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Background: Internet-based learning for health professional education is increasing. It offers advantages over traditional learning approaches, as it enables learning to be completed at a time convenient to the user and improves access where facilities are geographically disparate. We developed and implemented the Vancomycin Interactive (VI) e-learning tool to improve knowledge on the clinical use of the antibiotic vancomycin, which is commonly used for treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the VI e-learning tool on (1) survey knowledge scores and (2) clinical use of vancomycin among health professionals. Methods: We conducted a comparative pre-post intervention study across the 14 hospitals of two health districts in New South Wales, Australia. A knowledge survey was completed by nurses, doctors, and pharmacists before and after release of a Web-based e-learning tool. Survey scores were compared with those obtained following traditional education in the form of an email intervention. Survey questions related to dosing, administration, and monitoring of vancomycin. Outcome measures were survey knowledge scores among the three health professional groups, vancomycin plasma trough levels, and vancomycin approvals recorded on a computerized clinical decision support system. Results: Survey response rates were low at 26.87% (577/2147) preintervention and 8.24% (177/2147) postintervention. The VI was associated with an increase in knowledge scores (maximum score=5) among nurses (median 2, IQR 1-2 to median 2, IQR 1-3; P

Background: This study aimed to assess and compare health literacy levels in a range of university-based health students. Methods: A survey containing the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) was administered to students enrolled in university-based medical, allied health or nursing degree programs. The HLQ scores and scale scores were compared across student groups. Results: In total, 374 students (24% response rate) with a median age of 25 years (range: 17–61 years), returned completed surveys. Three students who did not identify their degree programs were excluded from the final analysis which included 371 respondents; 242 graduate-entry medical students (65%), 67 allied health students (18%) and 62 nursing students (17%). Overall, the medical students had the highest score for seven of the nine HLQ scales; while the nursing students had the lowest score for all of the nine HLQ scales. Conclusion: These results show that health literacy profiles are different across student groups. In order to provide excellent patient-centred care, and to successfully look after their own health, a high level of health literacy is required by future health professionals. Health literacy training modules, tailored according to the different needs of the student groups, should therefore be included in university-based health professional degree programs.

Background: Traditional approaches to health professional education are being challenged by increased clinical demands and decreased available time. Web-based e-learning tools offer a convenient and effective method of delivering education, particularly across multiple health care facilities. The effectiveness of this model for health professional education needs to be explored in context. Objectives: The study aimed to (1) determine health professionals’ experience and knowledge of clinical use of vancomycin, an antibiotic used for treatment of serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and (2) describe the design and implementation of a Web-based e-learning tool created to improve knowledge in this area. Methods: We conducted a study on the design and implementation of a video-enhanced, Web-based e-learning tool between April 2014 and January 2016. A Web-based survey was developed to determine prior experience and knowledge of vancomycin use among nurses, doctors, and pharmacists. The Vancomycin Interactive (VI) involved a series of video clips interspersed with question and answer scenarios, where a correct response allowed for progression. Dramatic tension and humor were used as tools to engage users. Health professionals’ knowledge of clinical vancomycin use was obtained from website data; qualitative participant feedback was also collected. Results: From the 577 knowledge survey responses, pharmacists (n=70) answered the greatest number of questions correctly (median score 4/5), followed by doctors (n=271; 3/5) and nurses (n=236; 2/5; P

NGC 300 X‐1 and IC 10 X‐1 have recently been identified in nearby galaxies as extragalactic examples of the rare class of Wolf‐Rayet/compact object X‐ray binary system uniquely exemplified in the Galaxy by Cyg X‐3. Using Swift TOO observations of NGC 300 X‐1 and IC 10 X‐1, we recently discovered very similar periods of 32.8±0.4 and 34.8±0.9 hours, respectively. We believe that these are likely to be orbital periods. It seems surprising that these are so similar and large compared to the short 4.8 hour period of Cyg X‐3, suggesting different evolutionary paths. For both extragalactic candidates we show the allowed ranges of component masses and Wolf‐Rayet star wind velocities for which accretion disks could form around the black holes.

Esterification of hindered alcohols: tert-butyl p-toluate reactant: 5.42 g. (0.0351 mole) of p-toluoyl chloride product: tert-butyl p-toluate product: tert-butyl phenylacetate product: triethylcarbinol ester of p-toluic acid product: 2,2-diphenylethanol ester of benzoic acid product: C6H5CH2CO2C(CH3)3 product: C6H5CO2CH2CH(C6H5)2 product: C6H5CO2C(CH3)3 product: C6H5CO2CCH3(C2H5)2 product: C6H5CO2C(C2H5)3 product: C6H5CO2CH2(t-C4H9) product: (CH3)3CCO2C(CH3)3 product: (CH3)3CCO2C(C2H5) product: (i-C3H7)2CHCO2C(C2H5)3 product: C6H5CHCHCO2C(CH3)3 product: (tC4H9)CH2CO2C(C2H5)3 product: C6H5CH2CH2CO2C(CH3)3 product: (tC4H9)2CHCO2C(C2H5)3 Keywords: esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; tert-butyl alcohol; diethyl ether; lithium tert-butoxide, preparation of; p-toluoyl chloride, preparation of

This paper assesses the unmet orthodontic treatment need in a random sample of 10-year-old schoolchildren, using two indices: the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The DAI scores were adjusted by omitting the missing teeth component of the index because many children were in the mixed dentition with unerupted permanent teeth. Although both indices assessed the same number of children with malocclusions requiring orthodontic treatment, not all were ranked similarly by each index.

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess unmet orthodontic treatment need in 152 13-year-old Dunedin schoolchildren, and to compare the findings with those obtained in the same children 3 years previously. The children were randomly selected from Dunedin schools as 10-year-olds, and had not received orthodontic treatment. Approximately 86 percent of the 13-year-old children had "No-little" need for orthodontic treatment when assessed by the child-assessed Aesthetic Component (AC) and the examiner-assessed AC. Slightly less than half the children had "No-little" need for orthodontic treatment when assessed with the Dental Health Component (DHC). More 10- and 13-year-old children "Needed" orthodontic treatment with the DHC than with the AC. Both the examiner-assessed AC and the DHC assessed significantly fewer 13-year-olds as needing orthodontic treatment than the same children as 10-year-olds. Complete agreement between the grades assigned at 10 and 13 years occurred in 30-43 percent of the children and, in the treatment-need categories, between 53 percent (DHC) and 84 percent (child-assessed AC) of the children. The fall in treatment need over the 3-year period may be due to selection bias, over-sensitivity of the IOTN to mixed dentition traits, or both. Although a number of 10-year-old children were assigned different grades as 13-year-olds, many remained within the same treatment category. The apparent stability of the IOTN to assess treatment need in 10- and 13-year-old children is attributed to the grouping of different occlusal traits in the same treatment-need category, and to the small number of treatment-need categories in each component.

Certain types of oxide scales on steel are known to enhance the efficiency of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) operation [1,3]. This paper presents results from the oxides which form on the boiler pipes in fossil fuel fired power stations. Two principal oxides form, firstly a thin layer of black magnetite which is covered by a thicker outer layer of reddish hematite.

The prevalence of unmet orthodontic treatment need was assessed in a random sample of 294 10-year-old Dunedin schoolchildren using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Approximately one-third of the children from this mainly mixed-dentition sample were assessed as having a need for orthodontic treatment. No children needed orthodontic treatment on the basis of the Aesthetic Component alone, but slightly more than a quarter did on the basis of the Dental Health Component alone. The Dental Health Component was reliable and easy to use, and it assigned approximately the same number of children to the "Need", "Borderline", and "No/little" orthodontic treatment need categories. As the Aesthetic Component alone failed to identify any children needing orthodontic treatment, it may be unsuitable for use as a screening tool for orthodontic treatment need in the mixed dentition.

The factors affecting the formation of zirconium and hafnium complexes of xylenol orange (XO) in perchloric acid have been examined. The optimum acid concentration for both systems is in the range 0.2–0.5 M HClO4. When excess of metal is present, an initial complex with (XO) : metal ratio of 1 :1 is formed; this complex then undergoes an acid-dependent reaction, taking approximately 2 h to reach completion. Rate constants for this reaction have been determined. When excess of xylenol orange is present (i.e.(XO) : metal ⩾ 2) a 2 :1 complex is formed which does not undergo further reaction. Extinction coefficients are given for the various complexes.

The solubility of indium in liquid sodium was determined in the temperature range 100–253·5°. From these solubility data the heat, Δ H i( sol ) , the entropy, Δ S i( sol ) xs and the free energy, Δ G i( sol ) , of solution were calculated. A newly-isolated intermetallic compound, Na3In, which crystallized out of a sodium-rich solution and which was also formed from the reaction of NaIn with excess sodium, is reported. The phase diagrams of the systems sodium-indium and lithium-indium were determined by solubility studies and thermal analysis.

The thermodynamic properties of liquid sodium + cadmium and sodium + indium alloys were determined in the temperature range 350 to 450 °C by measurements of electromotive force using a Pyrex glass electrode. The property of the glass to conduct electricity only with sodium ions was used to prepare alloys of low concentration and high purity. Gibbs energies, entropies, and enthalpies as well as excess and integral thermodynamic functions, are presented for the two systems over their whole composition range.

The authors have carried out a kinetic study of the reduction of vanadium(V) cupferrate by chloroform. The reaction is accompanied by a colour change and can thus be followed spectrophotometrically. A theoretical interpretation of the results is given.

The extraction behaviour of iron, cobalt and nickel from a molten KSCNNaSCN eutectic mixture into an organic phase consisting of tributyl phosphate dissolved in diphenyl has been studied. Spectrophotometric measurements have been used in an attempt to elucidate the state of complexation of the cations in the melt. The extracting species have been postulated as Na3Fe(SCN)6·2TBP, Na2Co(SCN)4·2TBP and Na2Ni(SCN)4·TBP. The enthalpy changes ΔHM per mole of extracting metal ion were found to be ΔHCo = −37 kilojoules (kJ) ΔHFe = − 18 kJ and ΔHNi = 0·3 kJ.

The behaviour of the sodium Pyrex glass electrode in molten zinc chloride has been investigated at temperatures between 340 and 500°C. This electrode is shown to be reponsive to sodium ions and its electrode potential conforms to the Nernst equation. Micropolarization tests demonstrate its reversibility and the value of the activation energy for the conduction process, 21 Kcal/mol, is common to that for small-ion conduction in glasses. The Nernst plots, micropolarization tests and the value for the activation energy all indicate that conduction through the glas is via sodium ions. This is confirmed by the quantitative electrodepostion of sodium from the glass into indium.

Interferometric observation of cosmic emission at OH frequency, noting emission source dimensions

An upper limit of 0.02 second of arc has been determined for a hydroxyl radical (OH) emission region associated with the radio source W3, with the use of a Michelson interferometer consisting of two radio telescopes 845 kilometers apart. Timing was provided at the stations by independent atomic frequency standards. The 1665-megahertz radiation was translated to video frequency and recorded digitally on magnetic tapes which were later processed by computer, yielding fringe phase and amplitude as a function of frequency over the received bandwidth.

Interferometry gives effective diameters less than 20″ for the OH emission sources in W3and Sgr B2. The sources in W49and NGC 6334 contain two or more components, some of which are smaller than 25″.

OH emission regions investigated using Millstone and Haystack antennas with interferometer, noting radio sources for base-line calibration and instrumental phase monitoring

Radio flux and linear polarization of various radio sources at short centimeter wavelengths in quasars study