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L’agglomération secondaire de Bliesbruck, au nom inconnu, établie dans la partie orientale de la cité des Médiomatriques, partage la vallée de la Blies avec une grande villa à plan axial sise à Reinheim (Land de Sarre, Allemagne). De 2008 à 2013, le centre public de cette agglomération a fait l’objet de fouilles programmées qui ont permis de l’étudier de manière extensive et d’en restituer l’évolution chronologique. Il s’agit d’une vaste place, comprise entre le complexe monumental des thermes publics et la voie principale, sur laquelle sont établis trois édifices, une fontaine monumentale au centre, une basilique à trois nefs et une aile de boutiques sur les côtés. Elle est structurée par un système de circulation dont la cohérence est liée à l’adaptation aux bâtiments qu’il dessert. Le centre public se constitue progressivement à partir de la fin du ier-début du iie s. La construction de la basilique à la fin du iie s.-début du iiie s. s’inscrit dans un réaménagement général qui aboutit à une vraie scénographie urbaine. L’existence au Haut-Empire de cet espace central public pose la question du statut de l’agglomération qu’il faut se contenter de définir en l’état comme une petite ville. The small town of Bliesbruck – of unknown name – is established in the eastern part of the civitas of the Mediomatrici, in the Blies valley that it shares with a large axial plan villa located at Reinheim (Saarland, Germany). From 2008 to 2013, programmed excavations took place in the public centre and permitted to carry out an extensive study and to reconstruct its chronological evolution. It is a large square situated between the monumental public thermal complex and the main road, along which three buildings are set – a monumental fountain in the middle, a three-aisled basilica and a series of shops on the sides. It is structured by a circulation system of which the coherence is connected to the adaptation of the buildings servicing. The public centre develops progressively from the end of the 1st-early 2nd centuries AD. Built towards the end of the 2nd century-early 3rd century, the basilica fits in with an overall rebuilding program leading to a real urban scenography. The presence of this central space from the early Empire raises the question of the town status that presently we just have to define as a small town.

Background and Purpose: The projected increase in chronically ill older adults may overburden the healthcare system and compromise the receipt of quality and coordinated health care services. Healthcare advocates (HCAs) may help to alleviate the burden associated with seeking and receiving appropriate health care. We examined whether having dementia or depression, along with hypertension and arthritis, or having no comorbid medical conditions, and being an older adult, affected the perceived likelihood of hiring an HCA to navigate the health care system. Method: Participants (N = 1,134), age 18 or older, read a vignette and imagined themselves as an older adult with either a mood or cognitive disorder, and comorbid medical conditions or as otherwise being physically healthy. They were then asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their perceived likelihood of hiring an HCA. Results: Participants who imagined themselves as having dementia reported a greater likelihood of hiring an HCA than participants who imagined themselves as having depression (p < .001). Conclusion: It is imperative that health care professionals attend to the growing and ongoing needs of older adults living with chronic conditions, and HCAs could play an important role in meeting those needs.

We sought to investigate whether the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) could provide a brief assessment of recall and recognition using Huntington disease (HD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) as disorders characterized by different memory deficits. This study included 80 participants with HD, 64 participants with AD, and 183 community-dwelling control participants. Random-effects hierarchical logistic regressions were performed to assess the relative performance of the normal control (NC), participants with HD, and participants with AD on verbal free recall, cued recall, and multiple-choice recognition on the MoCA. The NC participants performed significantly better than participants with AD at all the 3 levels of assessment. No difference existed between participants with HD and NC for cued recall, but NC participants performed significantly better than participants with HD on free recall and recognition. The participants with HD performed significantly better than participants with AD at all the 3 levels of assessment. The MoCA appears to be a valuable, brief cognitive assessment capable of identifying specific memory deficits consistent with known differences in memory profiles.

Volcanic gases give information on magmatic processes. In particular, anomalous releases of carbon dioxide precede volcanic eruptions. Up to now, this gas has been measured in volcanic plumes with conventional measurements that imply the severe risks of local sampling and can last many hours. For these reasons and for the great advantages of laser sensing, the thorough development of volcanic lidars has been undertaken at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development). In fact, lidar profiling allows one to scan remotely volcanic plumes in a fast and continuous way, and with high spatial and temporal resolution. A differential absorption lidar instrument will be presented in this paper: BILLI (BrIdge voLcanic LIdar). It is based on injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, double-grating dye laser, difference frequency mixing and optical parametric amplifier. BILLI is funded by the ERC (European Research Council) project BRIDGE (BRIDging the gap between Gas Emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanos). It scanned the gas emitted by Pozzuoli Solfatara (Naples, Italy) and Stromboli Volcano (Sicily, Italy) during field campaigns carried out from October 13 to 17, 2014, and from June 24 to 29, 2015, respectively. Carbon dioxide concentration maps were retrieved remotely in few minutes in the crater areas. To our knowledge, it is the first time that carbon dioxide in a volcanic plume is retrieved by lidar. This result represents the first direct measurement of this kind ever performed on active volcanos and shows the high potential of laser remote sensing in early detection of volcanic hazard.

We present the results of a multi-method archaeometric study concerning the architectural elements reused in Monte Sorbo church (Sarsina, central Italy) between the eighth and ninth centuries AD. The provenance study has focused on classical marbles and stones, which clearly do not originate from the local Apennine geological formations and are thought to come from extra-regional sources. A large fraction of the tested marbles is from Asia Minor, coming from both the Proconnesian district on Marmara Island and, probably, the Hasancavuslar site near Ephesus (Greco scritto). Of the four remaining marbles investigated, one is from the Carrara district and three are from different Greek quarrying areas, such as Mount Pentelikon (Athens) and the Thasos and Paros islands. The data also highlight the reuse of decorated gravestones made of Pietra di Aurisina as architectonic elements. This limestone is a fossiliferous carbonate stone outcropping in the Trieste Karst region (north-eastern Italy), which was exploited by both the Romans and the Byzantines. The assignment of all of the columns of the central nave to the same source area provides an argument in favour of their provenance from a single monument, which was probably located in Sarsina or Ravenna, with the ‘colourful taste’ that is typical of the late Antonine and Severian periods.

Uma interpretação normalmente aceita sobre a filosofia tardia de Fichte afirma que após a assim denominada Querela sobre o Ateísmo (Atheismus-Streit), de 1799-1800, ocorreu uma importante virada no pensamento do filósofo, transformando aquilo que antes era considerado uma epistemologia, centrada nos conceitos de autoconsciência e intuição, em uma nova ontologia, que trata do conceito do Absoluto e de sua manifestação enquanto conhecimento absoluto. Sem dúvida, até o início da edição crítica das obras de Fichte essa era a interpretação canônica sobre toda obra tardia, mas parece que tal tradição ainda exerce influência em muitas das recentes interpretações, mesmo levando em conta o material tardio que veio a lume desde então. Nesse sentido, minha proposta aqui é sugerir uma nova leitura da filosofia tardia de Fichte, e para tanto, primeiramente pretendo indicar como o conceito de intuição permanece central no desenvolvimento da WL de 1804/5, em um sentido próximo ao uso fichtiano do mesmo no período de Jena. Um texto importante neste caso, e pouco estudado, é aquele das lições de inverno da WL de 18041. Em uma segunda parte, minha intenção é conectar essa análise à retomada fichtiana do conceito de intuição e autoconsciência na fase posterior de seu pensamento, entre 1807 e 1813. Essa comparação deverá servir para indicar uma continuidade no projeto filosófico de Fichte, centrada no problema da fundamentação última do conhecimento e na sugestão de que uma solução para esse problema pode ser encontrada em nossa capacidade intuitiva de conhecimento de si.

Background and Purpose: The U.S. population is living longer; therefore, a relatively large proportion of the population is likely to experience chronic illnesses within their lifetime. An experimental study was conducted to examine factors influencing the likelihood of hiring a Health Care Advocate (HCA). Methods: Survey data were collected from a randomly selected community sample of participants (N = 470) over the age of 18 who were provided with a description of an HCA and a written vignette describing a medical scenario. Participants read one of eight vignettes in which they were asked to imagine they were in a car accident and required medical care. Age, injury (chronic vs. acute), and presence of comorbid chronic condition were manipulated. Results: A significant interaction indicated that when there was no pre-existing chronic health condition, sustaining a chronic injury increased the likelihood of hiring an HCA. In addition, younger adults with comorbid conditions were perceived as having greater need for an HCA than younger adults without comorbid conditions. Older adults were perceived as benefiting from HCAs regardless of comorbid conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the need for patient-centered support for older adults following an injury, and for younger adults when a pre-existing chronic condition exists. Efforts should be made to target services to these populations of interest.

Objectives: Fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] is a musculoskeletal condition that is defined by widespread pain, mood disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. There is debate surrounding the causes of this disorder, with growing attention being placed on central nervous system [CNS] abnormalities. Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that is designed to alter neurophysiological processes using electro-encephalogram [EEG] technology. This review includes systematic examination and comparison of neurofeedback interventions used to treat FMS symptoms [i.e. pain, fatigue, cognitive function, depression, anxiety, FMS impact]. Systematic searches were conducted on PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, and the Society of Behavioral Medicine listserv for published and unpublished reports of interventions studies.Findings: Seven of the identified 255 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Three of these reports described traditional neurofeedback interventions and four described alternat...

Sergio Santoro acknowledges the European Commission for the financial support: The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EU-EACEA) within the EUDIME Erasmus Mundus Doctorate in Membrane Engineering program (FPA 2011-0014, SGA 2012-1719, Edition II, http://eudime.unical.it). Ivan Moreno acknowledges the PhD grant from the Aragon Government, DGA, reference B008/12. Membrane distillation (MD) has recently gained considerable attention as a valid process for the production of fresh-water due to its ability to exploit low grade waste heat for operation and to ensure a nearly feed concentration-independent production of high-purity distillate. Limitations have been related to polarization phenomena negatively affecting the thermal efficiency of the process and, as a consequence, its productivity. Several theoretical models have been developed to predict the impact of the operating conditions of the process on the thermal polarization, but there is a lack of experimental validation. In this study, electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENMs) made of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and doped with (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) Ru(phen) 3 were tested at different operating conditions (i.e., temperature and velocity of the feed) in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The temperature sensitive luminophore, Ru(phen) 3 , allowed the on-line and non-invasive mapping of the temperature at the membrane surface during the process and the experimental evaluation of the effect of the temperature and velocity of the feed on the thermal polarization. publishersversion published

Objective: The goodness-of-fit hypothesis suggests that the effectiveness of a coping strategy depends on the match between type of strategy (problem-focused, emotion-focused) and the level of perceived control. This hypothesis was examined as a predictor of physical functioning and quality of well-being (QWB) in a large sample of women with fibromyalgia. Methods: Participants were 478 women with diagnosed fibromyalgia (M age = 54.31, SD = 11.2), who were part of a larger intervention in which no intervention effects were found. Hierarchical, mixed selection regressions were performed to determine whether the relationship between coping and control-predicted physical functioning and QWB. Results: Participants who reported having lower levels of perceived control over their fibromyalgia syndrome and who engaged in more self-controlling coping (emotion-focused strategy) experienced greater QWB and physical functioning than those who used less self-controlling coping. Various main effects for coping and perceived control were also found. Level of physical functioning was also related to escape-avoidance, distancing, and perceived control. The level of QWB was related to social-support seeking, accepting responsibility, distancing, problem-solving, and perceived control. Conclusions: This study provides a greater understanding of the relationships among coping, perceived control, physical functioning, and well-being for women with fibromyalgia. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

A new method to extract high resolution angular distributions from kinematical coincidence measurements in binary reactions is presented. Kinematic is used to extract the center of mass angular distribution from the measured energy spectrum of light particles. Results obtained in the case of 10Be+p-->9Be+d reaction measured with the CHIMERA detector are shown. An angular resolution of few degrees in the center of mass is obtained., 6 Page 10 Figures submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods A

Objectives: To compare men who were diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] to those with osteoarthritis [OA] on psychological well-being, health status, and health care costs.Methods: Twenty-six men with FMS and 130 men with OA completed a battery of measures that assessed depression, self-efficacy over their condition, and health status. Demographic information was also recorded. Health care use data were collected from patient medical records for the year prior to the baseline assessment.Results: The results indicated that despite being significantly younger, men with FMS experienced lower quality of well-being, lower self-efficacy, and higher depression than men with OA. However, there were no significant differences in overall health care costs.Conclusion: The findings indicate that there are identifiable differences among men with FMS and OA that should be considered in the design of interventions and treatment options. The findings from the present study replicate those found among women...

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of smoking, stress, and depression on fibromyalgia health status. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition that negatively affects health status. Health status is not only affected by the constellation of physical symptoms, but also by mood symptoms, stress levels, and patient behaviors (e.g. smoking). Participants were 491 individuals with a physician's diagnosis of FMS. They completed self-report measures of their current levels of depression, stress, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and health status. A linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether these measures predicted FMS health status. All three measures predicted worse health status, predicting 51.5% of the variance in health status. However, it is important to evaluate and treat more than just the physical symptoms of FMS. Attention should also be paid to mental health status and to engagement in unhealthy behaviors in order to reduce their effects on FMS health status. Future researchers should design and evaluate interventions that target these modifiable risk factors to determine the extent to which they could improve health outcomes.

In the present study, ethnic differences in evaluating the severity and associated needs of medical complications experienced by an elderly man and the likelihood of seeking professional assistance (i.e., hire a healthcare advocate [HCA]) to care for him, and for one's own family or parent should they become ill, as a function of previous caregiving experience, were investigated. The 974 participants were White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander. They read a hypothetical vignette about a 75-year-old man, Daryl, who was experiencing health problems. Participants were instructed to imagine that they were James, Daryl's son, and asked to indicate how severe his condition(s) were, how much medical assistance he would require, and how likely they would be to hire an HCA to assist him. They were also asked to report whether they previously had assisted a parent with activities of daily living (Assistance) and whether they would be likely to hire an HCA in the future if 1) a family member or 2) a parent, specifically, became ill. Two, 2 (Assistance) × 4 (Ethnicity) multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were performed to assess differential responses among individuals of different ethnicities as a function of previous caregiver experience. A priori interaction contrasts were examined to determine whether Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander participants differed on the outcomes from White participants as a function of previous caregiver experience. There were no significant differences between Black or Asian/Pacific Islander and White participants, but Hispanic participants assigned significantly higher severity and need for medical assistance ratings and were significantly more likely to indicate that they would seek assistance from an HCA with respect to the vignette and for their own parents in the future if they had provided caregiving to a parent in the past, whereas White participants were less likely to seek assistance from an HCA if they had provided caregiving in the past to a parent. Although ethnic differences in evaluations of Daryl's condition and in the reported likelihoods of hiring an HCA in various contexts as a function of previous caregiving experience were limited, there are important inter-cultural differences to recognize. It may be important in future research to assess ethnic differences in the expectations and experiences of caregiving.

Directed and elliptic flows of neutrons and light charged particles were measured for the reaction 197Au+197Au at 400 MeV/nucleon incident energy within the ASY-EOS experimental campaign at the GSI laboratory. The detection system consisted of the Large Area Neutron Detector LAND, combined with parts of the CHIMERA multidetector, of the ALADIN Time-of-flight Wall, and of the Washington-University Microball detector. The latter three arrays were used for the event characterization and reaction-plane reconstruction. In addition, an array of triple telescopes, KRATTA, was used for complementary measurements of the isotopic composition and flows of light charged particles. From the comparison of the elliptic flow ratio of neutrons with respect to charged particles with UrQMD predictions, a value \gamma = 0.72 \pm 0.19 is obtained for the power-law coefficient describing the density dependence of the potential part in the parametrization of the symmetry energy. It represents a new and more stringent constraint for the regime of supra-saturation density and confirms, with a considerably smaller uncertainty, the moderately soft to linear density dependence deduced from the earlier FOPI-LAND data. The densities probed are shown to reach beyond twice saturation., Comment: 25 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review C

Hay por lo menos dos dificultades argumentativas fundamentales que cualquier idealismo radical, y esto sin duda incluye el postulado por Fichte en su Doctrina de la Ciencia, necesariamente debe hacer frente: me refiero a la posibilidad de demostrar o deducir, unicamente de un principio inmanente en la conciencia del sujeto, tanto la existencia real de un mundo exterior cuanto especialmente la existencia de otros seres racionales. Para escapar del fantasma del solipsismo metodologico, Fichte debe indicar como se establece esta relacion, aparentemente contradictoria, entre la constitucion ideal de un mundo por el Yo y la alteridad real concomitante de ese mismo mundo constituido. En consecuencia, la Doctrina de la Ciencia nova methodo, segunda version, bastante modificada, del proyecto filosofico de Fichte, pretende acercar una posible solucion al mencionado impasse, este ultimo en gran parte derivado de las comprensiones erroneas del plan de las lecciones de 1794-1795, redactado a toda prisa por un entonces joven profesor en Jena.

Women account for over 80 % of the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) population. Some researchers have noted that a large percentage of women with FMS have had hysterectomies. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between FMS and hysterectomies, and to examine the impact of having a hysterectomy on health status and health care costs. A sample of 573 American women, who were members of a health maintenance organization with a confirmed diagnosis of FMS, reported whether they had a hysterectomy. Participants completed the Quality of Well-Being Scale and their annual health care costs were calculated based on their medical records. Almost half of the sample (48.3 %) reported having had a hysterectomy, with 90.7 % reporting having had the surgery before their FMS diagnosis. Those who had a hysterectomy had significantly lower general health status and incurred higher health care costs than the women with FMS who did not have a hysterectomy. The percentage of women with FMS who had a hysterectomy was considerably higher than that found in the general population. In this study, having a hysterectomy and a diagnosis of FMS was related to poorer health status and higher health care costs.

People enjoy acting extraverted, and this seems to apply equally across the dispositional introversion-extraversion dimension (Fleeson, Malanos, & Achille, 2002). It follows that dispositional introverts might improve their happiness by acting more extraverted, yet little research has examined potential costs of this strategy. In two studies, we assessed dispositions, randomly assigned participants to act introverted or extraverted, and examined costs-both emotional (concurrent negative affect) and cognitive (Stroop performance). Results replicated and extended past findings suggesting that acting extraverted produces hedonic benefits regardless of disposition. Positive affect increased and negative affect did not, even for participants acting out of character. In contrast, we found evidence that acting counterdispositionally could produce poor Stroop performance, but this effect was limited to dispositional extraverts who were assigned to act introverted. We suggest that the positive affect produced by introverts' extraverted behavior may buffer the potentially depleting effects of counterdispositional behavior, and we consider alternative explanations. We conclude that dispositional introverts may indeed benefit from acting extraverted more often and caution that dispositional extraverts may want to adopt introverted behavior strategically, as it could induce cognitive costs or self-regulatory depletion more generally.

Melanoma progression is favoured by prevalence, within the micro-environment of primary cutaneous melanoma, of suppressive forces, e.g. exerted by CD4(+) CD25(+) FOXP3(+) regulatory T lymphocytes, over anti-melanoma immunity, e.g. exerted by CD8(+) cytolytic T lymphocytes. The CD27 glycoprotein is crucial because it is able to identify regulatory T cells endowed with strong suppressive ability, whilst CD8(+) T cells endowed with actual cytolytic ability become CD27(-). The present in situ quantitative immunohistochemical study, including a series of double labelling experiments and morphometrical cell analyses, shows that the vast majority of lymphocytes infiltrating primary cutaneous melanoma express CD27. Specifically, virtually the entire CD4(+) CD25(+) FOXP3(+) T subset infiltrating primary cutaneous melanoma also co-expressed CD27; CD27 was, moreover, co-expressed even by the vast majority of the CD8(+) T cells, and, conversely, effector/cytotoxic CD8(+)CD27(-) cells were very scarcely represented. The overwhelming CD27 co-expression may confer on the CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T subset a consistent capacity to suppress anti-melanoma immunity, whereas the too low CD8(+) CD27(-) cell proportion may presumably be insufficient to confer on the CD8(+) T subset a satisfactory anti-melanoma cytotoxic activity. We therefore propose that these CD27-discriminated pathways may trigger a functional imbalance within the microenvironment of primary cutaneous melanoma, thus favouring melanoma progression.

Summary Background An excess of intracellular β-catenin protein is triggered by various genetic alterations in melanoma cell lines, and has been suggested to play a role in melanoma tumorigenesis. Objectives To investigate the role played in vivo by β-catenin in melanoma tumorigenesis, we compared the cytoplasmic detection of β-catenin in benign melanocytic cells vs. malignant melanoma cells presumably generated from these benign melanocytic cells. For this purpose, melanocytic naevi occurring in association with melanoma, which were suggested to be melanoma precursors, were compared with their associated melanoma for β-catenin cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Methods Fifty-seven consecutive cases of primary cutaneous melanoma were considered, and 15 of them were found to be associated with a melanocytic naevus portion. The naevus portion showed features of acquired melanocytic naevus (total 12 cases: five dysplastic, seven intradermal) or congenital growth pattern naevus (total three cases: one superficial, two deep). All specimens were immunohistochemically investigated for β-catenin. Results Virtually all primary cutaneous melanomas, including those associated with a naevus portion, showed cytoplasmic β-catenin positivity. However, the intradermal naevus portion was consistently cytoplasmic β-catenin negative, while both the dysplastic and the congenital naevus portions were cytoplasmic β-catenin positive. Conclusions β-Catenin excess may play a role in melanoma tumorigenesis, because β-catenin cytoplasmic reactivity was found in primary cutaneous melanoma but not in its associated intradermal naevus precursor. As, however, β-catenin cytoplasmic reactivity was detected not only in primary cutaneous melanoma but also in its associated dysplastic/congenital naevus precursors, β-catenin stabilization alone is not sufficient to play a decisive role for melanoma onset.

Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau (ACH) is a variant of pustular psoriasis often very difficult to treat. Secondary syndactyly, also called "pseudosyndactyly", is rare and can be a complication of burns, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa or trauma. If left untreated, joint complications and definitive functional impairments may occur.We report a case of a 74-year-old man with acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau involving the toes and complicated by syndactyly. ACH regression following Iloprost administration was also observed.Published studies are mainly limited to case reports only, due to the rarity of the disease. Therefore, there are no clear-cut therapeutic management guidelines available for this chronic and sometimes debilitating disease. ACH is often recalcitrant to the available therapies. Topical and systemic treatments have been described in literature with no long-lasting results.To our knowledge, this is the first report of foot syndactyly associated to ACH. In our patient, ACH symptoms regressed with Iloprost administration: this finding has never been previously described in literature. If confirmed by other clinical experiences, Iloprost could be a further therapeutic option in ACH.

The present study explores patterns of parity and disparity in the effect of filial responsibility on health-related evaluations and caregiving decisions. Participants who identified as White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander read a vignette about an older man needing medical care. They were asked to imagine that they were the man’s son and answer questions regarding their likelihood of hiring a health care advocate (HCA) for services related to the father’s care. A multigroup (ethnicity) path analysis was performed, and an intercept invariant multigroup model fits the data best. Direct and indirect effect estimation showed that filial responsibility mediated the relationship between both the perceived severity of the father’s medical condition and the perceived need for medical assistance and the likelihood of hiring an HCA only for White and Hispanic participants, albeit differently. The findings demonstrate that culture and ethnicity affect health evaluations and caregiving decision making.

Volcanic gases give information on magmatic processes. In particular, anomalous releases of carbon dioxide precede volcanic eruptions. Up to now, this gas has been measured in volcanic plumes with conventional measurements that imply the severe risks of local sampling and can last many hours. For these reasons and for the great advantages of laser sensing, the thorough development of volcanic lidar has been undertaken at the Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory (UTAPRAD-DIM) of the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA). In fact, lidar profiling allows one to scan remotely volcanic plumes in a fast and continuous way, and with high spatial and temporal resolution. Two differential absorption lidar instruments will be presented in this paper: BILLI (BrIdge voLcanic LIdar), based on injection seeded Nd:YAG laser, double grating dye laser, difference frequency mixing (DFM) and optical parametric amplifier (OPA), and VULLI (VULcamed Lidar), based on injection seeded Nd:YAG laser and optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The first one is funded by the ERC (European Research Council) project BRIDGE and the second one by the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) project VULCAMED. While VULLI has not yet been tested in a volcanic site, BILLI scanned the gas emitted by Pozzuoli Solfatara (Campi Flegrei volcanic area, Naples, Italy) during a field campaign carried out from 13 to 17 October 2014. Carbon dioxide concentration maps were retrieved remotely in few minutes in the crater area. Lidar measurements were in good agreement with well-established techniques, based on different operating principles. To our knowledge, it is the first time that carbon dioxide in a volcanic plume is retrieved by lidar, representing the first direct measurement of this kind ever performed on an active volcano and showing the high potential of laser remote sensing in geophysical research. © 2015 Copyright SPIE.

Objective:To describe voluntarily reported errors in an Emergency Department using a reward-based system.Methods:Prospective, observational study in urban, academic Emergency Department with 107,000 annual visits. All Emergency Department staff with direct patient contact voluntarily reported medica

Introduction Emergency department (ED) overcrowding has been a significant problem for the last 10 years. Several studies have shown that a relatively small number of ED patients are responsible for a disproportionate amount of ED visits. This study aims to describe the frequent users of our emergency department. Methods This was an institutional review board–approved descriptive study performed by a retrospective review of electronic records. This pilot describes and compares patients who had 12 or more ED visits during the study year with those who visited less. Results The 234 patients who met criteria for high-frequency use (HFU) of the emergency department were responsible for a total of 4633 visits. Sex, race, and age distribution of HFU patients were similar to those of general ED patients. Eighty-four percent of HF users have insurance and 93% have primary care providers. A relatively small percentage of HFU visits, 4%, were mental health–related visits and 3% were alcohol- and drug-related visits. The HFU visits are socially connected: 93% have their own homes; 94% have relatives or friends; 73% have a religious affiliation. Pain or pain-related conditions are the most common diagnoses. These patients are also frequent users of ambulatory care services. Conclusion The similarities between our HFU and the general ED population are more numerous than their differences. The HFU patients of our emergency department are different in terms of age, employment status, and type of insurance. Implications for Nurses A detailed description of local HFU may help to inform planning and better meet ED patients' needs. As one of many results of this study, the ED chairman met with the Hematology-Oncology team and reviewed the protocol for ED management of sickle cell crisis. The meeting resulted in a revised protocol, including an immediate change in their pain medication from meperidine to either morphine or hydromorphone.

The temperature dependent corrections of the formaldehyde laser induced fluorescence raw signal are discussed for the 355 nm excitation, which is widely available as the third harmonic of Nd-YAG lasers. The temperature dependence of the HCHO partition function is calculated explicitly and the effect of quenching corrections is discussed in view of the absence of experimental data on collision cross-sections. Particular reference is made to the case of HCHO layers in hydrocarbon diffusion flames. It is shown that the thickness of such layers is not affected drastically by the calculated corrections, which has implications for the estimate of the scalar dissipation rate in diffusion flames.

An Eulerian multi-fluid model is validated by comparison with experimental measurements in the test case of laminar spray counterflow diffusion flames. Special attention is devoted, both from the modelling and experimental point of view, to the treatment of the droplet distribution tail, characterized by the rare occurrence of relatively large droplets carrying a non-negligible amount of mass. The Eulerian multi-fluid approach is shown to capture the dynamics, evaporation and heating of the droplets with a limited number of sections and, thus, at a modest cost. This simplification will be essential for the use of multi-fluid methods in multi-dimensional problems.

A 'can't intubate, can't oxygenate' scenario in a child is fortunately extremely rare. We report a case of this life-threatening event in a four-year-old boy suffering from a rare genetic disorder, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. He presented for manipulation of his dislocated jaw and was identified preoperatively as having a difficult airway. Despite extensive preparation, a catastrophic loss of airway control occurred minutes after induction of general anaesthesia, necessitating a life saving emergency tracheostomy. This report highlights the small evidence base and lack of definitive algorithms relating to how best to rescue a paediatric 'can't intubate, can't oxygenate' situation. Paediatric anatomical factors dictate that immediate procession to a tracheal surgical airway may be the optimal management.

The formation of nitric oxide was investigated in methane diffusion flames under the perturbation of laminar vortices. Laser-induced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy were used to measure nitric oxide, major species, and temperature, and to obtain the time evolution of the scalar dissipation rate at the stoichiometric surface during the flame/vortex interaction. Vortices with two characteristic times were thrust into the flame and their effects were compared with steady flames at the same scalar dissipation rate. The experimental measurements showed that the vortex did not affect significantly the peak temperature, CO, and CO2 mass fraction during the interaction. NO, instead, was strongly affected. The peak mass fraction of NO in flames under vortex perturbation differed by almost a factor of 2 from steady flames with similar scalar dissipation rates. One-dimensional numerical simulations, used under the well-justified assumption that the vortices induced negligible curvature, yielded results in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The numerical computations were also used to investigate the effect of the characteristic time of the vortex on the different NO formation paths, that is, thermal, and prompt. The peak mass fraction of thermal NO was shown to be strongly dependent on the timescale of the unsteady perturbation, while prompt NO was almost independent. The emission index, that is, the production of NO normalized by the consumption of the fuel, behaved quasi-steadily for the two formation paths. The results were rationalized by considering the flame structure and the activation energy of the different formation paths.

Even though the scalar dissipation rate at the stoichiometric surface, χ stoich , is recognized to be the most fundamental fluid time scale in laminar diffusion flames, their structure and extinction behavior are often characterized simply in terms of strain rate, a much more easily measurable observable. Yet, the two variables are different, especially in unsteady flamelets. An experimental technique based on line Raman imaging of major species is presented for the quantitative measurement of χ stoich in vortex-perturbed counterflow diffusion flames. Three formulations are evaluated, and it is shown that a formulation based on N 2 -mass fraction is the most appropriate, provided that N 2 is experimentally accessible and that there is no significant preferential diffusion. The technique is used to compare vortex-perturbed and quasi-steady extinction. The thesis that for a given composition of the counterflowing streams, extinction occurs at a given value of χ stoich , irrespective of the mode of perturbation, steady or unsteady, is verified experimentally and is contrasted with the observation that vortex-perturbed flames can sustain an almost double strain rate at extinction compared to steadily strained ones. The effect of two-dimensional phenomena on the results is discussed. Finally, a promising approximation of χ stoich using estimates of the thickness of mixing layer from temperature profiles, with significant simplifications in the required measurements, is investigated.

The interaction of laminar vortices with a methanol spray counterflow diffusion flame was studied experimentally with vortices generated from either the fuel side or the oxidizer side. The overall stoichiometry was such that the flame resided on the fuel side of the gas-stagnation plane. Local extinction and subsequent reignition were investigated as the circulation of the vortex was varied. It was found that extinction required vortices of larger circulation if generated from the oxidizer side. The effect was attributed to stretching and possibly, partial dissipation of the vortex, as it approached the stagnation plane before interacting with the flame. The robustness of the spray flame to vortex-induced extinction was compared with that of a similar gaseous flame. The spray flame was found to be comparatively weaker. Of the two potential culprits for such a difference, namely, the energetic handicap of spray flames due to the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid fuel and droplet inertia, the former was found to be the dominant factor. After extinction occurred, a hole was created in the diffusion flame, confining the combustion process to an annular region. The flame was then able to propagate back toward the centerline, re-establishing itself as a flat diffusion flame. The time interval for this reignition process was investigated as a function of the vortex circulation. It was found that, if the vortex approached the flame from the fuel side, the reignition time was much shorter than when the vortex was injected from the oxidizer side, and decreased for increasing values of the vortex circulation. In contrast, the reignition time increased with the circulation, if the vortex approached the flame from the oxidizer side. Only in the latter case, droplet inertia played a role in the reignition process.

Background Three aromatase inhibitors, namely anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane, which reduce circulating oestrogen, are used to treat breast cancer patients; the therapeutic use of such aromatase inhibitors is quickly increasing. Objective We intended (i) to review aromatase inhibitor-induced cutaneous adverse effects and (ii) to describe a recently observed case of cutaneous vasculitis triggered by exemestane. Patients/methods The so-far reported literature cases of aromatase inhibitor-induced cutaneous adverse effects were analysed retrospectively. Especially, the clinical case of exemestane-induced cutaneous vasculitis herein reported is unique, because such an observation has not yet been published in the literature. Results Merely 12 cases of cutaneous adverse reactions induced by aromatase inhibitors, namely erythema nodosum (6), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (1), cutaneous rashes (2), vasculitis (3, including the one described in this study), are reported in the literature. In fact, in the present case, cutaneous vasculitis was strictly related to exemestane. Conclusion As aromatase inhibitors (e.g. exemestane) are increasingly incorporated into the treatment strategy of breast cancer patients, it is important to recognize possible cutaneous adverse effects. Specifically, with regard to cutaneous vasculitis, some patients might progress to severe vasculitis manifestations if the offending drug (e.g. exemestane) is not quickly stopped.

We present a lidar measurement of atmospheric extinction coefficient. The measurement is performed by inversion of the backscatter lidar signal at wavelengths 3’000nm and 3’500nm. The inversion of the backscatter lidar signal was performed with constant extinction-to-backscatter ration values of 104 and exponential factor 0.1.

The extinction behavior of methanol counterflow spray diffusion flames was investigated using a combination of formaldehyde planer laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and phase Doppler measurements. Extinction was brought about quasi-steadily, by progressively increasing the flow rates of both oxidizer and fuel side, and unsteadily, by generating a vortex on the oxidizer side. The unsteady experiments yielded values of extinction strain rates a factor of 2 larger than the quasi-steady values. The greater robustness of the spray flame under unsteady perturbation, was explained phenomenologically by estimating the timescales involved in the process. It was found that the vortex introduces unsteady effects in the outer diffusiveconvective layer of the flame. The inner reactive-diffusive layer, on the other hand, behaves in a quasisteady manner, since the characteristic chemical time is much smaller than the characteristic unsteady time. As a result, even though the instantaneous strain rate is much larger than the quasi-steady extinction strain rate, the flame is subject to a damped strain rate through the outer layer. An estimate of the thickness of the mixing layer, based on formaldehyde PLIF, provided a convenient means to compare the scalar dissipation rate and the Damkohler number between the two extinction modes, bypassing the need for detailed species measurements for the assessment of the mixture fraction and its gradient. Such a comparison showed that the difference between the two extinction modes was reduced to 25% on the average, consistent with expectations based on flame structure models from asymptotic theory. Spray flames exhibited longer time delays between the onset of extinction and reignition, as compared to gaseous flames. Estimates of the relevant Stokes number suggested that the difference may be attributed to droplet inertia effects.

Using a combination of HCHO planar laser-induced fluorescence and laser Doppler velocimetry measurements, the extinction behavior of methanol counterflow diffusion flames was examined experimentally under conditions in which the extinction was brought about by a vortex generated on the oxidizer side. Comparisons were made with quasi-steady extinction results for the same flames. It was found that the flames can withstand instantaneous strain rates as much as two-and-a-half times larger than the quasisteady ones. The finding was rationalized phenomenologically by comparing the characteristic times of the problem, that is, the mechanical time, the chemical time, and the vortex turnover time. Specifically, estimates of these times yielded the following ordering: sch svort sm. As a result, the vortex introduced an unsteady effect in the outer diffusive-convective layer of the flame, while the inner reactive-diffusive layer behaved in a quasi-steady manner. Consequently, the flame was subject to a damped strain rate through the outer layer. Results from a simple analytical model showed that the difference between vortexinduced extinction and quasi-steady extinction was much more modest in terms of instantaneous scalar

People report enjoying momentary extraverted behavior, and this does not seem to depend on trait levels of introversion-extraversion. Assuming that introverts desire enjoyment, this finding raises the question, why do introverts not act extraverted more often? This research explored a novel explanation, that trait introverts make an affective forecasting error, underpredicting the hedonic benefits of extraverted behavior. Study 1 (n = 97) found that trait introverts forecast less activated positive and pleasant affect and more negative and self-conscious affect (compared to extraverts) when asked to imagine acting extraverted, but not introverted, across a variety of hypothetical situations. Studies 2-5 (combined n = 495) found similar results using a between-subjects approach and laboratory situations. We replicated findings that people enjoy acting extraverted and that this does not depend on disposition. Accordingly, the personality differences in affective forecasts represent errors. In these studies, introverts tended to be less accurate, particularly by overestimating the negative affect and self-consciousness associated with their extraverted behavior. This may explain why introverts do not act extraverted more often (i.e., they overestimate hedonic costs that do not actually materialize) and have implications for understanding, and potentially trying to change, introverts' characteristically lower levels of happiness.

We report the result of a search for D0 - D0_bar mixing in the data from hadroproduction experiment E791 at Fermilab. We use the D* tag and semileptonic decay vertices of D0 to look for wrong-sign decays with mixing time dependence.

We measure the differential cross sections with respect to Feynman $x$ ( ${x}_{F}$) and transverse momentum ( ${p}_{T}$) for $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $K$, and $p$-induced charm meson production using fully reconstructed ${D}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$, and ${D}_{s}$ decays. The shapes of these cross sections are compared to the theoretical predictions for charm quark production of next-to-leading order perturbative QCD using modern parametrizations of the pion and nucleon parton distributions. We observe the differences expected in production induced by projectiles with different gluon distributions, harder distributions being indicated for mesons than for protons.

We measure forward cross sections for production of ${D}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$, ${D}_{s}$, ${D}^{*+}$, and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ in collisions of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $p$ on a nuclear target. Production induced by different beam particles is found to be the same within statistics. Strange and baryonic final states are seen to contribute appreciably to the total charm cross section, which our measurements indicate is larger than but consistent with QCD predictions. The energy dependence mapped out by these and previous measurements is consistent with theory. Leading-particle asymmetry measurements for $K$ and $p$-induced charm production are also presented.