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Inadequate water supplies recall the environmental values of recovery and reuse of limited resources. One of the exciting opportunities in these circumstances is Grey water. Wastewater is generated from household activities like bathing, kitchen sinks, washbasins, and laundry classified as greywater. Inventing a pilot-scale greywater treatment system that treats in-house generated greywater and makes it reusable by assisting the untapped potential of physical methods of greywater purification was the main aim of this study. The study results from greywater samples' characterization from various sources in an Indian middle-class single household with four residents for six months. Moreover, the designing and analyzing of a treatment system applied to treat this in-house generated greywater was conducted. A filtration system with different filter layers was designed. It was found to have a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 85.98%, biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 86.28%, and total suspended solids removal efficiency of 94.44%. The filter system designed in this study describes improved removal efficiency in all respects and gives an idea of the reusability of in-house treated greywater. The study concludes that greywater can be recycled and reused for toilet flushing, gardening, car washing, and firefighting. This practice can also lead to a significant reduction in the consumption of freshwater.

Fluorescent nanoparticles have a transformative potential for advanced sensors and devices for point-of-need diagnostics and bioimaging, bypassing the technical burden of meeting the assay performance requirements. Carbon dots (CDs) are rapidly emerging carbon-based nanomaterials. Regardless of their fate, they will find increasing applications. In this study, a simple approach for synthesizing CDs from fruit peels was developed. The CDs were fabricated from Annona squamosa (L.) peels using a carbonization technique through microwave-assisted hydrothermal digestion at temperatures around 200 °C. Synthesized CDs were detected using a UV transilluminator for the preliminary confirmation of the presence of fluorescence. UV–Vis spectrophotometry (absorbance at 505 nm) analysis, zeta potential measurement (−20.8 mV), nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) (average size: 15.4 nm and mode size: 9.26 nm), photoluminescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis were used to identify the capping functional groups on the CDs. The total quantum yield exhibited was 8.93%, and the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed the size range up to 40 nm. The germinating mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.)) seeds were incubated with biogenically synthesized CDs to check the absorption of CDs by them. The fluorescence was observed under a UV-transilluminator in the growing parts of seeds, indicating the absorption of CDs during the germination, development, and growth. These fluorescent CDs could be used as a bioimaging agent. This novel method of synthesizing CDs was found to be eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective.

Nanotechnology paradigm is to endow the agriculture with new tools to increase sustainable food production. Although numerous benefits, the unsafe discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment is an issue. The unregulated exposure to the soil is expected to impair plant growth and accumulate into edible tissues. As a consequence, human exposure becomes inevitable. The problems of detecting NPs in soil and uptake mechanism in plants are ones of the critical aspects that necessitate being determined and understood. Therefore, the accurate determination of environmentally released NPs and their accumulation in plants, and the impact on health are imperative to assess.

Context: We describe the treatment of cancer patients carried out in a Government of India-designated, dedicated coronavirus disease (COVID) hospital (DCH) in a COVID hotspot in India. Aims: The aim was to study the change and delay in the management of cancer patients during the pandemic and its complications. Settings and Design: This was an observational cohort study conducted at a tertiary care center, which was also a DCH. Subjects and Methods: Cancer patients receiving cancer surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in our DCH, during the lockdown, were studied. Results: A total of 864 patients received treatment for cancer in our hospital during the period of March 20, 2020 – May 31, 2020. There were no COVID-related complications. The treatment of 109/864 patients (12.61%) was delayed due to the pandemic and lockdown situation and the treatment plan was changed for 84/864 (9.72%) patients. There were 21 deaths in these 864 patients (2.43%), but only two deaths were COVID related. Symptomatic patients were tested for COVID, and 3/864 patients (0.34%) were detected to be COVID positive.Conclusions: We successfully delivered cancer treatment to patients in our DCH. The percentage of adverse effects, symptomatic COVID infection, and related mortality has been very low in our study. Cancer care can be continued with due diligence even during this pandemic.

Reductive amination of biomass derived Levulinic acid (LA) for the synthesis of N-substituted pyrrolidones is one of the highly attractive routes for biomass valorization. The supported homogeneous metal precursor into the solid surface is an important context in the field of catalysis because these types of catalysts provide the heterogeneous nature and meet the needs of recyclability. Herein, we have reported a synthesis of catalyst with ruthenium ion supported on ionic liquid immobilized into graphene oxide (Ru@GOIL) and its application for reductive amination reaction. Synthesized catalyst is characterized using different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, XPS, TGA, FEG-SEM, TEM and EXAFS analysis. The prepared Ru@GOIL found to be highly effective for reductive amination of LA and under these optimized conditions various N-substituted pyrrolidones derivatives were synthesized in excellent yield (78–93%). Ru@GOIL catalyst demonstrated great catalytic performance for reductive amination reaction of LA giving good turnover frequency (TOF = 62 h−1) value in comparison with other catalysts. The Ru@GOIL catalyst was recycled for six reaction runs with slight drop-in activity after 4th cycle. Practical applicability of the developed catalyst was successfully demonstrated by direct transformation of biomass waste (rice husk and wheat straw) derived LA to N-substituted pyrrolidones.

Pollution by platinum (Pt) is an emerging threat to forest soil health. The widespread use of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) in gas neutralizers for automobile exhaust has sharply increased the amount of PtNP pollution in the environment, including forest ecosystems. Recently, territories with Pt concentrations greater than 0.3 mg/kg in soil have been discovered. This concentration is 750 times greater than the background content in the earth’s crust. Cambisols, the most prevalent forest soil type in boreal forests that determines the functioning of the entire forest ecosystem, occupy a significant share of the Earth’s soil cover, which is about 1.5 billion hectares worldwide, or 12% of the entire continental land area. This shows the importance of studying the effect of pollution on this type of soil. In this study, laboratory simulations of PtNP contamination of the Haplic Cambisols Eutric at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg were carried out. The effect of PtNPs on soil properties was assessed using the most sensitive and informative biological indicators. The total number of bacteria was studied by the methods of luminescent microscopy, catalase activity (gasometrically), dehydrogenases activity (spectrophotometrically), germination, and length of roots by the method of seedlings. It was found that at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg of PtNPs, there was either no effect or a slight, statistically insignificant decrease in the biological state of Haplic Cambisols Eutric. Concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/kg of PtNPs had a toxic effect on all the studied parameters. No statistically significant stimulating effect (hormesis) of PtNPs on the biological properties of Haplic Cambisols Eutric was observed, which indicates the high toxicity of PtNPs and the importance of studying the consequences of soil and ecosystem contamination with PtNPs. However, when the content of Pt in the soil was 1 mg/kg, there was a tendency to stimulate germination, the length of radish roots, and the total number of bacteria. The toxicity of PtNPs measured by biochemical indicators (activity of catalase and dehydrogenases) starts at a concentration of 100 mg/kg for phytotoxic effects (germination and root length of radish) and 10 mg/kg for microbiological effects (total number of bacteria).

Concepts and ethics at a younger age are better understood and inculcated respectively when they are visualized. To build a better society and better tomorrow the future generation has to be ethically and morally strong. This can be inculcated efficiently through the means of visualization. This can be achieved by the proposed system which uses Refined Novel Generative Adversarial Network. The proposed system is one of the applications of the Refined Novel Generative Adversarial Network, which could bring a revolutionary change in the teaching-learning process.

In this work, the synthesis of a catalyst with Ru metal supported on a montmorillonite (MMT) support was performed and the prepared catalyst was characterized via different characterization techniques such as: SEM, XRD, XPS, EDX, TEM, and TGA. The catalytic effect of the prepared Ru-MMT with various wt% of Ru metal were determined for the dehydration reaction of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and for the efficient oxidation of HMF into 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). HMF conversion occurred completely in 4 h of reaction time to obtain DFF with a 96% yield at 120 °C and an oxygen pressure of 3 bar in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent with 2 wt% of the Ru-MMT catalyst. A one-pot, two-step reaction produced a yield of 89% DFF with 100% conversion of fructose, however an 81% yield of DFF was achieved from a one-pot, one-step reaction using the 2 wt% Ru-MMT catalyst. The catalyst can be isolated easily after the completion of the reaction and successfully reused up to five times with no substantial loss of catalyst activity. The practical applicability of the developed catalyst was successfully demonstrated for the direct transformation of various carbohydrates (glucose, inulin, sucrose, starch, raffinose, and maltose) to DFF in moderate to good yields (35–64% yield). Overall, the 2 wt% Ru-MMT catalyst demonstrated excellent catalytic activity for the one-pot transformation of fructose to DFF showing an excellent yield of DFF in a short reaction time, and afforded wide substrate applicability, good recyclability and catalyst stability.

Forest ecosystems perform important forestry and ecological functions. However, mining and processing companies cause significant soil contamination by heavy metals, in particular, copper (Cu). The resistance of nine types and subtypes of forest soils of the dry and humid subtropics in the Greater Caucasus region to Cu contamination at concentrations of 100, 1000, and 10,000 mg/kg was evaluated for the first time following the most sensitive and informative biological (microbiological, biochemical, and phytotoxic) indicators via a laboratory simulation study. Contamination was simulated under laboratory conditions. The series of forest soils was established following their resistance to Cu pollution: brown leached soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) = brown typical soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > brown carbonate soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) = sod-carbonate typical soils (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) ≥ yellow soils (Albic Luvisols Abruptic) ≥ leached sod-carbonate soils (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) > brown forest slightly unsaturated soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > acid brown forest soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) > acid brown forest podzolized soils (Haplic Cambisols Eutric). Regional environmentally safe standards for the Cu content in forest soils of the dry and humid subtropics of the Greater Caucasus were proposed: for brown typical soils, brown leached soils, brown carbonate soils, brown forest slightly unsaturated soils, sod-carbonate typical soils, leached sod-carbonate soils, and yellow soils, the rMPC was 100 mg/kg; for acid brown forest soils and acid brown forest podzolized soils, the rMPC was 70 mg/kg.

Nanotechnology is a rising area emerged after the amalgamation of the different advanced scientific fields of physics, chemistry and biology, and it has resulted in engineering of nanoparticles (1–100 nm) and their applications. These nanoparticles have an extensive utility in electronic circuits, biochemical sensors, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetic industry, therapeutic medical science, garment, food industry, etc. The market of nanoparticles is growing substantially, and many different types of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based products have launched in the recent past. At the same time, unprecedented increases in the usage of nanoparticles have raised concerns over their ultimate release in the ecosystem, posing serious health hazards and environmental impact. The consequences may be more pronounced because of higher surface area against the mass ratio for the nanoparticles than bulk chemistry bestowing them unique physicochemical, electrical, optical and biological properties. Interaction of nanoparticles to the microbes is, therefore, vital to interpret the influence of nanoparticles on the aquatic bodies and soil health. In this regard, it is crucial to know the stability of nanoparticles, and better to understand the interaction and resulting toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles to the microbes. In the present chapter, we have discussed these aspects with critical insights. Further, antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the nanoparticles are elaborated with a focus on the toxicity mechanism. The impact of nanoparticles could be influenced by the concentration, size, shape, etc. The toxicity mechanisms include inactivation of enzymes because of the interaction of thiol group, oxidative stress leading to surge in reactive oxygen species, restricted nutrient availability due to the aggregation of nanoparticles on the microbial surfaces, ultrastructural membranes, subcellular organelles and DNA damage. Understanding the complex nature of the interaction between the consortium of diverse microorganisms with nanoparticles is thoroughly debated in this chapter.

The asymmetric reduction of unsaturated carbonyl functionalities is one of the most important chemical transformations to generate optically active stereocenters. Optically active secondary alcohols are a class of compounds which displays significant importance as various intermediates, chiral building blocks and biologically active compounds. Various methods have been utilized for the synthesis of these secondary alcohols to achieve high activity and enantioselectivity for reduction reactions of prochiral ketones. Organocatalysis plays a pivotal role in the area of asymmetric synthesis. Recently, several types of organocatalysts have been investigated for asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones to obtain chiral alcohols with excellent enantioselectivity. This review is focused on selected studies on the development of organocatalysts which are classified into six major categories: i) oxazaborolidine, ii) hydroxyamide, iii) BINOL, iv) ionic liquid, v) phosphoric acid and vi) thiourea-amine based catalysts for asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. Mechanistic studies performed in this area are also briefly summarised herein. This review specifically focuses on the most recent applications of organocatalysts used for reduction of ketones for the past seven years.

The assessment of stability and behavior of ionic liquid is possible through the study of molecular interactions of the ionic liquid in water and mixed aqueous l -alanine solutions. We have studied density ( ρ ) and speed of sound ( u ) parameters at various temperatures. Derived parameters like apparent molar volume ( V ϕ ) and apparent molar isentropic compressibility ( K S , ϕ ) of solutes are calculated in the temperature range of 293.15 K–313.15 K. For aqueous binary and ternary solutions having ionic liquid [EMIm][MeSO4] and l -alanine as solute components. For ternary aqueous solutions concentration of l -alanine was kept constant (0.05 mol.kg−1). The limiting apparent molar volume ( V ϕ 0 ) and compressibility ( K S , ϕ 0 ) values for IL are estimated by using smooth extrapolation of V ϕ and K S , ϕ data. In both binary and ternary systems, the limiting apparent molar expansivity ( E ϕ 0 ) of solute and coefficient of thermal expansion ( α * ) and hydration number (nh) parameters have been calculated. The estimation of transfer parameters i.e., transfer volume and transfer compressibility results for transfer of IL from aqueous to aqueous l -alanine solutions are explained in terms of ion–solvent and hydrophobic interaction effects.

Studies of volumetric and compressibility properties of aqueous solutions of medicinal compounds are essential for understanding the molecular interactions between the drug and solvent molecules. In this regard, we have measured the density and speed of sound data for the drug i.e. isoprenaline hydrochloride in aqueous medium and in 0.05 mol.kg−1 aqueous L-alanine solution within the molality range (0.05–0.12 mol.kg−1) at different temperatures i.e. T = 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. This data have been used to obtain the apparent molar volume of solute V ϕ , isentropic compressibility κ s of solutions and apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute K S , ϕ as a function of concentration of the drug. The temperature variation data enabled us to calculate apparent molar expansivity E ϕ and limiting expansivity at infinitely dilute solutions E ϕ 0 at selected temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of ion–solvent interactions in binary solutions and the effect of addition of amino acid on the similar interactions.

BACKGROUND: COVID 19 Pandemic and Lockdown situation has changed the way in which patients are treated in hospitals. Several tertiary care Trust Hospitals were designated as Dedicated COVID Hospitals by the Government of India in this period. We describe the treatment of Cancer patients carried out in such a hospital simultaneously alongside COVID patients in a COVID HOTSPOT in India. METHODS: All Cancer patients treated in the lockdown period in our Dedicated COVID hospital were studied. Patients receiving cancer surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were included. FINDINGS: A total of 864 patients received treatment for cancer in our hospital during the period of 20th March 2020 to 31st May 2020. This included 626 old patients and 238 new patients. 110 patients underwent 122 surgeries, 658 patients received 1888 cycles of chemotherapy and 205 patients received 3498 fractions of radiotherapy during this period. Only 7/110 (6.36%) surgical patients, 129/658 (19.64%) chemotherapy patients and 14/205 (6.82%) radiotherapy patients had any complications, but they were not COVID-related. The treatment of 109/864 (12.61%) was delayed due to Pandemic and Lockdown situation and the treatment plan was changed for 84/864 (9.72%) patients. There were 21 deaths in these 864 patients (2.43%) but only 2 deaths were COVID-related. Only 12 patients were tested for COVID and only 3/864 patients (0.34%) were detected to be COVID positive. INTERPRETATION: We were able to successfully deliver cancer treatment to patients in our Hospital despite the fact that COVID-positive patients were being treated in another part of the hospital. The percentage of adverse effects, delay or change in treatment and COVID infection has been very low in our study. For a disease like cancer, it is important to continue or initiate the treatment taking due precautions in this Pandemic situation. FUNDING STATEMENT: None. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS: None. ETHICS APPROVAL STATEMENT: The Institutional Ethics Committee had approved this study.

The use of complementary and alternative medical therapies is increasing worldwide. Many of these products have biological activity that can lead to severe toxicity or interact with prescribed medications. We present here a case of 68-year-old female, a known diabetic and hypertensive on treatment, who presented with symptoms of liver failure. This was associated with the consumption of mahogany seeds (sky fruit). She was investigated for other causes of liver failure, which turned out negative. It is important to recognize such possible complications during these therapies and promptly withdraw the offending agent.

In present communication we report experimental density and speed of sound data for the antihypertensive drug Hydralazine hydrochloride in water and 0.05 mol.kg−1 L-alanine and L-valine aqueous solutions at temperatures 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K within the molality range of 0.06–0.15 mol.kg−1. By using the experimental density and speed of sound data and appropriate equations, we calculate the parameter like apparent molar volume of solute(Vϕ), limiting apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ0), apparent molar expansivity(Eϕ), isobaric expansivity coefficient (α), limiting apparent molar expansivity(Eϕ0), isentropic compressibility(Ks), apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute(KS, ϕ) apparent molar isentropic compressibility at the infinite dilutions(KS, ϕ0), and hydration number(nh). The limiting apparent molar volume of solute has been used to obtain transfer parameter for Hydralazine hydrochloride. The hydration behavior for the experimental studied drug in the different mediums has been understood by computing the hydration number.

Summary Assessment of Sea water Ingress in coastal aquifer and Identification of Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting to resists Ingress in Coastal aquifer of Jafrabad District, India.

Homogeneous catalysts often show high activity and selectivity towards the various chemical transformations. Most of the transition metal-based active catalysts are expensive, rare, and have strict regulations for their use in pharmaceutical products. Hence, there is a requirement to develop suitable technologies for the practical separation and recycling of metal complex catalysts along with the sustainability of the process. This review focuses on the recent techniques used for the catalyst separation, their recovery, and recyclability of the homogeneous form of catalysts based on their economic compatibility and industrial applications. Various homogeneous catalysts have been reviewed on the basis of their support or media, active centres and recyclability aspects of the catalysts. This review gives brief insights into the varied examples of different recycling techniques utilized in the past 6-7 years.

The utility of a chiral Ru-prolinamide catalytic system has been demonstrated in one-pot synthesis of optically active β-triazolylethanol and β-hydroxy sulfone derivatives. The said methodology proceeds through asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of in situ formed ketones of the corresponding chiral products. Various chiral prolinamide ligands were screened, and ligand L6 with isopropyl groups substituted at the ortho position has shown excellent activity at 60 °C in aqueous medium producing up to 95% yield and 99.9% enantioselectivity.

Photoproduction of two neutral pions off the proton is studied using linearly polarized photons, and the polarization observables I-s and I-c are measured for the first time. These two observables are unique to multi-meson final states; they characterize correlations between the linear photon polarization and the direction of outgoing single particles in photoproduction of three-body final states. The I-s and I-c distributions suggest that, in the 1.8 to 2.0 GeV mass region, the N(1520) 3/2(-)pi intermediate state is reached with reaction dynamics consistent with a dominant J(P) = 3/2(+) wave. These data are included in the Bonn-Gatchina (BnGa) partial wave analysis which is based on a large variety of data; the analysis confirms a significant contribution from the reaction chain gamma p -> N(1900)3/2(+) -> N(1520)3/2(-)pi(0) -> p pi(0)pi(0). (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

New unsymmetrical vicinal diamine ligands with systematic variation in the regio and stereo positions in the amine and sulphonamide groups were synthesized from cheap starting material such as norephedrine. Catalytic Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation (ATH) of aromatic alkyl ketones has been investigated using transition metal complexes and new derivatives of monotosylated unsymmetrical vicinal diamine ligands using sodium formate as the hydrogen source, in water and methanol. Chiral secondary alcohols were obtained with excellent enantioselectivity (>95% ee) and conversion of ketones (>95%) with [Rh(Cp*)Cl2]2 and ligand 4 as a catalyst. Enantioselectivity was found to be slightly higher with the use of methanol as a solvent for ATH of ketones with sodium formate as the hydrogen source compared to water as a solvent and was found to be consistent with all the ketones investigated. The reaction mixture is homogeneous in methanol unlike in water, where substrate and product are insoluble in water and form separate phase, sodium formate being soluble in water. The activity and enantioselectivity obtained for ATH of ketones using [Rh(Cp*)Cl2]2 and unsymmetrical vicinal diamine ligand as catalyst was comparable with the C2 symmetric benchmark ligands like TsDPEN ((1R,2R)-N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylene-diamine), and TsCYDN ((1R,2R)-N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,2-cyclohexyl,diamine) under similar reaction conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is first example of the ATH of ketones with good activity and high enantioselectivity with [Rh(Cp*)Cl2]2 and unsymmetrical vicinal diamine ligands as catalyst systems.

Biphasic tablet system made of immediate and sustained release tablet core was prepared by direct compression. The outer layer was formulated to release of drug in very short time, while the mini-tablets provided a sustained passion of drug release. Immediate release component comprised of croscarmellose sodium (5%), while mini-tablet was formulated using different concentration of Olibanum gum. The in vitro drug release profile from these tablets showed desired biphasic release behavior. The Nicorandil contained in immediate release component was dissolved within 2 min, whereas drug in mini-tablets was released at different times, depending on the composition of mini-tablets. Dissolution profile was studied in the medium 0.1 N HCl for first 1 h, then Phosphate Buffer Saline pH 6.8 for remaining period of time. TSP and Olibanum gum core was suitable for providing drug release over 7 h time period.

The reaction γ p → K S 0 Σ + is studied in the photon energy range from threshold. Linearly polarised photon beams from coherent bremsstrahlung enabled the first measurement of photon beam asymmetries in this reaction up to E γ = 1650 MeV . In addition, the recoil hyperon polarisation was determined through the asymmetry in the weak decay Σ + → p π 0 up to E γ = 2250 MeV . The data are compared to partial wave analyses, and the possible impact on the interpretation of a recently observed prominent structure in the cross section near the K ⁎ thresholds is discussed.

Background: Past decades have witnessed a rapid rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus; estimated to affect 415 million adults worldwide and 69.1 million adults in India. There has been an increased prevalence of diabetes associated depression, which can aggravate the symptoms of depression and diabetes associated complications. Use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) can disturb the glycemic control. Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and Etizolam is a new safe antianxiety agent. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of depression and anxiety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to assess the efficacy of escitalopram and etizolam in the treatment of depression and/or anxiety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Total 125 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus with fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Informed written consent was obtained from the patients willing to participate in the study. They were screened for the presence of depression with the help of PHQ-9. Their demographic features were recorded and initial laboratory investigations done. Haemogram, blood sugar level - fasting (BSL-F) and postprandial (PP), serum alanine transferase (ALT), serum creatinine and Urine routine analysis. Patients were started on Escitalopram (10 mg) + Etizolam (0.5 mg) daily for 30 days and others were not treated and acted as control; keeping the management of diabetes mellitus unchanged for all. Laboratory investigations were repeated after 30 days. Results: The prevalence of depression with/without anxiety was 35.2%. 51 patients treated with Escitalopram + Etizolam improved clinically and biochemically. There was a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in BSL-F and PP and HbA1C in patients treated with Escitalopram + Etizolam. Conclusions: Prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus was found to be 35% in this study. Fifty one patients treated with escitalopram + etizolam improved clinically as well as biochemically. There was significant improvement in BSL-F, BSL-PP and HbA1c. Escitalopram may be considered as antidepressant of choice in such cases.

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various cyclic imines proceeded efficiently with water/methanol co-solvent media in 20 min with excellent yields and enantioselectivities by employing Rh–TsDPEN catalyst and sodium formate as a hydrogen donor. The role of the co-solvent in enhanced productivity of the reaction was investigated by DFT. The mechanism for ATH of the imines has been discussed on the basis of the DFT study.

This paper presents head and hand gestures recognition system for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Head and Hand gestures are an important modality for human computer interaction. Vision based recognition system can give computers the capability of understanding and responding to the hand and head gestures. The aim of this paper is the proposal of real time vision system for its application within a multimedia interaction environment. This recognition system consists of four modules, i.e. capturing the image, image extraction, pattern matching and command determination. If hand and head gestures are shown in front of the camera, hardware will perform respective action. Gestures are matched with the stored database of gestures using pattern matching. Corresponding to matched gesture, the hardware is moved in left, right, forward and backward directions. An algorithm for optimizing connected component in gesture recognition is proposed, which makes use of segmentation in two images. Connected component algorithm scans an image and group its pixels into component based on pixel connectivity i.e. all pixels in connected component share similar pixel intensity values and are in some way connected with each other. Once all groups have been determined, each pixel is labeled with a color according to component it was assigned to.

Creating an MPI programming infrastructure that can integrate performance analysis capabilities more directly, through the MPI Tools Information Interface, monitor Performance metrics during run time, and deliver greater optimization opportunities for scientific applications.

The γ + p → K 0 + Σ + photoproduction reaction is investigated in the energy region from threshold to E γ = 2250 MeV . The differential cross section exhibits increasing forward-peaking with energy, but only up to the K ⁎ threshold. Beyond, it suddenly returns to a flat distribution with the forward cross section dropping by a factor of four. In the total cross section a pronounced structure is observed between the K ⁎ Λ and K ⁎ Σ thresholds.

Andrographolide, a diterpene bioactive of Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae family), has long been used in India and China as a complimentary medicine. Yet, there is no detailed toxicological information to guarantee its safe use. In the present study, acute and subacute toxicity of andrographolide was assessed via oral route on rodents. In acute toxicity tests, mice (n = 6/group/sex) received andrographolide at oral doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g/kg, whereas in subacute acute tests Wistar rats (n = 6/group/sex) received 250 and 500 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days. Hematological, biochemical, and histological analysis were performed in all animals. No death or hazardous signs were observed from acute toxicity study indicating that the LD50 of andrographolide by oral treatment was greater than 5 g/kg body weight in both male and female mice. No significant changes in body weight gain, food intake, behavior, mortality, hematological, biochemical, vital organ weight, and histopathology were observed from subacute toxicity study. However, a significant increase in white blood corpuscle (WBC) (7–14 %) and lymphocyte (21–24 %) counts coupled with a reduction in urea (17–24 %) suggested immune-stimulant and renal protective activity of andrographolide. The data support the safety of andrographolide which assure its medicinal use as an alternative medicine.

Background— Cardiac hypertrophy involves growth responses to a variety of stimuli triggered by increased workload. It is an independent risk factor for heart failure and sudden death. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in cellular growth responses by integrating growth factor and energy status signals. It is found in 2 structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes called mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. The role of each of these branches of mTOR signaling in the adult heart is currently unknown. Methods and Results— We generated mice with deficient myocardial mTORC1 activity by targeted ablation of raptor , which encodes an essential component of mTORC1, during adulthood. At 3 weeks after the deletion, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and β-myosin heavy chain were strongly induced, multiple genes involved in the regulation of energy metabolism were altered, but cardiac function was normal. Function deteriorated rapidly afterward, resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy and high mortality within 6 weeks. Aortic banding–induced pathological overload resulted in severe dilated cardiomyopathy already at 1 week without a prior phase of adaptive hypertrophy. The mechanism involved a lack of adaptive cardiomyocyte growth via blunted protein synthesis capacity, as supported by reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 and 4E-binding protein 1. In addition, reduced mitochondrial content, a shift in metabolic substrate use, and increased apoptosis and autophagy were observed. Conclusions— Our results demonstrate an essential function for mTORC1 in the heart under physiological and pathological conditions and are relevant for the understanding of disease states in which the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling axis is affected such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure or after cancer therapy.

Knowledge of the timing of perinatal transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) would be valuable for the determination and evaluation of preventive treatments. Effective strategies are urgently needed to reduce mother to infant perinatal HIV transmission. Various ongoing or planned trials and studies concentrate on mode of infant feeding or antiretroviral therapy to the infant over the breastfeeding period. It is essential to determine the risk of perinatal HIV transmission. Further it is also essential to observe when the perinatal transmission takes place in infant. The main idea of modeling is to estimate the probabilities of positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The transmission of HIV from a HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding is called perinatal transmission. It results from fetal exposure to the maternal fluids or infected maternal secretions. The present article proposes the generalized statistical models that simultaneously estimate the risks of perinatal transmission together with the sensitivity of the screening tests for HIV infection. The article aims at brief overview of exponential and geometric distribution as lag time distributions. The methods are illustrated with the data from a randomized control study, conducted in South Africa.

The polarization observable I^s, a feature exclusive to the acoplanar kinematics of multi-meson final states produced via linearly polarized photons, has been measured for the first time. Results for the reaction g p -> p pi0 eta are presented for incoming photon energies between 970 MeV and 1650 MeV along with the beam asymmetry I^c. The comparably large asymmetries demonstrate a high sensitivity of I^s to the dynamics of the reaction. Fits using Bonn-Gatchina partial wave analysis demonstrate that the new polarization observables carry significant information on the contributing partial waves., 11 pages, 6 figures, v2 to appear in Phys. Lett. B

The photoproduction of 2π$^{0}$ mesons off protons was studied with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS experiment at the electron accelerator ELSA in Bonn. The energy of photons produced in a radiator was tagged in the energy range from 600 MeV to 2.5 GeV. Differential and total cross sections and pπ$^{0}$ π$^{0}$ Dalitz plots are presented. Part of the data was taken with a diamond radiator producing linearly polarized photons, and beam asymmetries were derived. Properties of nucleon and Δ resonances contributing to the pπ$^{0}$ π$^{0}$ final state were determined within the Bonn-Gatchina (BnGa) partial-wave analysis. The data presented here allow us to determine branching ratios of nucleon and Δ resonances for their decays into pπ$^{0}$ π$^{0}$ via several intermediate states. Most prominent are decays proceeding via Δ(1232)π, N(1440)1/2$^{+}$ π, N(1520)3/2$^{−}$ π, N(1680)5/2$^{+}$ π, but also pf$_{0}$(500), pf$_{0}$(980), and pf$_{2}$(1270) contribute to the reaction.

The photoproduction of 2$\pi^0$ mesons off protons was studied with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS experiment at the electron accelerator ELSA in Bonn. The energy of photons produced in a radiator was tagged in the energy range from 600\,MeV to 2.5\,GeV. Differential and total cross sections and $p\pi^0\pi^0$ Dalitz plots are presented. Part of the data was taken with a diamond radiator producing linearly polarized photons, and beam asymmetries were derived. Properties of nucleon and $\Delta$ resonances contributing to the $p\pi^0\pi^0$ final state were determined within the BnGa partial wave analysis. The data presented here allow us to determine branching ratios of nucleon and $\Delta$ resonances for their decays into $p\pi^0\pi^0$ via several intermediate states. Most prominent are decays proceeding via $\Delta(1232)\pi$, $N(1440)1/2^+\pi$, $N(1520)3/2^-\pi$, $N(1680)5/2^+\pi$, but also $pf_0(500)$, $pf_0(980)$, and $pf_2(1270)$ contribute to the reaction.

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of imines has been performed with variation in formic acid (F) and triethylamine (T) molar ratios in water. The F/T ratio is shown to affect both the reduction rate and enantioselectivity, with the optimum ratio being 1.1 in the ATH of imines with the Rh-(1S,2S)-TsDPEN catalyst. Use of methanol as a cosolvent enhanced reduction activity. A variety of imine substrates have been reduced, affording high yields (94–98%) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (89–98%). In comparison with the common azeotropic F–T system, the reduction with 1.1/1 F/T is faster.

1-Substituted 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (I) and (III) are used as substrates in the title reaction.

The N pi(0)pi(0) decays of positive-parity N* and Delta* resonances at about 2 GeV are studied at ELSA by photoproduction of two neutral pions off protons. The data reveal clear evidence for several intermediate resonances: Delta(1232), N(1520)3/2(-), and N(1680)5/2(+), with spin parities J(P) = 3/2(+), 3/2(-), and 5/2(+). The partial wave analysis (within the Bonn-Gatchina approach) identifies N(1440)1/2(+) and the N(pi pi)s (wave) (abbreviated as N sigma here) as further isobars and assigns the final states to the formation of nucleon and Delta resonances and to nonresonant contributions. We observe the know Delta(1232)pi decays of Delta(1910)1/2(+), Delta(1920)3/2(+), Delta(1905)5/2(+), Delta(1950)7/2(+), and of the corresponding spin-parity series in the nucleon sector, N(1880)1/2(+), N(1900)3/2(+), N(2000)5/2(+), and N(1990)7/2(+). For the nucleon resonances, these decay modes are reported here for the first time. Further new decay modes proceed via N(1440)1/2(pi)(+), N(1520)3/2(pi)(-) , N(1680)5/2(pi)(+), and N sigma. The latter decay modes are observed in the decay of N* resonances and at most weakly in Delta(*) decays. It is argued that these decay modes provide evidence for a 3-quark nature of N* resonances rather than a quark-diquark structure.