not allow for easy assessment of the TTTG. Aims This study presents a simple method to measure the TTTG on any image software, utilizing easily available and affordable stationary. Methods Four consecutive patients with no known knee pathologies were selected from recent studies at our institution. Their TTTGs were measured using this study’s method and validated using the standard, freely available image analysis software Fiji. Pre-defined anatomical landmarks were located and marked using adhesive pieces of paper. The TTTG was defined as the distance between parallel lines through the apex of the tibial tuberosity and trough of the trochlear groove, where each of these lines is perpendicular to the Dorsal Condylar Line. Results The TTTG measured using this study’s method was found to be in agreement with the measurements made using Fiji software. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the TTTG can be simply and quickly assessed using readily available and affordable stationery, without the need for expensive or complex secondary analysis software. This could allow for the assessment of PFI in the outpatient clinic whilst the patient is present, offering valuable assistance to the orthopaedic surgeon in clinical decision making.

BACKGROUNDOwing to a growing number of young and adolescent Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors, awareness of (long-term) adverse effects of anticancer treatment increases. The risk of impaired reproductive ability is of great concern given its impact on quality of life. There is currently no review available on fertility after childhood HL treatment.OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALEThe aim of this narrative review was to summarize existing literature on different aspects of reproductive function in male and female childhood, adolescent, and young adult HL survivors.SEARCH METHODSPubMed and EMBASE were searched for articles evaluating fertility in both male and female HL survivors aged OUTCOMESAfter screening, 75 articles reporting on reproductive markers in childhood or adolescent HL survivors were included. Forty-one papers reported on 5057 female HL survivors. The incidence of POI was 6–34% (median 9%; seven studies). Signs of diminished ovarian reserve or impaired ovarian function were frequently seen (low AMH 55–59%; median 57%; two studies. elevated FSH 17–100%; median 53%; seven studies). Most survivors had regular menstrual cycles. Fifty-one studies assessed fertility in 1903 male HL survivors. Post-treatment azoospermia was highly prevalent (33–100%; median 75%; 29 studies). Long-term follow-up data were limited, but reports on recovery of semen up to 12 years post-treatment exist. FSH levels were often elevated with low inhibin B (elevated FSH 0–100%; median 51.5%; 26 studies. low inhibin B 19–50%; median 45%; three studies). LH and testosterone levels were less evidently affected (elevated LH 0–57%, median 17%; 21 studies and low testosterone 0–43%; median 6%; 15 studies). In both sexes, impaired reproductive ability was associated with a higher dose of cumulative chemotherapeutic agents and pelvic radiotherapy. The presence of abnormal markers before treatment indicated that the disease itself may also negatively affect reproductive function (Females: AMHWIDER IMPLICATIONSThis review substantiates the negative effect of HL treatment on gonadal function and therefore young HL survivors should be counseled regarding their future reproductive life, and fertility preservation should be considered. The current level of evidence is insufficient and additional trials on the effects of HL and (current) treatment regimens on reproductive function are needed. In this review, we make a recommendation on reproductive markers that could be assessed and the timing of (repeated) measurements.

Tissue-resident memory T (T

The authors present an approach to conceptualising and predicting environmental conflicts in which conflicts are analysed as a continuum of disagreement over values and options. They also operationalise this approach using an online values-centred survey tool, the ‘public-to-public decision support system’ (P2P-DSS). The authors put values and conflict in environmental management into perspective. Next, they review how values are defined in scholarship and operationalised for decision support. The relevance of values research to conflict management is presented. With reference to a real-world aggregate-mining conflict, the authors demonstrate how P2P-DSS can be used to collect data and categorise conflicts to enhance environmental management decision-making. The authors argue that P2P-DSS has potential to support values-sensitive thinking for environmental conflict management. They then set out research priorities to investigate the theoretical and practical implications of this approach. This work contributes to advancing values research in environmental conflict management and expanding values-based decision-making.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X231156982 for A SPECT-based method for dynamic imaging of the glymphatic system in rats by Björn Sigurdsson, Natalie L Hauglund, Tuomas O Lilius, Frida L-H Mogensen, Kristian N Mortensen, Natalie Beschorner, Laura Klinger, Simone L Bærentzen, Marko P Rosenholm, Vladimir Shalgunov, Matthias Herth, Yuki Mori and Maiken Nedergaard in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata will copy the novel foraging choice of males. The degree to which they do so, however, can vary considerably. Among-individual differences in social learning and their underlying neural pathways have received relatively little attention and remain poorly understood. Here, then, we allowed female zebra finches to observe live-streamed male demonstrators feeding from one of two novel-coloured feeders (social information acquisition phase). After this social information acquisition phase, we tested from which feeder the females preferred to feed to determine whether they copied the feeder choice of the male demonstrator (social learning test phase). We then examined the brains of these females for immediate early gene activity (c-fos) in the neural social behaviour network for the time during which they were observing the male feeding. Of the 12 regions and sub-regions in the brain examined we found only one weak correlation: greater copying was associated with lower activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, BSTmv. Future work should perhaps focus on neural activity that occurs during the stage in which there is evidence that animals have copied a demonstrator (i.e., social learning test phase in the current experiment) rather than during the period in which those animals observe that demonstrator (i.e., social information acquisition phase in the current experiment). What is clear is that the considerable emphasis on examining the behavioural component of social learning has not yet been accompanied by neural analyses.

Background During robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), the use of electrocautery near the neurovascular bundles (NVBs) frequently results in thermal injury to the cavernous nerves. The cut and “touch” monopolar cautery technique has been suggested to reduce desiccating thermal injury caused by bipolar energy when vessels are sealed. Objective To compare potency outcomes between an athermal technique (AT) and touch cautery (TC) to transect the prostatic vascular pedicles (PVPs) and dissect the NVBs. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective concomitant nonrandomized study of AT versus TC was performed in 733 men. A total of 323 undergoing AT had “thin” pedicles, easily suitable for suture ligation. TC was based on “thick” pedicles (n = 230) difficult to suture ligate. Men were excluded for an International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score of Surgical procedure Single-surgeon RARP. Measurements Patient-reported outcomes with erectile function (EF) recovery defined as two affirmative answers to erections sufficient for intercourse (ESI; “are erections firm enough for penetration?” and “are the erections satisfactory?”), IIEF-5 scores 15–25, and a novel percent fullness score comparing pre- versus postoperative erection fullness. Logistic regression models assessed the correlation between cautery technique, covariates, and EF recovery. Results and limitations In an unadjusted analysis, preoperative IIEF-5, age, body mass index (BMI), and prostate weight were significant predictors of potency recovery. Follow-up was similar (AT 52.7 mo vs TC 54.6 mo, p = 0.534). In logistic regression, preoperative IIEF-5, age, and BMI were significant predictors of EF recovery, defined as IIEF-5 scores 15–25, ESI, and percent fullness >75%. Results were similar when IIEF-5 and percent fullness were assessed continuously. Conclusions During transection of the PVPs and dissection of the NVBs, TC did not impact EF recovery significantly, compared with an AT. Patient summary Electrocautery can be applied safely, with similar outcomes to those of an athermal technique.

Dental pulp cells are a source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with a high proliferation rate and multilineage differentiation potential. This study investigated the photobiomodulated bioenergetic effects of mitochondria in osteoblasts that differentiated from human pulp stem cells. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. The PICO question was formulated. Criteria for inclusion and exclusion were established prior to searches being performed on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. Articles were identified and included if published in English within last 10 years; photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy were discussed; the delivery parameters for dose and time were included and the studies focused on bioenergetics of osteoblast mitochondria. Studies excluded were non-human dental pulp tissue and in vivo studies. A total number of 110 articles were collated, 106 were excluded leaving a total of 4 articles. These studies demonstrated that in vitro use of photobiomodulation was performed using different laser and LED types; InGaAlP; InGaN; and InGaAsP with average wavelengths of 630 to 940 nm. Primary human osteoblastic STRO-1 and mesenchymal stem cell lineages were studied. Three out of four articles confirmed positive bioenergetic effects of photobiomodulation on mitochondria of osteoblasts derived from human pulp cells. This systematic review demonstrated a lack of adequate reporting of bioenergetics of osteoblast mitochondria after photobiomodulation treatment.

To determine a) if surgical skills among urology resident applicants could be reliably assessed via crowdsourcing and b) to what extent surgical skills testing impacts resident selection.Interviewees completed the following surgical skills tasks during their interview day: open knot tying (OKT), laparoscopic peg transfer (LPT), and robotic suturing (RS). Urology faculty and crowd-workers evaluated each applicant's video-recorded performance using validated scoring and were assessed for agreement using Cronbach's alpha. Applicants' USMLE scores, interview scores, and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE-S) scores were assessed for correlation with skills testing scores and match rank. Additionally, a survey was distributed to interviewees assessing match outcomes.University of California Irvine Department of Urology, Surgical Skills Laboratory PARTICIPANTS: All 94 urology residency interviewees at the University of California Irvine Department of Urology from 2015-2018 were invited to complete the three surgical skills tasks on their interview day.Survey responses were received from all 94 interviewees (100%). Crowd and expert agreement was good (α=0.88), fair (α=0.67), and poor (α=0.32) for LPT, RS, and OKT scores, respectively. The skills testing scores did not correlate with match rank, USMLE score, or JSPE-S score. On multivariate analysis, only interview score (r= -0.723; p0.001) and faculty LPT score (r=-0.262; p=0.001) were significant predictors of match rank. Interviewees who reported matching into a top 3 residency choice had significantly higher faculty LPT scores than those who did not (11.9 vs. 9.7, p=0.03).Surgical skills overall did not significantly impact match rank. Expert assessment of laparoscopic peg transfer skills and interview performance among urology resident applicants correlated with match rank.

The aims of this study were to describe point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use by recent pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowship graduates and identify associations between frequency and breadth of POCUS use with variations in POCUS training and current clinical practice environment.This was a cross-sectional online survey of recent PEM fellowship graduates. Chi-square and nonparametric tests were used to compare POCUS use among physicians with varying types of POCUS training and varying clinical practice environments.Eighty-two percent of 143 respondents reported using POCUS in their past 10 shifts. There was no association between the methods of POCUS education and frequency or breadth of POCUS use. Pediatric emergency medicine fellowship graduates with additional POCUS fellowship training performed more scans and used more applications than those who completed a pediatrics or medicine-pediatrics residency before PEM fellowship only [median 15 (9, 20) vs 2 (1, 5) (P0.01) and median 11 (6.5, 13) vs 2 (1, 3) (P0.01), respectively]. Participants who worked in academic emergency departments performed more ultrasounds than those who did not [3.5 (1, 8) vs 1 (0, 2), P0.01] and used a greater breadth of applications [3 (1, 5) vs 1 (0, 3), P0.01]. Physicians who billed for POCUS studies were more likely to use POCUS (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.3) with greater frequency [5 (2.3, 10) vs 2 (0.8, 5), P0.01] and use a broader range of applications [3 (2,6) vs 2 (0.8, 3.3), P0.01].Most respondents report recent POCUS use in practice. Point-of-care ultrasound fellowship training, working in an academic emergency department, and having the ability to bill were associated with increased POCUS use.

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are non-recirculating cells that exist throughout the body. Although TRM cells in various organs rely on common transcriptional networks to establish tissue residency, location-specific factors adapt these cells to their tissue of lodgment. Here we analyze TRM cell heterogeneity between organs and find that the different environments in which these cells differentiate dictate TRM cell function, durability and malleability. We find that unequal responsiveness to TGFβ is a major driver of this diversity. Notably, dampened TGFβ signaling results in CD103- TRM cells with increased proliferative potential, enhanced function and reduced longevity compared with their TGFβ-responsive CD103+ TRM counterparts. Furthermore, whereas CD103- TRM cells readily modified their phenotype upon relocation, CD103+ TRM cells were comparatively resistant to transdifferentiation. Thus, despite common requirements for TRM cell development, tissue adaptation of these cells confers discrete functional properties such that TRM cells exist along a spectrum of differentiation potential that is governed by their local tissue microenvironment.

Despite substantial conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related declines in species and nature's contributions to people. An effective ecosystem goal, supported by clear milestones, targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and beyond to support biodiversity conservation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and efforts to abate climate change. Here, we describe the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity and risk of collapse. Targets-the actions that are necessary for the goals to be met-should address the pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including safeguarding remnants of threatened ecosystems, restoring their area and integrity to reduce risk of collapse and retaining intact areas. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and risk of collapse across all ecosystem types, and should be selected for their fitness for purpose and relevance to goal components. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for-purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.

Background The plasma concentration of B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the association between plasma BNP concentration and cardiovascular mortality is sustained or diminishes with increasing time after BNP is measured. Methods and Results Six thousand seven hundred forty patients with a history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina who participated in the LIPID (Long‐Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease) trial had plasma BNP concentration measured at baseline and after 1 year. Associations with cardiovascular mortality were evaluated in landmark analyses 1 to P Conclusions BNP concentration remains an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality more than a decade after it is measured. Because of random variation in plasma concentrations, the average of >1 BNP measurement improves long‐term risk prediction.

The text refers to a review of a publication whose main approach consists of the interaction between man and machine and the aspects that this relationship involves - educational, social, technological, communicational, philosophical, etc., with the purpose of reflecting on the transformations that man suffered from the invention of the internet and how to remain human in the face of so many changes.

Pediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition increasingly encountered by emergency medicine physicians. Unfortunately, despite increased incidence, the diagnosis of pediatric VTE relies on a high index of suspicion from clinicians. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of treatment can lead to poor outcomes in children, including an increased risk of mortality from pulmonary embolism, increased risk of VTE recurrence, and the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. The majority of pediatric VTE events are associated with the presence of at least one underlying prothrombotic risk. Timely recognition of these risk factors in the emergency department (ED) setting is paramount for a prompt diagnosis and treatment initiation. Compared with children with hospital-acquired VTE, children presenting to the ED with new onset VTE tend to be older (>11 years of age), have a lower incidence of co-morbidities, and present more frequently with a deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. Currently, there are no validated pediatric-specific VTE clinical pretest probability tools that reliably assist with the accurate and timely diagnosis of pediatric VTE. Compression ultrasound with Doppler is the most common imaging modality used for VTE diagnosis, and low molecular weight heparins are the most common anticoagulants initiated in children presenting with VTE in the ED. Special consideration should be given to patients who present to the ED already on anticoagulation therapy who may require acute management for clinically-significant bleeding or change in antithrombotic therapy approach for progression/recurrence of VTE.

This work describes select narratives pertaining to undergraduate teaching and mentorship at UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry by Alex Spokoyny and his junior colleagues. Specifically, we discuss how individual undergraduate researchers contributed and jump-started multiple research themes since the conception of our research laboratory. This work also describes several recent innovations in the inorganic and general chemistry courses taught by Spokoyny at UCLA with a focus of nurturing appreciation for research and creative process in sciences including the use of social media platforms.

This consensus represents the first collaboration between three professional organizations focused on nutrition: Brazilian Association of Nutrition (ASBRAN), Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN) and Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (Braspen/SBNPE), with the objective of identifying internationally standardized terminology and instruments for the nutrition care process. The focus is to facilitate the training of nutritionists who work with adult patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Eleven issues related to nutrition screening, care and management of outcomes were raised. Recommendations were based on international guidelines and electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE™, CINHAL, Web of Science and Cochrane. From the sending of lists of internationally standardized terms, 20 nutrition specialists selected those they considered very clear and relevant for clinical practice with CKD outpatients. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated, with 80% agreement in the responses. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to assign evidence strength to the recommendations. A total of 107 terms were selected for Nutrition Assessment and Reassessment, 28 for Nutrition Diagnosis, 9 for Nutrition Intervention, and 94 for Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation in Nutrition. The list of selected terms and identification of instruments will assist in training planning and implementation of standardized nutrition terminology in Brazil for nutritionists working with CKD patients.

The dentate gyrus (DG) is a unique brain structure in that neurons can be generated postnatally and integrated within existing circuitry throughout life. The maturation process of these newly generated neurons (granule cells) is modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) through a variety of mechanisms such as neural stem pool proliferation, cell survival, signal modulation, and dendritic integration. Disrupted nAChR signaling has been implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, potentially via alterations in DG neurogenesis. GABAergic interneurons are known to express nAChRs, predominantly the α7 subtype, and have been shown to shape development, integration, and circuit reorganization of DG granule cells. Therefore, we examined histological and behavioral effects of knocking out α7 nAChRs in GABAergic neurons. Deletion of α7 nAChRs resulted in a reduction of radial glia-like cells within the subgranular zone of the DG and a concomitant trend towards decreased immature neurons, specifically in male mice, as well as sex-dependent changes in several behaviors, including social recognition and spatial learning. Overall, these findings suggest α7 nAChRs expressed in GABAergic neurons play an important role in regulating the adult neural stem cell pool and behavior in a sex-dependent manner. This provides important insight into the mechanisms by which cholinergic dysfunction contributes to the cognitive and behavioral changes associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

The Caribbean enjoys a long-standing eminence as a popular tourist destination; however, over the years it has also amassed the sobriquet “arbovirus hotspot”. As the planet warms and vectors expand their habitats, a cognizant working knowledge of the lesser-known arboviruses and the factors that influence their emergence and resurgence becomes essential. The extant literature on Caribbean arboviruses is spread across decades of published literature and is quite often difficult to access, and, in some cases, is obsolete. Here, we look at the lesser-known arboviruses of the insular Caribbean and examine some of the drivers for their emergence and resurgence. We searched the scientific literature databases PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed literature as well as scholarly reports. We included articles and reports that describe works resulting in serological evidence of the presence of arboviruses and/or arbovirus isolations in the insular Caribbean. Studies without serological evidence and/or arbovirus isolations as well as those including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever were excluded. Of the 545 articles identified, 122 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 arboviruses were identified in the literature. These arboviruses and the drivers that affect their emergence/resurgence are discussed.

The glymphatic system is a brain-wide waste drainage system that promotes cerebrospinal fluid circulation through the brain to remove waste metabolites. Currently, the most common methods for assessing glymphatic function are ex vivo fluorescence microscopy of brain slices, macroscopic cortical imaging, and MRI. While all these methods have been crucial for expanding our understanding of the glymphatic system, new techniques are required to overcome their specific drawbacks. Here, we evaluate SPECT/CT imaging as a tool to assess glymphatic function in different anesthesia-induced brain states using two radiolabeled tracers, [111In]-DTPA and [99mTc]-NanoScan. Using SPECT, we confirmed the existence of brain state-dependent differences in glymphatic flow and we show brain state-dependent differences of CSF flow kinetics and CSF egress to the lymph nodes. We compare SPECT and MRI for imaging glymphatic flow and find that the two imaging modalities show the same overall pattern of CSF flow, but that SPECT was specific across a greater range of tracer concentrations than MRI. Overall, we find that SPECT imaging is a promising tool for imaging the glymphatic system, and that qualities such as high sensitivity and the variety of available tracers make SPECT imaging a good alternative for glymphatic research.

For nearly a century, we have known that brain photoreceptors regulate avian seasonal biology. Two photopigments, vertebrate ancient opsin (VA) and neuropsin (OPN5), provide possible molecular substrates for these photoreceptor pathways. VA fulfills many criteria for providing light input to the reproductive response, but a functional link has yet to be demonstrated. This study examined the role of VA and OPN5 in the avian photoperiodic response of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Non-breeding male quail were housed under short days (6L:18D) and received an intracerebroventricular infusion of adeno-associated viral vectors with shRNAi that selectively inhibited either VA or OPN5. An empty viral vector acted as a control. Quail were then photostimulated (16L:8D) to stimulate gonadal growth. Two long days significantly increased pituitary thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone β-subunit (TSHβ) and luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ) mRNA of VA shRNAi treated quail compared to controls. Furthermore, at one week there was a significant increase, compared to controls, in both hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I (GnRH-I) mRNA and paired testicular mass in VA shRNAi birds. Opn5 shRNAi facilitated the photoinduced increase in TSHβ mRNA at 2 days, but no other differences were identified compared to controls. Contrary to our expectations, the silencing of deep brain photoreceptors enhanced the response of the reproductive axis to photostimulation rather than preventing it. In addition, we show that VA opsin plays a dominant role in the light-dependent neuroendocrine control of seasonal reproduction in birds. Together our findings suggest the photoperiodic response involves at least two photoreceptor types and populations working together with VA opsin playing a dominant role.

At the global scale, biodiversity indicators are typically used to monitor general trends, but are rarely implemented with specific purpose or linked directly to decision making. Some indicators are better suited to predicting future change, others are more appropriate for evaluating past actions, but this is seldom made explicit. We developed a conceptual model for assigning biodiversity indicators to appropriate functions based on a common approach used in economics. Using the model, indicators can be classified as leading (indicators that change before the subject of interest, informing preventative actions), coincident (indicators that measure the subject of interest), or lagging (indicators that change after the subject of interest has changed and thus can be used to evaluate past actions). We classified indicators based on ecological theory on biodiversity response times and management objectives in 2 case studies: global species extinction and marine ecosystem collapse. For global species extinctions, indicators of abundance (e.g., the Living Planet Index or biodiversity intactness index) were most likely to respond first, as leading indicators that inform preventative action, while extinction indicators were expected to respond slowly, acting as lagging indicators flagging the need for evaluation. For marine ecosystem collapse, indicators of direct responses to fishing were expected to be leading, while those measuring ecosystem collapse could be lagging. Classification defines an active role for indicators within the policy cycle, creates an explicit link to preventative decision-making, and supports preventative action.Alineamiento entre los Indicadores de Biodiversidad y los Requerimientos Políticos Resumen En la escala global, los indicadores de biodiversidad se usan comúnmente para monitorear las tendencias generales pero rara vez se implementan con un propósito específico o vinculados directamente con la toma de decisiones. Algunos indicadores son mejores para predecir los cambios futuros, mientras que otros son más apropiados para la evaluación de acciones pasadas, aunque lo anterior casi nunca se comunica explícitamente. Desarrollamos un modelo conceptual para la atribución de indicadores de biodiversidad a funciones apropiadas con base en una estrategia común que se usa en la economía. Con este modelo, los indicadores pueden clasificarse como principales (indicadores que cambian antes que el sujeto de interés, orientando así las acciones preventivas), coincidentes (indicadores que miden al sujeto de interés) o rezagados (indicadores que cambian después de que el sujeto de interés ha cambiado y por lo tanto puede usarse para evaluar las acciones pasadas). Clasificamos los indicadores con base en la teoría ecológica sobre los tiempos de respuesta de la biodiversidad y los objetivos de manejo en dos estudios de caso: la extinción mundial de especies y el colapso de los ecosistemas marinos. Para la extinción mundial de especies, los indicadores de abundancia (p. ej.: el Índice del Planeta Viviente o el índice de biodiversidad intacta) fueron los más probables en tener una respuesta pronta como indicadores principales que orientan las acciones preventivas, mientras que se esperó que los indicadores de extinción tuvieran respuestas lentas, por lo que actuarían como indicadores rezagados que disminuyeron la necesidad de evaluación. Para el colapso de los ecosistemas marinos, se anticipó que los indicadores de las respuestas directas a la pesca fueran los indicadores principales, mientras que aquellos que miden el colapso del ecosistema podrían ser indicadores rezagados. La clasificación define un papel activo para los indicadores dentro del ciclo de políticas, crea un vínculo explícito con la toma de decisiones preventivas y respalda la acción preventiva.在全球范围内, 生物多样性指标常常用于监测整体趋势, 但很少有具体实施目的或直接与决策挂钩。有些指标更适合预测未来的变化, 有些指标则更适合评价过去的行动, 但这一点很少得到说明。基于经济学中的常用方法, 我们开发了一个根据恰当功能分配生物多样性指标的概念模型。该模型将指标分为领先指标 (先于研究主体发生变化的指标, 可为预防性行动提供信息) 、同步指标 (度量研究主体的指标) 及滞后指标 (研究主体变化后才发生变化的指标, 可用于评估过去的行动) 。我们以全球物种灭绝和海洋生态系统崩溃作为案例, 根据生物多样性响应时间的生态学理论和管理目标对相应指标进行了分类。在全球物种灭绝的案例中, 种群数量指标 (如地球生命力指数或生物多样性完整性指数) 最有可能首先产生响应, 它们是可以为预防行动提供信息的领先指标, 而灭绝相关的指标预期响应缓慢, 则是表明评估需求的滞后指标。对于海洋生态系统崩溃而言, 衡量对渔业直接响应的指标应为领先指标, 而生态系统崩溃的相关指标可能为滞后指标。对指标的分类确定了其在政策周期中的积极作用, 建立了指标与预防性决策的明确联系, 并支持了预防性行动。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.

This research compared personal sunlight exposure times monitored electronically within suburban Australian environments against self-report paper journals for determining the timing and total duration of individual exposure to daily solar radiation. A total of 90 Electronic Sun Journal (ESJ) daily readings and self-report timing and duration estimates of exposure for weekend and weekdays were compared. A Wilcoxon ranked sign test showed a significant difference (V = 157, p < 0.001) between the duration of exposure recorded electronically and the duration of exposure that was self-reported in a diary. There was also found to be a statistically significant difference between total exposure time measured using both methods for weekends (V = 10, p < 0.001) and weekdays (V = 87, p < 0.001). General trends in outdoor exposure timing confirmed that the most frequent daily exposures received over the weekend occurred between one and two hours earlier than the most frequent exposures received on weekdays. This preliminary research found that exposure durations as recorded by the ESJ were longer on the weekends compared to weekdays (W = 402, p < 0.001) and confirmed that the ESJ is a viable alternative to self-reporting diaries.

The purpose of this work is to describe a clinical case of full-arch mandible rehabilitation with a fixed prosthesis on three implants. The chosen protocol is the Trefoil system by Nobel (Nobel Biocare, Zurich, Switzerland) that allows to realize a mandibular fixed rehabilitation on three particularly designed fixtures through the use of prefabricated surgical guides and a preassembled bar on which the prosthesis is built. Both surgical and prosthetic procedures were completed without complications, and after 30 months, the rehabilitations are in good health conditions. The patient is able to maintain a good level of hygiene and is satisfied with the work from an aesthetic and functional point of view.

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a hydrodynamic method known for its high-resolution sorting of particles. It achieves this through a periodic array of obstacles and laminar flow that passively directs particles along in two different directions depending on the particles' diameter. Many prior publications have been dedicated to the structural and geometrical development of DLD arrays to improve separation performance; however, a successful separation requires much more than a well-designed array. This paper shows how separation performance is affected by process parameters. For this purpose, the design and fabrication of a DLD device are described. Then three experiments show how process parameters affect the performance of the device. The first experiment uses dye solutions to visualize the formation of a hydrodynamically focused sample stream. The second experiment shows that the particle separation performance (of 7-15-µm particles) is affected by the way output fluids are collected. Finally, the third experiment looks at the particle separation efficiency as the input flow rates and the ratio of buffer to sample are changed. The results show that the proper range for buffer and sample flow rate in this device is 1-10 and 0.1-1 (µl/min), respectively. The buffer to sample flow rate ratio of 10 gives the highest separation efficiency, but at a lower sample throughput. The optimized values are specific for our device but demonstrate processes that we believe are universal for DLD separations.

Female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata will copy the novel foraging choice of males. The degree to which they do so, however, can vary considerably. Among-individual differences in social learning and their underlying neural pathways have received relatively little attention and remain poorly understood. Here, then, we allowed female zebra finches to observe live-streamed male demonstrators feeding from one of two novel-coloured feeders (social information acquisition phase). After this social information acquisition phase, we tested from which feeder the females preferred to feed to determine whether they copied the feeder choice of the male demonstrator (social learning test phase). We then examined the brains of these females for immediate early gene activity (c-fos) in the neural social behaviour network for the time during which they were observing the male feeding. Of the 12 regions and sub-regions in the brain examined we found only one weak correlation: greater copying was associated with lower activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, BSTmv. Future work should perhaps focus on neural activity that occurs during the stage in which there is evidence that animals have copied a demonstrator (i.e., social learning test phase in the current experiment) rather than during the period in which those animals observe that demonstrator (i.e., social information acquisition phase in the current experiment). What is clear is that the considerable emphasis on examining the behavioural component of social learning has not yet been accompanied by neural analyses.

Female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata will copy the novel foraging choice of males. The degree to which they do so, however, can vary considerably. Among-individual differences in social learning and their underlying neural pathways have received relatively little attention and remain poorly understood. Here, then, we allowed female zebra finches to observe live-streamed male demonstrators feeding from one of two novel-coloured feeders (social information acquisition phase). After this social information acquisition phase, we tested from which feeder the females preferred to feed to determine whether they copied the feeder choice of the male demonstrator (social learning test phase). We then examined the brains of these females for immediate early gene activity (c-fos) in the neural social behaviour network for the time during which they were observing the male feeding. Of the twelve regions and sub-regions in the brain examined we found only one weak correlation: greater copying was associated with lower activity the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, BSTmv. Future work should perhaps focus on neural activity that occurs during the stage in which there is evidence that animals have copied a demonstrator (i.e., social learning test phase in the current experiment) rather than during the period in which those animal observe that demonstrator (i.e., social information acquisition phase in the current experiment. What is clear is that the considerable emphasis on examining the behavioural component of social learning has not yet been accompanied by neural analyses.

Quantum cryptography harnesses quantum light, in particular single photons, to provide security guarantees that cannot be reached by classical means. For each cryptographic task, the security feature of interest is directly related to the photons’ non-classical properties. Quantum dot-based single-photon sources are remarkable candidates, as they can in principle emit deterministically, with high brightness and low multiphoton contribution. Here, we show that these sources provide additional security benefits, thanks to the tunability of coherence in the emitted photon-number states. We identify the optimal optical pumping scheme for the main quantum-cryptographic primitives, and benchmark their performance with respect to Poisson-distributed sources such as attenuated laser states and down-conversion sources. In particular, we elaborate on the advantage of using phonon-assisted and two-photon excitation rather than resonant excitation for quantum key distribution and other primitives. The presented results will guide future developments in solid-state and quantum information science for photon sources that are tailored to quantum communication tasks.

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PURPOSE: Loss of neuronal synapse function is associated with a number of brain disorders. The [11C]UCB-J positron emission tomography (PET) tracer allows for in vivo examination of synaptic density, as it binds to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) expressed in presynaptic terminals. Here, we characterise [11C]UCB-J imaging in Göttingen minipigs.PROCEDURES: Using PET imaging, we examined tracer specificity and compared kinetic models. We explored the use of a standard blood curve and centrum semiovale white matter as a reference region. We compared in vivo [11C]UCB-J PET imaging to in vitro autoradiography, Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: The uptake kinetics of [11C]UCB-J could be described using a 1-tissue compartment model and blocking of SV2A availability with levetiracetam showed dose-dependent specific binding. Population-based blood curves resulted in reliable [11C]UCB-J binding estimates, while it was not possible to use centrum semiovale white matter as a non-specific reference region. Brain [11C]UCB-J PET signals correlated well with [3H]UCB-J autoradiography and SV2A protein levels.CONCLUSIONS: [11C]UCB-J PET is a valid in vivo marker of synaptic density in the minipig brain, with binding values close to those reported for humans. Minipig models of disease could be valuable for investigating the efficacy of putative neuroprotective agents for preserving synaptic function in future non-invasive, longitudinal studies.

Purpose SCN1A variants cause a spectrum of epilepsy syndromes from Dravet Syndrome, a severe epileptic encephalopathy of early infancy to the milder disorder of genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). These genetic epilepsies are associated with increased risk of poor outcome including complications of status epilepticus and early mortality. Individualised management of young children known to be at increased risk should be considered, such as around vaccination management. Methods We describe two siblings with a novel pathogenic SCN1A variant, their management and clinical outcomes following routine childhood vaccinations. Results The index case who had a family history of epilepsy of unknown genetic aetiology, died from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy following his 12-month vaccinations, in the context of status epilepticus and enterovirus 71 infection. The sibling of the index case with the same SCN1A variant was subsequently managed with prophylactic regular sodium valproate and additional clobazam post vaccination to reduce the risk of seizure. She has successfully completed the childhood immunisations to 18 months with no seizures and normal neurodevelopmental progress. Conclusion As the aetiology of genetic epilepsies is increasingly known in early childhood, opportunities to personalise care, minimise risks and optimise outcomes are changing. Further research is needed on the risks and benefits of symptomatic and preventative management of seizures around vaccinations in young children with genetic epilepsies.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are the preferred tool for preventing marine biodiversity loss, as reflected in international protected area targets. Although the area covered by MPAs is expanding, there is a concern that opposition from resource users is driving them into already low-use locations, whereas high-pressure areas remain unprotected, which has serious implications for biodiversity conservation. We tested the spatial relationships between different human-induced pressures on marine biodiversity and global MPAs. We used global, modeled pressure data and the World Database on Protected Areas to calculate the levels of 15 different human-induced pressures inside and outside the world's MPAs. We fitted binomial generalized linear models to the data to determine whether each pressure had a positive or negative effect on the likelihood of an area being protected and whether this effect changed with different categories of protection. Pelagic and artisanal fishing, shipping, and introductions of invasive species by ships had a negative relationship with protection, and this relationship persisted under even the least restrictive categories of protection (e.g., protected areas classified as category VI under the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a category that permits sustainable use). In contrast, pressures from dispersed, diffusive sources (e.g., pollution and ocean acidification) had positive relationships with protection. Our results showed that MPAs are systematically established in areas where there is low political opposition, limiting the capacity of existing MPAs to manage key drivers of biodiversity loss. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on biodiversity outcomes and effective reduction of pressures rather than prescribing area-based targets, and that alternative approaches to conservation are needed in areas where protection is not feasible.Evaluación de la Presencia de Áreas Marinas Protegidas contra sus Capacidades de Reducir las Presiones sobre la Biodiversidad Resumen Las áreas marinas protegidas (AMPs) son la herramienta preferida para prevenir la pérdida de biodiversidad marina, como se ve reflejado en los objetivos internacionales para las áreas protegidas. Mientras que el área que ocupan las MPAs está expandiéndose, existe una preocupación de que la oposición de los usuarios de recursos los esté llevando hacia localidades que ya son de bajo uso mientras que las áreas de alta presión permanecen sin protección, lo que tiene implicaciones serias para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Analizamos las relaciones espaciales entre diferentes presiones inducidas por humanos sobre la biodiversidad marina y las áreas marinas protegidas del mundo. Utilizamos datos mundiales de presiones modeladas y la Base de Datos de Áreas Protegidas para calcular los niveles de 15 diferentes presiones inducidas por humanos dentro y fuera de las MPAs del mundo. Ajustamos los modelos lineales binomiales y generalizados a los datos para determinar si cada una de las presiones tenía un efecto positivo o negativo sobre la probabilidad de que un área estuviera protegida y si este efecto cambió con diferentes categorías de protección. La pesca pelágica y artesanal, las embarcaciones, y la introducción de especies invasoras por parte de los barcos tuvieron una relación negativa con la protección y esta relación persistió incluso bajo las categorías más restrictivas de protección (es decir, áreas protegidas clasificadas bajo la categoría VI de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, una categoría que permite el uso sostenible). Como contraste, las presiones surgidas de fuentes dispersadas y difusivas (por ejemplo, la contaminación y la acidificación del océano) tuvieron relaciones positivas con la protección. Nuestros resultados muestran que las MPAs están establecidas sistemáticamente en áreas en donde hay una baja oposición política, lo que limita la capacidad de las MPAs existentes para manejar los causantes más importantes de la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Sugerimos que los esfuerzos de conservación se enfoquen en los resultados de biodiversidad y en la reducción efectiva de las presiones en lugar de ordenar objetivos basados en el área y que se necesitan estrategias alternativas a la conservación en áreas en donde la protección no es viable.