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This article investigates how the climate imaginaries of Gitga’at people (an Indigenous Nation on the northwest coast of what is now known as British Columbia, Canada) take shape on the lands and waters of their territory and whether these imaginaries differ from or actively resist hegemonic settler-colonial imaginaries of climate futures. We analyze community values-led climate adaptation planning documents and actions, and knowledge-holder interviews to answer our research questions. Our interpretation as collaborative non-Indigenous scholars is that lived experiences and millennia-old relationship between Gitga’at people and their ancestral territory play a strong role in informing a contemporary climate imaginary of “turning to the territory”. This imaginary is evidenced in the ways the Gitga’at Nation is currently adapting to impacts of climate change in their territory. We juxtapose “turning to the territory” with common settler climate imaginaries and find that it moves beyond the paralyzing “climate apocalypse” imaginary, and in fact encompasses “techno-markets” and “sustainable lifestyles” themes within a frame of Indigenous self-determination and resurgence. However, it is at odds with the hegemonic “fossil fuels forever” imaginary enacted by settler-colonial governments.

In this paper we would like to analyse and to treat the legal bases of: Legal analysis on the legal mechanisms for consumer protection in the comparative right, the role and importance of these legal mechanisms in developed countries and paying attention by special emphasis over the Republic of Kosovo. An important highlight will be over the comparative aspect of legal analysis in Kosovo, Macedonia and Albania. We also take into consideration the legal analysis of cases of violations and misleading commercial practices. Commercial practice is misleading when it contains false information and is therefore untrue. A commercial practice is misleading even when, in every possible way, including the overall appearance, misleads or is likely to mislead the average consumer, making or likely to make the consumer. The paper aims to provide a complete overview of the key issues related to the legal mechanisms for consumer protection in comparative law by treating them both theoretically and in the way that judicial practice, especially our judicial practice, has understand and apply procedural provisions regarding legal mechanisms for consumer protection in comparative law and issues arising in this regard. In this regard, the research questions include: 1. which are the main problems facing Kosovo's judicial practice in the context of the implementation of substantive and procedural provisions on cases and legal mechanisms for the protection of consumers in comparative law? 2.Is Kosovo facing poor implementation of the law, respectively non-implementation of material provisions and procedural provisions in Kosovo, for the protection of businesses and consumers? What are the causes that may affect the non-implementation of the legal framework, which is thought to be the best solution in this regard? The research questions that come out under the law are; in which cases should a relationship be referred to legal remedies for consumer protection in comparative foreign law? All these issues tend to give a comparative look at the international and national level. The expected results from this research consist in deepening theoretical and practical knowledge on legal mechanisms for consumer protection in comparative law, comparative analysis in Kosovo and beyond.

In pull-based development process, contributors submit their code to open-source projects by pull requests, which are accepted or rejected by reviewers. Contributors may modify their code, which causes several iterations of code review process, and makes code reviews time-consuming for both contributors and reviewers. In this article, we set out to study pull request modifications in a code review process. We collect nine projects on GitHub with 104 307 pull requests, and investigate pull request modifications through analyzing added commits after pull requests’ submission. By studying four research questions, we conclude our major findings as follow. First, 34.56% of collected pull requests have modifications. Pull requests with modifications have longer lifetime but higher pass rates. Second, we conclude eight modification types indicating why pull requests are modified. Third, we propose a novel method called MClassify to automatically classify pull request modifications, which achieves the accuracy of 0.807. Fourth, various modification types affect code review differently from the perspective of lifetime and pass rate. Pull requests with source control system management modifications have the longest lifetime. These findings enable developers and researchers to understand a pull-based code review process better and make improvements.

Although the importance of supply chain management in the construction sector has been recognized in recent years, its implementation still faces significant challenges. For the long-term evaluation of this creative sector, numerous intricate sustainability components, such as environmental, social, and financial, are necessary. The study focuses on longterm sustainability considerations in the supply chain in the construction sector. This work aims to address this information and examine sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) research in the construction sector in this manner. More than 95 publications were studied from the beginning of 2017 to the end of 2021 using both in-depth content analysis and bibliometric methodologies. Several issues of SSCM in construction have been found including environmental, economic and social patterns which are most commonly known as the triple bottom line, typically enhanced by artificial intelligence. Many challenges were discovered including inefficiencies in the logistics system and a shortage of funding, environmental issues in demolition procedures and difficulties in applying sustainability measures due to high skill, data, and time requirements. The article offers a broad list of potentials for improving the current situation in the construction sector by using various types of supply chains such as increasing investment in energy conservation and emission reduction technologies to drive sustainable development, establishing strong green supply chain relationships, and forming a Covid-19 financial support group for small construction companies among other things. The study’s findings suggested that due to the significance of long-term relationships between construction companies, suppliers and customers, smart technology could make it simpler to reach every supply chain link. After an exhaustive literature review 59 research questions were formulated for the future research. In the future, the importance of these questions could be determined using expert questionnaires and multi-criteria evaluation.

This paper investigates the practical engineering problem of traffic sensors placement on stretched highways with ramps. Since it is virtually impossible to install bulky traffic sensors on each highway segment, it is crucial to find placements that result in optimized network-wide, traffic observability. Consequently, this results in accurate traffic density estimates on segments where sensors are not installed. The substantial contribution of this paper is the utilization of control-theoretic observability analysis -- jointly with integer programming -- to determine traffic sensor locations based on the nonlinear dynamics and parameters of traffic networks. In particular, the celebrated asymmetric cell transmission model is used to guide the placement strategy jointly with observability analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems through Gramians. Thorough numerical case studies are presented to corroborate the proposed theoretical methods and various computational research questions are posed and addressed. The presented approach can also be extended to other models of traffic dynamics.

This study investigates hedging (standardly assumed to express uncertainty, plausible reasoning and the like) in contemporary sermonic discourse as represented by sermon manuscripts and transcriptions of preacher interviews from three Christian denominations in the UK. The article addresses three research questions: (i) To what extent is preaching employed as a discursive resource during preaching; (ii) What form does hedging take in sermonic discourse; and (iii) What are preachers’ rationale for hedging? The results suggest that hedging is indeed of central concern in sermonic discourse with some kind of hedging device being called upon once every 32 seconds. When preachers hedge they rely on standard and transparent linguistic expressions that typically perform this discourse function, and the repertoire includes both ‘conversational’ hedges and hedges that recall practices characteristic of written academic discourse. When preachers self-report on their rationale for hedging a multitude of different discourse functions become apparent. However, it seems that hedging is rarely used to convey lack of epistemic confidence; rather, hedging is seen as a productive interpersonal means to address one of the main objectives of contemporary, turn-to-the-listener, preaching – namely acknowledging sermon listeners as active partners in a sermonic experience.

The continuous growth of available football data presents unprecedented research opportunities for a better understanding of football dynamics. While many research works focus on predicting which team will win a match, other interesting questions, such as whether both teams will score in a game, are still unexplored and have gained momentum with the rise of betting markets. With this in mind, we investigate the following research questions in this paper: “How difficult is the ‘both teams to score’ (BTTS) prediction problem?”, “Are machine learning classifiers capable of predicting BTTS better than bookmakers?”, and “Are machine learning classifiers useful for devising profitable betting strategies in the BTTS market?”. We collected historical football data, extracted groups of features to represent the teams’ strengths, and fed these to state-of-the-art classification models. We performed a comprehensive set of experiments and showed that, although hard to predict, in some scenarios it is possible to outperform bookmakers, which are robust baselines per se. More importantly, in some cases it is possible to beat the market and devise profitable strategies based on machine learning algorithms. The results are encouraging and, besides shedding light on the problem, may provide novel insights for all kinds of football stakeholders.

Physics is an important subject taught at the secondary level in Nigeria but the achievement of students in the subject is a concern to science educators. This study investigated the effectiveness of brain-based teaching strategy (BTS) on students’ achievement and score levels on the concept of heat energy. This investigation adopted the pretest, posttest, randomized control group quasi-experimental design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select two schools used for this study. Two research questions were raised to guide the study. Likewise, two null hypotheses were tested for acceptance or otherwise at 0.05 significance level. The sample involved ninety nine senior school students randomly selected from two schools in Ondo, Nigeria. Two instruments were used to gather data with internal consistency of 0.74 using Kuder Richarson Formular 21. The data collected were analysed using mean, t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings from this investigation reveals that brain-based teaching strategy has significant effect on physics students’ achievement and score levels in the concept of heat energy. This study concludes that brain-based teaching strategy should be used to teach heat energy at secondary school level in order to better students’ grades.

Interfirm collaboration and exchange relationships are fundamental to how value is created, managed, and exchanged between firms. In this paper we first identify three major research themes (nature, governance, and outcomes) that existing research has focused on and then propose three structural shifts (technology, platforms, and globalization) that might influence nature, governance, and outcomes associated with interfirm collaboration. We also synthesize a research agenda for the future and develop multiple research propositions that might become the foundation to integrate the structural shifts into research on interfirm collaboration. We provide guidance on how existing theories can help scholars address new research questions arising due to the structural shifts. Finally, we provide insights to managers on the type of data that they need to access to make more effective decisions related to interfirm collaboration in a dynamic business environment.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are continuing to invest more in expanding into new markets around the world. These firms are faced with determining the optimal go-to-market strategy in these heterogeneous new markets to attract and retain profitable customers. This paper provides an organizing framework to help firms develop profitable customer-level strategies across countries in the digital environment. We start by providing a summary of the marketing literature on a customer-based execution strategy. Next, we discuss how the evolving digital landscape is affecting firms’ relationships with customers and describe some of the current digital product and process innovations in the marketplace. We discuss boundary conditions for how these digital product and process innovations might affect profitable customer strategies in a global context. In addition, we discuss implementation challenges that MNCs will likely face in deploying these customer-level strategies and other stakeholders (outside of customers) that will likely play a role in the execution of these customer-level strategies. Finally, we summarize set of research questions to guide future research on customer-level strategies in a global digital context.

Digital marketing communication, that is, communication through digital or electronic media among businesses and consumers, is growing rapidly, especially during the COVID-19 era. We propose a framework for analyzing digital marketing communication along four major dyads, business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-business (B2B), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and consumer-to-business (C2B). We review and summarize, for researchers and practitioners, the literature during 2000-2021 in these dyads along four major components: goals; channels, media, and platforms; content; and responses. We find that extant research in digital marketing communication pertains mostly to a specific, national level rather than a global level, despite the porousness of national boundaries for digital marketing. We derive important insights, identify key research gaps and questions in each of the dyads along these dimensions. We suggest approaches to address these research questions under three major components: substantive issues, data, and methods. These approaches can offer the insights that managers need to better formulate digital marketing strategies in local and global contexts.

I review the existing literature in international trade that uses Indonesian firm-level data, particularly the Survei Tahunan Perusahaan Industri Pengolahan (Annual Manufacturing Survey) compiled b...

The aim of this study is to identify the attitude of science teachers towards the usage of Frog VLE in teaching and learning primary science. The sample consisted of 148 science teachers in Cameron Highlands and Taiping (45 male and 103 female). Data is collected by questionnaire which contains 40 questions with 5 Likert scale. The independent t test and One-way ANOVA is used to answer the research questions. Findings indicated that the science teachers in Cameron Highlands and Taiping have neutral attitude towards the usage of Frog VLE in teaching primary science. There are no any significant differences in the attitude towards Frog VLE among science teachers between male and female. Teachers with less experience (younger teacher) have greater attitude compared to old teachers. Science teachers with higher professional grade have greater attitude compared to the teachers with lower professional grade. Hence, science teachers are encouraged to attend courses and develop skills in using Frog VLE to increase their attitude in usage of Frog VLE in teaching science.

An intelligent assistant (IA) is a computer system endowed with artificial intelligence and/or machine learning techniques capable of intelligently assisting people. IAs have gained in popularity over recent years due to their usefulness, significant commercial developments, and a myriad of scientific and technological advances resulting from research efforts by the computer science community. In particular, these efforts have led to an increasingly extensive and complex state of the art of IAs, making evident the need to carry out a review in order to identify and catalogue the advances in the construction of IAs as well as to detect potential areas of further research. This paper presents a systematic review aiming to (i) describe, classify, and organize recent advances in IAs; (ii) characterize IAs’ objectives, application domains, and workings; (iii) analyze how IAs have been evaluated; and (iv) identify what artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are used to enable the intelligence of IAs. As a result of this systematic review, it is also proposed a taxonomy of IAs and a set of potential future research directions to further improve IAs. A set of research questions was formulated to guide this systematic review and address the proposed objectives. Well-known scientific databases were searched for articles on IAs published from January 2015 to June 2021 using 172 search strings. A total of 22,554 articles were retrieved and after applying inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria, an overall number of 99 articles were selected, which are the basis for this systematic review.

Contribution: Based on a previous exploratory study, this research further investigated learning mode contributions from simulations and live competitive activities compared to a traditional classroom, laboratory, and testing approach to instruction in order to assess the applied behavioral contributions of each. Background: Cybersecurity capabilities in organizations lag behind the threats; consequently, there is a renewed emphasis on cybersecurity education. However, education appears to lack its full potential in most settings. Few empirical studies have systematically tested the efficacy of various training methods and modes, and those that have been conducted have yielded inconsistent findings. Recent literature on the use of gamified simulations have suggested that they may improve cybersecurity behaviors. Similarly, live activities, such as hackathons and capture the flag events, have been surmised to augment learning and capabilities. This study sought to systematically investigate this question. Research Questions: 1) Do cybersecurity simulations improve applied learning performance; 2) do live competitive activities improve applied learning performance; and 3) do any or each of these modes amplify applied learning performance when used in combination? Methodology: This study randomly assigned computer science students to one of four sections using different modalities. It used pretest scores on an applied exam as the co-variate, with post-test scores as the dependent variable. Results: Simulations improved learning performance over traditional classroom/lab instruction alone whereas live competitive activities did not. However, the greatest learning outcomes achieved was structured cybersecurity simulated environments combined with live competitive activities.

Deep learning (DL) models have achieved impressive performance in various domains such as medicine, finance, and autonomous vehicle systems with advances in computing power and technologies. However, due to the black-box structure of DL models, the decisions of these learning models often need to be explained to end-users. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) provides explanations of black-box models to reveal the behavior and underlying decision-making mechanisms of the models through tools, techniques, and algorithms. Visualization techniques help to present model and prediction explanations in a more understandable, explainable, and interpretable way. This survey paper aims to review current trends and challenges of visual analytics in interpreting DL models by adopting XAI methods and present future research directions in this area. We reviewed literature based on two different aspects, model usage and visual approaches. We addressed several research questions based on our findings and then discussed missing points, research gaps, and potential future research directions. This survey provides guidelines to develop a better interpretation of neural networks through XAI methods in the field of visual analytics.

The United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals provide business to business marketing (B2B) scholars with a useful framework to guide research with a societal impact that addresses real-world challenges and is relevant to stakeholders outside academia. Although sustainability research within B2B marketing scholarship has increased in recent years, the B2B literature relating to the Sustainable Development Goals remains fragmented and underexposed. To address this important oversight, a systematic literature review of the B2B marketing literature (n = 58) is undertaken which demonstrates if and how B2B scholarship is currently engaging with the Sustainable Development Goals. The findings and analyses highlight that although the B2B scholarship has varying levels of engagement with some of the goals, there is vast opportunity for B2B Marketing scholars to engage more proactively and strategically with the Sustainable Development Goals. Building on the call for courageous research and employing the ‘Observe, bridge and challenge” model (Lindgreen et al., 2021), we develop broad research approaches as well as specific research questions to catalyse scholarship at the interface of B2B Marketing and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Persistence in and timely disengagement from personal goals are core components of successful self-regulation and therefore relevant to well-being and performance. In the history of motivation psychology, there has been a clear emphasis on persistence. Only recently have researchers become interested in goal disengagement, as mirrored by the amount of pertinent research. In this review, we present an overview of the most influential motivational theories on persistence and disengagement that address situational and personal determinants, cognitive and affective mechanisms, and consequences for well-being, health, and performance. Some of these theories use a general approach, whereas others focus on individual differences. The theories presented incorporate classical expectancy-value constructs as well as contemporary volitional concepts of self-regulation. Many of the theoretical approaches have spread to applied fields (e.g., education, work, health). Despite numerous important insights into persistence and disengagement, we also identify several unresolved research questions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The stock market prediction patterns are seen as an important activity and it is more effective. Hence, stock prices will lead to lucrative profits from sound taking decisions. Because of the stagnant and noisy data, stock market-related forecasts are a major challenge for investors. Therefore, forecasting the stock market is a major challenge for investors to use their money to make more profit. Stock market predictions use mathematical strategies and learning tools. This paper provides a complete overview of 30 research papers recommending methods that include calculation methods, ML algorithms, performance parameters, and outstanding journals. The studies are selected based on research questions. Hence, these selected studies are helping to find the ML techniques along with their dataset for stock market prediction. Most widely ANN and NN techniques are used to achieve precise predictions of the stock market. While much amount of work is done, the latest stock market-related prediction methodology has many limitations. It can be assumed in this study that stock market forecasting is an integrated process and distinctive parameters for forecast the stock market should be considered more accurate.

Background Virtual simulation-based education is in healthcare education. This study explored nurse educators’ use of the INACSL Standards of Best Practice: Simulation© during facilitation and debriefing of virtual simulation during the pandemic. Design A quantitative exploratory research design with a researcher developed survey was used to the answer the research questions. Results A total of 129 participants responded to the survey. A plethora of strategies were reported regarding pre-briefing and debriefing. Conclusion Overall, nurse educators followed the INACSL Standards of Best Practice: Simulation© either synchronously or asynchronously. However, research is needed on the best method for pre-briefing and debriefing virtual simulation.

International audience; We present a visual analytics tool, MiningVis, to explore the long-term historical evolution and dynamics of the Bitcoin mining ecosystem. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that attracts much attention but remains difficult to understand. Particularly important to the success, stability, and security of Bitcoin is a component of the system called "mining.'' Miners are responsible for validating transactions and are incentivized to participate by the promise of a monetary reward. Mining pools have emerged as collectives of miners that ensure a more stable and predictable income. MiningVis aims to help analysts understand the evolution and dynamics of the Bitcoin mining ecosystem, including mining market statistics, multi-measure mining pool rankings, and pool hopping behavior. Each of these features can be compared to external data concerning pool characteristics and Bitcoin news. In order to assess the value of MiningVis, we conducted online interviews and insight-based user studies with Bitcoin miners. We describe research questions tackled and insights made by our participants and illustrate practical implications for visual analytics systems for Bitcoin mining.

This article considers human-autonomy teams (HATs) in which two human team members interact and collaborate with an autonomous teammate to achieve a common task while dealing with unexpected technological failures that were imposed either in automation or autonomy. A Wizard of Oz methodology is used to simulate the autonomous teammate. One of the critical aspects of HAT performance is the trust that develops over time as team members interact with each other in a dynamic task environment. For this reason, it is important to examine the dynamic nature of teammate trust through real-time measures of team interactions. This article examines team interaction and trust to understand better how they change under automation and autonomy failures. Thus, we address two research questions: 1) How does trust in HATs evolve over time?; and 2) How is the relationship between team interaction and trust impacted by the failures? We hypothesize that trust in HATs will decrease as autonomy failures increase. We also hypothesize that team interaction would be related to the development of trust and recovery from the failures. The results implicate three general trends: 1) team interaction dynamics are linked to the development of trust in HATs; 2) trust in the autonomous teammate is only associated with recovery from autonomy failures; 3) team interaction dynamics are related to both automation and autonomy failure recovery.

A primary aim of management research is to develop knowledge about the management of organizations. Many countries’ long-trend shift towards a service economy and the concomitant increase in the number of service organizations have stimulated advancements in service management research. However, some blind spots remain. In this article, we focus on product market stakeholders and organizational stakeholders and discuss research questions (or blind spots) that map to different areas of management literature, especially those of service management literature. We believe that attaining answers to those research questions can yield important insights that have the potential to advance management research.

This study investigates the effects of simulation and Guided-inquiry strategies in elimination of students’ misconception in Biology Teaching in Senior Secondary Schools in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area in Rivers State. Four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated to guide the research. The design adopted for this study is quasi experimental pre-test, post-test control group design. The population of the study was made up of all SSIII biology students, using cluster sampling to select 150 students’ to form the sample size. The research instrument used was Ecology performance Test (EPT). Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. T-test was used to test the hypotheses. The findings among others indicated that students taught with simulation and guided inquiry teaching strategy performed better than the traditional method thereby eliminating student’s misconception on ecological concept in biology. It was recommended among others that biology teachers should be encouraged to explore the application of simulation and guided inquiring strategies in their classroom instruction.

PurposeThis paper is aimed at examining and critically analyzing systematical literature on wine and cross-modality between the five senses. In particular, the researchers want to highlight the role of multisensory analysis on wine marketing and consumer behavior studies.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a systematic review of literature conducted on peer-reviewed journals.FindingsResults highlight how multisensory analysis of wine is a growing topic insomuch that research on this kind of topic is exploded in the last years. Nevertheless, wine and cross-modality is more analyzed on food science journals than in marketing ones.Originality/valueThe paper examines a field of research moderately explored in order to shed light to the current status of scientific studies and to propose new research questions to develop.

This thematic issue assesses the organisational forms of a broad range of right-wing populist parties (RWPPs) across Europe (12 in total). It interrogates received wisdom about the supposed leader-centeredness of such parties and investigates, in particular, the extent to which the mass party, as an organisational model, remains popular among RWPPs. This introduction presents the aims, research questions, and analytical framework of the issue and justifies its selection of cases. The resilience of the mass party model highlighted in many articles challenges the dominant trend that party organisation literature has identified: a unidirectional shift towards “catch-all,” “electoral-professional,” or “cartel” organisations.

Physical activity is consistently recommended across clinical practice guidelines for managing knee osteoarthritis, yet prescription rates are low. Evidence mapping uses a systematic approach to visually illustrate and summarize published evidence, highlight gaps in the literature, and formulate research questions. The purpose of this study was to review and summarize evidence published from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) linking physical activity with clinical, functional, and structural knee osteoarthritis outcomes. Electronic databases were searched until June 2021. Studies from the OAI reporting subjective (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, PASE) or objective (accelerometry) physical activity data were included. Scatter plots were created to represent each outcome group (clinical, functional, structural) and physical activity measure (PASE, accelerometry) to map the evidence by the directional effect (positive, interaction, negative, or no effect) associated with physical activity. Forty-two articles were included in this review. Physical activity was quantified using PASE (n = 21), accelerometry (n = 20), or both (n = 1). Studies reported consistently positive physical activity effects on clinical (n = 22) and functional (n = 20) outcomes, with few exceptions. Structural (n = 15) outcomes were largely reported as interaction effects by physical activity intensity or sex, or as no significant effect. A network of interconnected outcomes emerged, with clinical and functional outcomes often reported together, and structural outcomes reported individually. This study provides an overview of current evidence linking physical activity to multiple interrelated knee osteoarthritis outcomes using an OAI-driven model. These evidence maps can be used as a framework to guide future investigations of the effects of physical activity on knee osteoarthritis.

The purpose of this basic, exploratory study is to examine primary grades (K-2) teachers’ perceptions of the self-efficacy of their students in mathematics, whether or not there is a difference in the self-efficacy between students based on their performance, and to gather information about how teachers are differentiating instruction. Forty teachers completed an online open-ended survey. Data from responses was analyzed through a constant comparative process in order to answer the research questions. Teachers indicated that advanced students generally have a higher mathematical self-efficacy than their peers, therefore possibly influencing advanced students’ potential for higher academic achievement in mathematics. Additionally, many teachers reported using small groups and manipulatives as vehicles to differentiate instruction. However, the convenience sample and data collected warrants further studies to more closely examine the interaction between students’ self-efficacy, teachers’ differentiation, and student achievement.

The premier data on leader survival focus on the violent, dramatic means by which leaders ‘exit’ office. This information, vital for many research questions, constitutes a valuable public good for the community. Yet, it provides an incomplete picture of the political rise and fall of world leaders. The burgeoning study of leaders using survival analysis requires a fine-grained understanding of not just when, but why and how leaders lose power. We cannot, for example, conclude that a leader’s exit implies a successful application of international pressure if her removal stems from pre-set constitutional laws and the immediate successor has long been considered the heir apparent. The Regular Turnover Details dataset remedies this problem. Two principal variables report information about the manner of each leader’s exit and the relationship between outgoing and incoming leaders, allowing analysts to arbitrate between exits that suggest political failure and those that don’t, identify non-political leaders (such as interim and technocratic executives), and determine whether leaders constitute heirs to power or challengers thereto.

The present paper examines anthroponyms in the Holy Qur'an in three different English translations to shed light on how procedures used by translators can help target-language (TL) readers understand the implied meaning of anthroponyms. In order to conduct the research, the anthroponyms in the Holy Qur'an were isolated and English equivalents were identified. Then Vermes’s (2003) model was applied to the collected data to find answers to the following research questions: (1) What strategies are used most frequently by the translators examined to render the Qur’anic anthroponyms into the target-language (TL)?; (2) How consistent are the translators in using particular strategies when translating the anthroponyms?; (3) Does the type of translator affect their choice of translation strategy?; (4) Does the model suggested by Vermes (2003) cover all of the strategies employed by the three translators?; and (5) Which procedures are source-language-oriented, TL-oriented, or deep-reader oriented? Overall, the findings indicated that the procedures most frequently used by the translators were “substitution” and “transference.” It was found that the native speaker of neither Arabic nor English foreignized 96.80% of the Qur’anic anthroponyms by using “transference,” while the native translators of either the target-language or the source-language domesticated 71.00% of the anthroponyms by using “substitution.” “Substitution” was used when an exact Biblical equivalent for the Qur’anic anthroponym existed. Otherwise, “transference” was used along with notes to transport the meaning and form while remaining faithful to the intended meaning of the sacred text.

This research report describes individual Indian descendants in Ho Chi Minh city in the aim of raising research questions for the scholarship of Indian diaspora studies. I focus on the Indian diasporic members who are largely descendants of those who, in the second half of the nineteenth century and before, migrated from French–British India to Vietnam. They are economically and culturally different from the current Indian expats, the members of the capitalized ’Cộng Đồng Người Ấn Độ’ (Indian Community) in Vietnam. The current Indian immigrants largely work in Indian companies and multinational groups. In other words, the Indians in Vietnam are not classified either as children of ’Kinh paternalism’ or of Vietnamese ’state paternalism’ (Salemink, The Ethnography of Vietnam’s Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1900. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003, 258, 287). Nor, are they perceptually overseas daughters and sons of ’Hindu paternalism’ (Omvedt, Reinventing Revolution: New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1993, 31). The Indian descendants in Vietnam belong nowhere politically. The ambiguity of the Indian descendants in Vietnamese history and society does not suggest that they would be a research subject of the Indian or South Asian diasporas in the field of diaspora studies. Indeed, exploring the Indian diaspora in the dynamic contexts of Vietnamese nationalism offers a new direction in the diaspora studies in general and South Asian diasporas in particular. The report is based on my ethnographic research in Ho Chi Minh City in 2012–2014 at Indian individuals’ houses and at cultural centres.

Harm reduction is an approach in drug policy based on health issues and human rights. The aim of this article is to present the essence of the harm reduction model, as well as its implementation in Mexico after the year 2006. The study is an attempt to answer the following research questions: firstly, what is the scale of psychoactive drugs consumption in Mexico - and what goes with it – its negative health implications; secondly, to what extent does the Mexican drug policy takes account of aspects related to public health? This analysis proves that Mexico lacks a comprehensive harm reduction strategy and the main role in implementing this model is played by civil society organisations.

Language learners living in the expanding circle certainly face probems that may not be encountered by their counterparts in the inner or outer circle. One of the problems these learners face is in the field of writing. They also need special strategies in overcoming these problems. This study was done to investigate the problems faced by students in writing Procedural Essays as well as the strategies to overcome the problems. This study attempted to answer two research questions: What problems do students face in writing Procedural Essays? and What are students' strategies to overcome the problems in writing Procedural Essays? This study used a qualitative method. To collect the data, the researchers used two instruments, which are open-ended and close-ended questionnaires and interviews. The participants of this research were 27 students from batch 2020 who took Procedural Writing Class in the 2020/2021 Academic Year. The results of this research showed that there were three problems faced by students in writing Procedural Essays. Those problems were problems of topic development, problems with vocabulary, and problems with grammar. The result also indicated the most strategies used by students to overcome the problems, such as receiving feedback from teachers, making an outline, and asking friends for help.

Purpose Social enterprises are defined in practice in terms of one operational model generating measurable value in more than one of the economic, social and natural/ecological value denomination categories. However, entrepreneurship theory does not generally or explicitly reflect this definition, which has generated confusion about the social enterprise concept. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to social enterprise theory by delineating novel aspects of this definition and their conceptual ramifications. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the social enterprise literature with a focus only on the most original contributions and most distinct research questions. The authors do not explicitly review research on traditional for-profit entrepreneurial ventures, not-for-profit/non-governmental organizations or mainstream social entrepreneurial ventures. Findings The authors offer several implications for social enterprise theory based on practices that are unique to the area but not amenable other areas of entrepreneurship. The contribution is instrumental to establishing social enterprise as a distinct theoretic area. Originality/value By focusing on novel aspects of social enterprise not easily explainable by mainstream theoretic traditions, the authors offer an original contribution to the development of social enterprise theory.

Contribution: This article provides evidence on the effectiveness of game-based learning (GBL) for computer science education when using educational video games created by teachers using authoring tools. Background: Although teacher-oriented authoring tools for creating educational video games can help overcome the main barriers hampering the use and uptake of GBL, there is a lack of studies examining the effectiveness of educational video games authored by teachers using these authoring tools by means of rigorous scientific methods. Research Questions: Is GBL using teacher-authored games more effective than traditional teaching in terms of motivation for computer science students? Is GBL using teacher-authored games more effective than traditional teaching in terms of knowledge acquisition for computer science students? Methodology: Two randomized control trials with pretest, post-test, and one questionnaire were conducted to compare the effectiveness of traditional teaching and GBL in two computer science courses. The sample of the two experiments was composed by 75 and 49 students, respectively. Half of the students attended a traditional lecture, while the other half learned solely by playing teacher-authored educational video games. Findings: The results show that GBL using teacher-authored games was practically as effective as traditional teaching in terms of knowledge acquisition, but that it was emphatically successful in increasing student motivation. Students who learned by playing educational video games found the experience more motivating and fun than their counterparts, and a vast majority of them preferred the GBL approach over traditional teaching.

Composites have been the material of choice for wind turbine blade construction for several decades. This chapter explains why. It also shows how wind turbine blade materials and our understanding of their fatigue behaviour have developed recently, and the gaps that still exist in the knowledge. The chapter discusses why fatigue is a predominant design driver for wind turbine blades. The main structural elements of the blade (load bearing components and aerodynamic shell) are considered in terms of material and design requirements, and fundamental research questions are addressed. Finally, there is a comment on current and future trends, as well as a list of recommended reading.

Background and aims Practice-based research holds potential as a promising solution to closing the research-practice gap, because it addresses research questions based on problems that arise in clinical practice and tests whether systems and interventions are effective and sustainable in a clinical setting. One type of practice-based research involves capturing practice by collecting evidence within clinical settings to evaluate the effectiveness of current practices. Here, we describe our collaboration between researchers and clinicians that sought to answer clinician-driven questions about community-based language interventions for young children (Are our interventions effective? What predicts response to our interventions?) and to address questions about the characteristics, strengths, and challenges of engaging in practice-based research. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 59 young children who had participated in three group language interventions at one publicly funded community clinic between 2012 and 2017. Change on the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS), a government mandated communicative participation measure, was extracted as the main outcome measure. Potential predictors of growth during intervention were also extracted from the charts, including type of intervention received, attendance, age at the start of intervention, functional communication ability pre-intervention, and time between pre- and post-intervention FOCUS scores. Results Overall, 49% of children demonstrated meaningful clinical change on the FOCUS after their participation in the language groups. Only 3% of participants showed possibly meaningful clinical change, while the remaining 46% of participants demonstrated not likely meaningful clinical change. There were no significant predictors of communicative participation growth during intervention. Conclusions Using a practice-based research approach aimed at capturing current practice, we were able to answer questions about the effectiveness of interventions delivered in real-world settings and learn about factors that do not appear to influence growth during these interventions. We also learned about benefits associated with engaging in practice-based research, including high clinical motivation, high external validity, and minimal time/cost investment. Challenges identified were helpful in informing our future efforts to examine other possible predictors through development of a new, clinically feasible checklist, and to pursue methods for improving collection of outcome data in the clinical setting. Implications: Clinicians and researchers can successfully collaborate to answer clinically informed research questions while considering realistic clinical practice and using research-informed methods and principles. Practice-based research partnerships between researchers and clinicians are both valuable and feasible.

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: How does second dialect acquisition in a second language compare to that in a first language in terms of rates and predictors of second dialect vocabulary use? Design/methodology/approach: A lexical preference task was completed by four groups of participants residing in Australia: first language speakers of Australian (L1D1) and American (L1D2) English, and first language speakers of Russian who acquired Australian (L2D1) and American (L2D2) English first. The participants named objects which are denoted by different words in American and Australian English (e.g. bell pepper vs capsicum). Data and analysis: The response was coded as either American or Australian, and percentage of use of Australian items was calculated for each group. Findings/conclusions: L1D1 used Australian words the most and L1D2 the least. L2D1 and L2D2 fell between the two L1 groups. L1D2 rate of use was predicted by proportion of life spent in Australia. L2D1 were more likely to choose Australian words if they had lived in Australia longer and had positive attitudes toward Australia. L2D2 were less likely to use Australian words the longer they had lived in the USA. Similar, but not identical, factors predict second dialect acquisition in the first and second languages. Originality: The research is innovative in considering second dialect acquisition in second language speakers and creates a bridge between second language and second dialect acquisition research. Significance/implications: The finding that second language speakers may be more flexible in second dialect acquisition than first language speakers has important implications for our understanding of cognitive and social constraints on acquisition.

Digital game-based learning research has received increasing attention in recent years due to advances in technology. A systematic review was conducted to understand the current status and potential of game-based learning (GBL) research in science and mathematics. This study reviewed articles on GBL in science and mathematics education published in the Web of Science (WoS) database from 1991 to 2020. The 146 articles were selected for content and bibliometric analysis. After a systematic analysis of the trends and overviews, we present discussions and insights for the future. The study raised relevant research questions to analyze authors, regions, applied subjects, educational stages, research methods, game types and devices, performance issues, and author keywords. The results revealed that the majority of the published research in this field has been carried out in Taiwan, followed by the United States. GBL is currently applied in mathematics and science to increase learner motivation and engagement and reduce learning anxiety. The results also revealed that higher order thinking skills such as problem solving, group collaboration, and critical thinking, have become an increasingly important focus of research in recent years. The systematic review also found that researchers have been engaged in the field since 1993 and have conducted a large number of studies since 2011. In terms of keywords, game-based learning and interactive learning were the most used keywords in the articles, indicating that they were the most explored topics by researchers, while learning behaviors and competition were relatively new directions to explore. This study analyzed and summarized GBL in science and mathematics education in the hope that it may contribute to future research.

This study was conducted to find out the types of lexical errors that high and low proficiency learners produced in their writing, and find the differences and similarities from the production of the two groups. To answer the research questions, the writers used the theory by James (2013) about lexical error classification. This study was a qualitative study. The sources of the data of this study were the lexical errors from 32 writing drafts. The writers divided the students into two groups: eight students from high proficiency level and eight students from low proficiency level. The findings showed that the high proficiency learners produced five types of formal errors and four types of semantic errors, while the low proficiency learners produced two types of formal errors and six types of semantic errors. In conclusion, the high and the low proficiency learners’ lexical error productions are due to the learners’ lack of knowledge in sense relation and collocation, and the learners’ wrong terms of near-synonyms production.Keywords: lexical errors, high proficiency learners, low proficiency learners, error analysis

The paper presents statistical research results regarding the occurrence of which dangerous aviation events in 1919-2018. The source of the information about the events was the AviationSafetyNetwork website. With the use of Excel 2016 and Statistica v. 12 computer programs, five-time intervals were identified in which hazardous aviation incidents took place.Characterizing the distribution of these events in all periods, due to the technological advancement and capabilities of airplanes, the distribution of dangerous events in the last three periods was compared. The following tests were used to verify the statistical hypotheses: , Shapiro-Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Kruskal-Wallis. When choosing the appropriate test, the following factors were taken into account: the type of measurement scale, the dependence/independence of samples, and their number. The standard significance level was assumed to be α = 0.05. The consequences and repeatability of aviation events in the identified time intervals were analyzed. The research questions that were posed were the following: in which seasons of the year, months, days of the month, and days of the week did the most dangerous events deaths occur? How often did dangerous events take place? Was the distribution of events similar in the identified periods? The results of the conducted research allowed to identify five periods in which hazardous events took place and demonstrate that in particular periods the distribution of hazardous air events in subsequent seasons, months, and days of the week was not the same.

According to Abrahamic religions, namely Judaism, Christianity and Islam, human beings exist on the earth for a common purpose,and they have patrilineally and matrilineally descended from a single couple, namely Adam and Hawa (Eve).The Qur’an unambiguously mentions:“O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women; reverence Allah, through whom ye demand your mutual(rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That bore you): for Allah ever watches over you.”1Thus, it is incumbent upon human beings to live together in peace rather than constant hostility to fulfil the purpose of their existence on the earth. This paper endeavours to contribute to the understanding of the concept of ‘peaceful coexistence’from the Islamic perspective. It specifically answers the following research questions: What is peaceful coexistence? What is necessary for peaceful coexistence? What are the fundamental principles that we must adhere to in order to coexist peacefully? The paper is structured into eightsections, beginning with introduction on the concept of ‘peace’in Islam. The secondsection focuses on the main objectives of Islam. The third section is on the meaning of peaceful coexistence. The fourthand fifthsections are on the need for peaceful coexistence, and the necessary requirements and tools for peaceful coexistence respectively. The sixthsection is on categorization of peaceful coexistence into: peaceful coexistence in marriage, peaceful coexistence of mankind, peaceful coexistence of the members of the Muslim ummah and peaceful coexistence of mankind and the environment. The seventh section is a summary of the Islamic principles of peaceful coexistence. The final section sums up the main conclusions drawn from this study. The translation of the ayat(verses) of the Qur’an related to this study is extracted from the work of Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’an: Text and Translation unless stated otherwise. At the end of this paper,it is hoped that the readers will: first, appreciate the message of Islam as a universal religion and the need for mutual care, mutual respect,and mutual cooperation; and second, explore the methodology of the Qur’an and the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) in managing human diversity. It is also hoped thatthis study will lead to a better understanding of peaceful coexistence as an integral part of Islam and one of the characteristics of the Muslim ummah. The findings of this study highlight the role of Islam in promoting peace and security. The study reveals that peaceful coexistence is a key factor in the success of human beings and it requires nurturing love, respect, care, and salam (a greeting of peace) in one’s relationship with others.

PurposeThis article provides a snapshot of several innovative and underused methodological approaches employed by scholars from across public management.Design/methodology/approachA comparative review of methodological approaches to public management research is used.FindingsThe authors find evidence of scholars applying numerous novel methodological approaches to study social science phenomena, including agent-based modeling, nonparametic approaches, social network analysis, Granger equations and techniques for correcting selection bias.Research limitations/implicationsThe review does not cover all of the innovative methodological approaches used in social science. However, the methodological techniques showcased offer promise for advancing public management research, whether used as primary applications or as one of multiple methods (triangulation) to test the validity of research findings and/or to more comprehensively understand the phenomena being studied.Originality/valueThe techniques reviewed include example applications to aid researchers who may wish to apply them in their own research. The novel tools and methods already in use by public management researchers contradict the perception that public management methods have lagged behind other social science disciplines.

The clonogenic assay measures the capacity of single cells to form colonies in vitro. It is widely used to identify and quantify self-renewing mammalian cells derived from in vitro cultures as well as from ex vivo tissue preparations of different origins. Varying research questions and the heterogeneous growth requirements of individual cell model systems led to the development of several assay principles and formats that differ with regard to their conceptual setup, 2D or 3D culture conditions, optional cytotoxic treatments and subsequent mathematical analysis. The protocol presented here is based on the initial clonogenic assay protocol as developed by Puck and Marcus more than 60 years ago. It updates and extends the 2006 Nature Protocols article by Franken et al. It discusses different strategies and principles to analyze clonogenic growth in vitro and presents the clonogenic assay in a modular protocol framework enabling a diversity of formats and measures to optimize determination of clonogenic growth parameters. We put particular focus on the phenomenon of cellular cooperation and consideration of how this can affect the mathematical analysis of survival data. This protocol is applicable to any mammalian cell model system from which single-cell suspensions can be prepared and which contains at least a small fraction of cells with self-renewing capacity in vitro. Depending on the cell system used, the entire procedure takes ~2–10 weeks, with a total hands-on time of

Ziel der Studie Routinedaten von Krankenkassen sind als Datenquelle mittlerweile gut etabliert. Hinsichtlich der Verallgemeinerbarkeit der Ergebnisse bei Analysen mit Daten einer Krankenkasse treten Fragen der Reprasentativitat der Versichertenpopulation auf, insbesondere da nicht alle Studien auf soziodemografische Merkmale adjustieren. Diese Arbeit untersucht mittels deskriptiver Analyse, ob und inwieweit sich die Sozialstruktur der Versichertenpopulation der AOK Niedersachsen von der Sozialstruktur der Allgemeinbevolkerung und der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaftigten in Niedersachsen (NDS) und in der Bundesrepublik (BRD) unterscheiden. Methodik Die Datengrundlage bilden pseudonymisierte Daten der AOK NDS, die Beschaftigtenstatistik der Bundesagentur fur Arbeit und der Bevolkerungsstand in NDS und der BRD. Die Versichertenpopulation wird an zwei Stichtagen 31.12.2012 und 31.12.2017 hinsichtlich der Geschlechter-und Altersstruktur mit der Bevolkerung in NDS und der BRD verglichen. Anschliesend werden die Daten der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaftigten in der AOK NDS und aus der Beschaftigtenstatistik der Bundesagentur fur Arbeit gegenubergestellt, um Ausbildungsabschlusse, Komplexitat der ausgeubten Tatigkeit und elf Berufsbereiche zu vergleichen. Ergebnisse Die Geschlechterstruktur unterscheidet sich nicht zwischen den drei Vergleichspopulationen. Verglichen mit der Bevolkerung in NDS und der BRD ist der Anteil der unter 30-Jahrigen in der AOK NDS uberdurchschnittlich, der Anteil der Personen zwischen 50 und 76 Jahren etwas unterdurchschnittlich. Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaftigte mit Hochschulabschluss und in Tatigkeiten mit hoherer Komplexitat sind in der AOK NDS unterreprasentiert. Die Verteilung der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschaftigten auf elf Berufsbereiche unterscheidet sich ebenfalls. Schlussfolgerung Die Studie zeigt, dass soziodemographische und sozio-okonomische Merkmale in Studien mit Krankenkassendaten wann immer moglich berucksichtigt werden sollten. In Zukunft wird das Informationssystem Versorgungsdaten krankenkassenubergreifende Analysen mit Sekundardaten ermoglichen. Fragestellungen der gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit konnen damit jedoch aufgrund des Fehlens von sozio-okonomischen Merkmalen nicht beantwortet werden. Auch die Identifikation von vulnerablen Gruppen, die gezielt geeigneten Masnahmen zugefuhrt werden konnten, ist ohne Berucksichtigung von sozio-okonomischen Merkmalen erschwert. Aim of the work Routine data from statutory health insurance funds are now a well-established source of data for scientific research. With regard to the generalizability of findings based on data from one health insurance fund, questions arise regarding the representativeness of the insured population, especially since not all studies adjust for socio-demographic characteristics. Our study examines whether and to what extent socio-demographic and occupational characteristics of the population insured with the AOK Lower Saxony differ from the total and working population of Lower Saxony and the Federal Republic of Germany. Methods The analyses are based on pseudonymised data from the AOK, the employment statistics of the Federal Employment Agency (FEA) and population statistics. The insured population was compared with the population of Lower Saxony and Germany at two cut-off dates (31.12.2012 and 31.12.2017) with respect to the distributions of age and gender. Subsequently, data of employed insured persons were compared with FEA-data in order to compare educational level, complexity of the work and occupational areas. Results The gender structure did not differ between the three populations. The proportion of insured women and men below 30 years of age was above the corresponding figures of Lower Saxony and Germany. Employed individuals holding a university degree or jobs with higher complexity were under-represented in the AOK. The distribution across eleven occupational areas in the AOK also differed from the reference populations. Conclusions The study shows that socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics should be considered whenever possible in studies using statutory health insurance data. In future, the new database “Information System Health Care Data” will enable analyses across all statutory health insurance providers. However, research questions of health inequalities cannot be answered with this approach due to the lack of socio-economic characteristics in these data. Identifying vulnerable groups that could be targeted for appropriate interventions is also difficult without taking socio-economic characteristics into account.

Observing and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.

The use of digital games and gamification has showed potential to improve many aspects of how businesses provide education and communicate with consumers. Nevertheless, there is still a requirement for better considerate of how the adoption of games and gamification would influence the process of decisionmaking for customer and organizations across different industry. This article provides a structured review of existing literature on the use of games in the business ecosystem, and seeks to consolidate findings to address research questions regarding their perception, proven efficiency, and identifies key areas for future business. The findings highlight that serious games can have positive and effective impacts in multiple areas of business, including education, decision-support, marketing and consumer outreach. They also emphasize the challenges and pitfalls of affecting serious games and gamification principles within a business context, and discuss the implications of development and evaluation methodologies on the success of a game-based solution.

This study, which was guided by three research questions, used the qualitative method of a case study to explore the level of implementation of the academic probation policy in North-Western Nigeria, and how it impacted on academic performance of students. The population for this study included examination officers. The population is not intended to statistically represent a group on campus but is instead a group of individuals who shared a specific educational experience. Data was collected through interviews with Examination officers in the selected colleges and analyzed using the thematic data analysis technique. Findings of the study revealed that the colleges are implementing probation on students whose CGPA is less than 1:00 point in line with NCCE probation policy. It further revealed that the implementation of probation has positively impacted the probating students by making them work harder to remedy their deficiencies, improve their performances and subsequently pass their examinations to meet their graduation requirements. The study also found out that most of the probating students see probation as a punishment, a very difficult process, and an unpleasant situation. The study, therefore, recommended that Guidance and Counselling Units of colleges of education should always guide probating students on the importance of the policy for the improvement of their academic performances, and colleges of education should always make sure that experienced and qualified lecturers handle students on probation.

Summarization: Non-healing wounds are steadily becoming a global-health issue. Prolonged hypoxia propagates wound chronicity; yet, oxygenating treatments are considered inadequate to date. Dissolved oxygen (DO) in aqueous solutions introduces a novel approach to enhanced wound oxygenation, and is robustly evaluated for clinical applications. A systematic literature search was conducted, whereby experimental and clinical studies of DO technologies were categorized per engineering approach. Technical principles, methodology, endpoints and outcomes were analysed for both oxygenating and healing effects. Forty articles meeting our inclusion criteria were grouped as follows: DO solutions (17), oxygen (O2) dressings (9), O2 hydrogels (11) and O2 emulsions (3). All technologies improved wound oxygenation, each to a variable degree. They also achieved at least one statistically significant outcome related to wound healing, mainly in epithelialization, angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. Scarcity in clinical data and methodological variability precluded quantitative comparisons among the biotechnologies studied. DO technologies warrantee further evaluation for wound oxygenation in the clinical setting. Standardised methodologies and targeted research questions are pivotal to facilitate global integration in healthcare. Presented on