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The low survival rate in Sumatran fish fingerlings transportation is a problem related to metabolic disturbances that cause death. The addition of nutmeg seed oil in the transportation medium is expected to reduce the rate of respiration and metabolism, so that fish mortality can be minimized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective concentration of nutmeg seed oil to maintain the highest survival rate of Sumatran fish fry transported during treatment and to analyze its effect on induction time and recovery time. This research was carried out from January to March 2021 in the Ciparanje wet laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. This research was conducted experimentally using a factorial randomized group design (FRGD) consisting of two factors, namely the concentration of four levels (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 ml/L and control) and duration of three levels (3, 5, and 7 hours) which was repeated three times. This research uses a closed transportation system. Parameters observed were induction time and conscious recovery time of test fish, post-transportation and post-maintenance survival for 7 days and water quality consisting of temperature, DO, pH, and ammonia. The results showed that the effective nutmeg seed oil for the anesthesia of Sumatran fish fry transported was 0.03 ml/L with a transportation duration of 3 hours because it had an induction time of 08:07, recovery time of 02:41 and postoperative survival rate. transportation by 98.33% and post-maintenance for 7 days by 91.49%. Temperature parameters are 22.7oC, DO is ±10.3 mg/L, pH is ± 6.83 and ammonia is ±0.0010 mg/L.

Uni Eropa merupakan pasar kedua terbesar bagi ekspor biji pala Indonesia selama periode 2012-2019 dengan rata-rata total nilai ekspor sebesar 44,46 juta US$. Meski memiliki prospek yang baik, kegiatan ekspor biji pala Indonesia ke Uni Eropa sempat mengalami kendala yang berakibat pada menurunnya volume ekspor. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya saing serta faktor apa saja yang diduga berpengaruh terhadap volume ekspor biji pala Indonesia periode 2012-2019. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif menggunakan RCA dan EPD serta analisis inferensia menggunakan analisis regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biji pala Indonesia telah memiliki keunggulan komparatif dengan posisi pasar falling star dan retreat. Kemudian, regulasi HC, laju produksi pala Indonesia, dan indeks daya saing (RCA) berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap volume ekspor biji pala Indonesia. Sedangkan harga riil ekspor berpengaruh negatif signifikan.

Indonesia as a spice producer has the opportunity to become a world spice exporter that can contribute to the Indonesian economy. On the other hand, Indonesia has challenges to be able to improve the performance of Indonesian spices commodities. In this research, an overview of the condition of Indonesian spices will be seen so that the development and opportunities of Indonesian spices can be identified. Therefore the objectives of this study are (1) to determine the development of the area, production and productivity of Indonesian spices, (2) to determine the development and performance of international trade in Indonesian spices, (3) the demand for world and Indonesian spices. in the international market, and (4) the development of world and Indonesian spices prices in the international market. This research uses the basic analytical descriptive method, which is a research method that focuses on solving actual problems in the present. The results showed that in general the acreage and production of spices commodities tended to increase from year to year, but the productivity of pepper, nutmeg and vanilla decreased. When viewed from the balance of the Indonesian spices trade in each period it fluctuates but tends to increase. Meanwhile, the demand for spices in the international and Indonesian markets fluctuates every year but tends to increase and the development of international and domestic spice commodity prices has fluctuated each period.

Nutmeg is a source of income for some people in South Aceh, and some types of nutmeg, like mace nutmeg, are of better quality. Mace nutmeg is also an agricultural community with great economic value and benefits for humans, as it can be processed into spices and herbs. A range of products includes nutmeg oil and medicines. The harvesting and drying of mace nutmeg, which is still considered a problem by nutmeg growers, cannot be isolated from the processing of the basic ingredients. The natural process of drying mace nutmeg involves the use of sunshine, which necessitates a considerable drying time. Therefore nutmeg farmers frequently complain of erratic weather, especially during the wet season. The constant rain can cause the mace to rot, causing the nutmeg farming community's revenue to become unstable. Methods and steps of research work starting from the study of literature, determination of design specifications, hardware design, software design, toolmaking, tool testing.Good results were reached with the dryness of the mace nutmeg, which can be adjusted, and without putting into account the weather in the drying process, which is usually done with the heat of the sun, per the results of the testing of the designed tools.The average dryness of mace nutmeg is at a temperature of 45 percent with a time of 4 hours and a capacity of 100 grams; according to the test results of the automatic mace drying machine, it produces 50 grams of dry mace.

The application of plant extracts (PEs) could be a promising option to satisfy consumers' demand for natural additives to inhibit growth of variable pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a standardized microdilution method to examine the antimicrobial effects of 10 hydrophilic PEs against two strains of Clostridium perfringens facing various food-relevant influencing factors. Because of the high opacity of PEs, resazurin was used as an indicator for bacterial growth instead of pellet formation. The highest value of the MIC of the replications of each PE was defined as effective plant extract concentration (EPC), whereas the next concentration beneath the lowest MIC was defined as the ineffective plant extract concentration (IEPC). The EPCs of seven PEs, allspice, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, coriander, ginger, and mace, were between 0.625 and 10 g/kg, whereas extracts of caraway, nutmeg, and thyme showed no antimicrobial activity up to the maximum concentration tested (10 g/kg) against C. perfringens in vitro. Two intrinsic factors, sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), displayed either synergistic or additive effects or no interaction with most PEs. By combination with PEs at their IEPC (0.08 to 1.25 g/kg), MIC of NaCl and NaNO2 decreased from between 25 and 50 g/kg to between 6 and 25 g/kg and from more than 200 mg/kg to between 0.2 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, lipid (sunflower oil) at a low concentration inhibited the antimicrobial effects of all tested PEs. For extrinsic factors, only allspice, ginger, and coriander could maintain their antimicrobial effects after being heated to 78°C for 30 min. The synergistic effect between PEs and pH values (5.0 and 5.5) was also found for all PEs. The established screening method with resazurin and defining EPC and IEPC values allows the verification of antimicrobial effects of PEs under various food-relevant influencing factors in a fast and reproducible way. HIGHLIGHTS

Chemoprofiling of the aerial parts of the unexplored wild nutmeg species M. beddomei subsp. Spherocarpa W.J. de Wilde led to the isolation of two new flavonoids, including an isoflavone 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(5'-hydroxybenzo[d](7',9')-dioxol-1'-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one (1) and a β-hydroxydihydrochalcone; (3(S)-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-(2',4',6'-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one (2) along with eleven known compounds (3-13) for the first time. The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated by various spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and IR). Chemotaxonomic significance of the isolates was discussed in detail. In addition the selected compounds were assessed for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Amongst malabaricones (3, 5-7) showed promising activity against both the cell lines whereas trimyristin (10) efficiently inhibited MCF-7 also partensein (8) and promalabaricone B (9) were found to be moderately toxic to MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7.

The aim of the study was to develop and compare the predictive models of lipid oxidation in minced raw pork meat enriched with selected plant extracts (allspice, basil, bay leaf, black seed, cardamom, caraway, cloves, garlic, nutmeg, onion, oregano, rosemary and thyme) by investigation TBARS values changes during storage at different temperatures. Meat samples with extract addition were stored under various temperatures (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20°C). TBARS values changes in samples stored at 12°C were used as external validation dataset. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by the TBARS content. Lipid oxidation increased with storage time and temperature. The dependence of lipid oxidation on temperature was adequately modelled by the Arrhenius and log-logistic equation with high R2 coefficients (0.98–0.99). Kinetic models and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to build the predictive models. The obtained result demonstrates that both kinetic Arrhenius (R2 = 0.83) and log-logistic (R2 = 0.84) models as well as ANN (R2 = 0.99) model can predict TBARS changes in raw ground pork meat during storage.

Abstrcact Jamu Selokarang is one of the traditional drinks originating from an area, namely Madura, the ingredients used in the manufacture of Jamu Selokarang are turmeric, ginger, ginger, betel leaf, soursop leaves, cloves, nutmeg, coriander, temu ireng and ginger. The ingredients used in the manufacture of herbal medicine selokarang contain a lot of antioxidants and essential oils. Testing is needed to determine the antioxidant activity contained in the herbal medicine selokarang. This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of jamu selokarang on antioxidant compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, ash content and water content. This study used a simple completely randomized design method (simple CRD) with a single factor, namely the black cumin formulation of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% which were included in jamu selokarang. The research was repeated 3 times. The parameters observed were: water content, ash content, antioxidants, total phenols, and flavonoids. The results showed that the substitution had a significant effect on water content, ash content and antioxidant activity, while the total phenol and flavonoid analysis had no significant effect. Treatment 0% black cumin had water content of 2.68%; Ash content of 7,90%; DPPH anti-oxidant for 49.08%; antioxidant FRAP 26.25 μgAAE / mL; total phenol was 2.05 μgGAE / mg, and total flavonoids was 0.91 μgQAE / mg.

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal fertilizing method and NPK fertilizer dosage for plant physiology and nutmeg yield. Study Design: The experimental design was a completely randomized block design (CRBD) in a 4x3 factorial arrangement with three replicates. The first factor was four NPK fertilizer doses: 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5kg NPK (15:15:15)/tree/year. The second factor was the manner of fertilizer application: (1) fertilized in spot, (2) fertilized in-furrow trenches trunked and (3) fertilized in hole. Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in Tobelo North Halmahera (1°44'45.3"-1°44'54.4" N, 127°59'54.4"-127°59'53.2" E), North Maluku, Indonesia from January 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: The nutmeg trees used was 30 years old. The population of trees plants in the study area was 40 trees. Observation parameters on leaves are chlorophyll a, b and total, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), N, P, K, proline content, number of young and old fruits. Results: The fertilization treatment with the fertilizer application method into the crack/hole fertilizer with a dose of 2.5 kg NPK significantly produced high levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll of leaves and old fruit. The number of old fruits is positively correlated with chlorophyll a content (0.615*), chlorophyll b (0.663*), total chlorophyll (0.634*) and number of young fruits (0.748 **). The application of fertilizer hole produces plants that recover quickly from drought stress, as evidenced by the highest proline content. Conclusion: NPK fertilization using the hole method and at doses of 2.0-2.5 kg/tree/year are recommended for improving plant physiology and yield.

This study aimed to obtain yeast and bacteria from Myristica fragrans Houtt., which have the potential to produce chitinase enzymes with antagonistic ability against Rigidoporus microporous. Both microorganisms were extracted from the leaves and fruit of nutmeg. A total of 35 yeast and 29 bacterial isolates were obtained, with different morphological characters. The chitinolytic test was carried out qualitatively, and the parameters observed include the clear zones around the colony. A total of 4 bacterial isolates produced chitinase enzymes (BP 1.2.1, BP 2.1.1, EPBj II.K1, and EPBj II. K2) with a chitinolytic index of 3.92, 5.38, 2.00, and 1.66, respectively. Yeast isolates were negative for chitinase enzymes. The difference in index value indicated a variation in enzyme activity. The antagonist test was carried out using a dual culture method. A total of 1 yeast and 14 bacterial isolates inhibited the growth of R. microporous, and each has a different inhibitory zone. Based on the percentage of inhibition value, the highest percentage occurred in P.K1(41.1%), P. K2 (50%), dan EPBj II. K6 (42.2%). The antagonist test indicator includes the formation of inhibitory zones on the medium. Hemolysis test showed that yeast and bacteria are not able to break down blood cells in the medium. The molecular identification showed that P. K1 and P. K2 isolates were classified as Bacillus subtillis and EPBj II. K6 were identified as Bacillus aerius with 100% sequence homology and 99% bootstrap value respectively. These findings provided information about potential microbes that control white root fungus.

Flour and protein concentrate of African nutmeg (Pycnanthus angolensis) were subjected to standard analytical techniques to evaluate nutrient composition. Protein content was 27.40% and 60.72% for ...

Numerous case reports of intoxications with nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans, Houtt.) can be found in literature often following their abuse, as psychotropic effects were described after ingestions of large doses. The successful detection of the main ingredients of the nutmeg seeds essential oil elemicin, myristicin, and safrole, as well as their metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was already described. The aim of this study was to investigate the detectability of the main ingredients of nutmeg seeds and their metabolites in human blood and urine samples using liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-LIT-MSn ) and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) after nutmeg seed abuse. Sample material of three individuals was retrospectively investigated after a systematic screening approach indicated an intoxication with nutmeg seeds as a likely cause of symptoms. Metabolic patterns in plasma and urine using GC-MS were comparable with those described in earlier publications. Investigations using hyphenated liquid chromatography techniques lead to the detection of myristicin and safrole, as well as further metabolites not described using GC-MS and revealed sulfation as an additional Phase II metabolic pathway. These results might help to detect or confirm future intoxications with nutmeg seeds by using LC-MS techniques.

Nutmeg pulp is one part of the nutmeg plant that contain antioxidant to prevent free radicals in the body. Nutmeg pulp contains secondary metabolites of the flavonoid class which have function as antioxidant. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drying the nutmeg pulp on the level of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. After measuring the antioxidant activity of wind-dried and oven–dried nutmeg using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, the results showed that the antioxidant activity (IC50) of wind dry is 116,952 µg/mL and oven dry is 219,2 µg/mL. The result of one-way Anova data analysis obtain p-value (p)

Daun pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, saponin dan tanin. Oleh karena itu, daun pala dikembangkan ke dalam bentuk sediaan gel hand sanitizer yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Dalam formulasi gel, penggunaan gelling agent dan humektan merupakan faktor penting yang dapat menghasilkan sediaan gel yang stabil. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui stabilitas sediaan gel hand sanitizer ekstrak etanol daun pala dengan variasi konsentrasi HPMC dan gliserin. Gel hand sanitizer ini dibuat 3 formulasi dengan variasi HPMC dan gliserin, yaitu formula 1 (HPMC 1% : gliserin 5%), formula 2 (HPMC 1.5% : gliserin 7.5%), formula 3 (HPMC 2%, gliserin 10%). Uji stabilitas yang dilakukan terhadap sediaan menggunakan metode cycling test sebanyak 6 siklus. Berdasarkan hasil analisis cycling test 6 siklus dihasilkan bahwa formula yang memiliki stabilitas paling baik adalah formula 1 dengan variasi konsentrasi HPMC 1% dan gliserin 5%.

Background: This article aims to present the results of a literature review on food milling, to identify the most recent uses, types of mills, and new grinding trends. Methods: For this, a search was made with the keywords “grinding”, “milling” and “food” in the Scopus, which yielded 192 articles, 52 of which directly related to food, were analyzed. Results: Contributions were found related to various types of grinding such as cryogenic grinding, nano-scaled grinding, ultrafine and superfine grinding. The authors highlighted the uses of these types of milling in agro-industrial products such as nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), wheat bran (Triticum spp.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and green tea powder (Camellia sinensis), among others. Conclusion: It is observed that engineering texts dealing with theoretical and analytical food milling operations do not emphasize the new trends found. As a complementary part of this study, eight patents related to cryogenic grinding in food were analyzed, identifying uses of this type of grinding in coffee, lipids, lycopene, proteins, grains, and seeds. Besides, a search was carried out to find out commercial suppliers of cryogenic grinding equipment, in which six companies from China with their equipment were identified.

This work aimed to isolate the essential oil from the nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed, to determine the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of the obtained essential oil, as w...

One of the stages in drying the nutmeg is drying the nutmeg in the afternoon which is directly illuminated by the sun. The nutmeg owners in South Aceh is very difficult to get information about rain falling during the day if they are outside or are not in the nutmeg drying area. The process of monitoring the occurrence of rain during the drying of the nutmeg has been done manually by monitoring or seeing the state of the sky when it is cloudy. The purpose of this research is to create a rain monitoring system based on the “Internet of things” internet to make it easier for nutmeg owners to get information about rain falling from a distance. This research uses nodeMCU which functions as a controller of a rain monitoring system, a raindrop sensor as a rain detection sensor. The working system of the rain monitoring tool is by connecting the nodeMCU to the led light and if the raindrop sensor is exposed to rain then the led light will turn on or light up and the raindrop sensor reads the data point. If the data point is read 1024, it indicates that the condition is not raining, while if the data point value is 700 -1023, it indicates the condition of the drizzle, and the data point value from 0-600 indicates the heavy rain condition. The raindrop sensor sends data points to the ThingsIO.AI website as a condition notification that the nutmeg drying area is drizzling, heavy rain, or no rain. For monitoring of nutmeg drying area, it can be accessed remotely via the “website ThingsIO.AI” using smartphones and computers that are connected by the internet. Based on the results of testing the average data point delivery time is 1 minute and the value of the data point obtained is 488-1009

Myristicin, a potential toxicant, is a major ester present in the pericarp of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) is responsible for its generation. The objective of the study was firstly to estimate the effect of blanching and pickling process on the inactivation of AAT and production of myristicin in nutmeg pericarp. Secondly, the effect of pickling process on the physical, microbial, antioxidant and sensory properties of nutmeg was evaluated. The nutmeg fruit pericarp was water-blanched for 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min. The increased blanching time significantly (p

Wild nutmeg species could be utilized as a source of fatty acids like the cultivated nutmeg. Myristicaceae is a tropical family, the members of which are utilized for medicinal properties in their native regions. Myristica fragrans is a species commercially exploited as a spice and medicine worldwide, while most of its allied species are yet to be studied in detail. In present study, three species viz. Horsfieldia glabra, Knema andamanica and Myristica andamanica were compared with the commercial nutmeg morphologically and biochemically to identify their utilization potential. Distinct variations were observed for seed morphological parameters among these species and seed dimensions were found to be the maximum in seeds of M. andamanica. Extraction yield varied significantly with solvent in H. glabra, K. andamanica and M. fragrans. Higher total phenolic content was recorded in methanolic extracts than acetone extracts in all the species and methanolic extract of M. andamanica had the highest total phenolic content (6.54 mg/g GAE). Seeds of all species were rich in saturated fats that varied between 59.4% (H. glabra) and 83.4% (M. andamanica). Methyl tetradecanoate was the most dominant compound in all the species, the content of which varied between 46.87 and 68.84%, while (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester and methyl hexadecanoate were the other dominant compounds. Higher quantities of methyl dodecanoate (27.02%) and methyl cis -13-docosenoate (16.97%) were obtained from M. andamanica and H. glabra, respectively, while these compounds were present in minute quantities in other species.

Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as nailibility and lessened the dead weight. The nutmeg shell has the characteristics of light and hard skin testure so that it has the potential to be used as a material for lightweight concrete. The purpose of this study is to determine the aggregate characteristic value and the compressive strength value of concrete using the DOE (department of environment) method and referring to standards SNI. Variation of use nugmet shell toward the weight volume of concrete is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. This research is a sample-based laboratory research and analysis of aggregate characteristics and concrete compression test. The research result shows that the use of nutmeg skin as a coarse aggregate material in the concrete mixture affects the volume weight of the concrete. The weight of the concrete gets lighter along with the higher the percentage used. The average volume weight obtained was 1810.06 kg / m3. Based on the weight of the concrete sample, it is classified as light structure, includes concrete with low density and includes lightweight aggregate concrete. The compressive strength values for the characteristics of concrete at a composition of 10%, 20% and 30% were obtained at 28.42 kg/cm2, 31.65 kg/cm2 and 32.68 kg/cm2 which increased while the use of nutmeg shells at 40% and 50% compositions was obtained. values of 29.09 kg/cm2 and 27.38 kg/cm2 decreased at the age of 28 days. The increase in the value of the compressive strength of concrete (fck') occurred starting at the composition of 20% and 30% at 10.20% and 13.03% and begin to decrease at the composition of 50% by 3.65%. Lightweight concrete from nutmeg shells has an weight of 1810,06 kg/m3 and a maximum compressive strength value of 3,2 MPa so that the concrete is in the category lightweight structure.

The essential oil of Myristica fragrans Hutt. (nutmeg) is an important commodity used as a flavoring agent in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields. Hydrodistillation is chiefly employed at the industrial scale for nutmeg essential oil isolation, but such a technique generates large quantities of post-distillation by-products (e.g., spent plant material and residual distillation water). Therefore, our work aimed to propose a novel strategy for the valorization of nutmeg wastes, with beneficial economic and ecological advantages. Thus, the current study assessed the phytochemical (GC-MS, LC-HRMS/MS) and biological (antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial) profile of nutmeg crude materials (essential oil and total extract) and post-distillation by-products (residual water and spent material extract). Identified in these were 43 volatile compounds, with sabinene (21.71%), α-pinene (15.81%), myristicin (13.39%), and β-pinene (12.70%) as the main constituents. LC-HRMS/MS analysis of the nutmeg extracts noted fifteen metabolites (e.g., organic acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and diarylnonanoids). Among the investigated nutmeg samples, the spent material extract was highlighted as an important source of bioactive compounds, with a total phenolic and flavonoid content of 63.31 ± 0.72 mg GAE/g and 8.31 ± 0.06 mg RE/g, respectively. Moreover, it showed prominent radical-scavenging and metal-reducing properties and significantly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (4.78 ± 0.03 mg GALAE/g). Further, the spent material extract displayed strong antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus cereus (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 62.5 mg/L). Overall, our study brings evidence on the health-promoting (antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, antimicrobial) potential of nutmeg post-distillation by-products with future reference to their valorization in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and food industries.

The current study presents the most suitable method for encapsulating nutmeg essential oil with liquorice and red clover. Two widely used methods, spray-drying and freeze-drying, were employed to find the most suitable for essential oil volatile compounds’ protection. Results showed that freeze-dried capsules (LM) had a higher yield (85.34%) compared to the exact formulation of spray-dried microcapsules (SDM)—45.12%. All the antioxidant and total phenolic compounds’ results obtained with the LM sample were significantly higher compared with SDM. LM microcapsules were incorporated in two different bases with no additional sugar (gelatin and pectin) for targeted release. Pectin tablets had firmer and harder texture properties, while gelatin tablets had a more elastic texture. There was a significant impact on texture changes caused by microcapsules. Microencapsulated essential oil with extracts can be used alone or in a gel base (pectin or gelatin, depending on user preferences). It could be an effective product to protect the active volatile compounds and regulate the release of active compounds and give a pleasant taste.

The research has been carried out to develop STEM based Student Worksheets to determine their effectiveness in increasing students' entrepreneurial innovation through the development of candied nutmeg products and the responses of teachers and students to Student Worksheet. The research was conducted using the research and development (R & D) method using the ADDIE model. The sample in this study were 34 students of class XI IPA 1, selected using random sampling technique. The research data were obtained from expert assessment sheets, Student Worksheet and questionnaires for teachers and students. The results of the STEM-based Student Worksheet feasibility test by the experts showed that the Student Worksheet eveloped was classified as very worthy, with an average percentage value of 94.17%. The percentage of Yes responses obtained from teachers and students was 100.00% and 92.06% in the very good category. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the developed STEM based Student Worksheet can increase students' entrepreneurial innovation and can be used as an alternative teaching material in craft and entrepreneurship materials, and get positive responses from teachers and students.

Nutmeg oleoresin is one of the nutmeg derivative products with high values produced from the extraction process. The conventional extraction process using maceration takes a long time so that it is less suitable for industries needs. This study aims to examine the UAE direct sonication method for increasing yield and quality of nutmeg eleoresin. Nutmeg with optimal maturity level were harvested, dried and milled into 60 mesh particle size. Nutmeg powder of 200 g was placed in beaker glass filled with etanol 800 ml (material and solvent ratio 1:4) and UAE was carried out using a sonicator with a frequency of 20 kHz and power of 700 W. Four ultrasound amplitude levels (45, 60, 75, 90%) and four levels of extraction time (30, 45, 60, 75 minutes) were taken as UAE treatments. Extraction using maceration at room temperature for 7 hours was done as control. The results showed that the greater the amplitude of the ultrasound, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. The longer the extraction time, the higher the yield of nutmeg oleoresin. Ultrasonic assisted extraction can increase nutmeg oleoresin yield by 11 to 52% and faster time (

Streptococcus mutans is an oral commensal. Its bacteria are involved in the dental caries pathogenesis. Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is one of the native plants of Indonesia. Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) contains antibacterial properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and essential oil. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract in the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth. The extract of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was made using the maceration method with ethanol 96% as the solvent. The Diffusion methods to identify the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth. The concentration of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract used in this study were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100. The one-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was the effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract on Streptococcus mutans growth with value p0.05, and then data was tested by Least Significant Difference (LSD). This study's conclusion showed an effect of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans growth. The concentration of nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract, which has the greatest inhibition zone on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, is at a concentration of 100% is 33,53 mm. KEYWORDS: Nutmeg flesh (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Streptococcus mutans

Background: Recently, many drugs have been developed and used for the treatment of hepatic and renal diseases. Nutmeg apart from being utilized as kitchen spices in Nigeria has also been used for healing and medicinal purposes. Aims: In the present study, nutmeg supplement was evaluated against Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepato- renal-toxicity. Study Design: Twenty (20) adult wistar rats weighing185-220 were obtained from animal house of the department of Pharmacology University of Port Harcourt were divided into four groups having 5 rats each (n=5). Methodology: The animals were divided into four groups of 5 rats each: Group A (normal control) were administered distilled water, group B (negative control) received a single dose of acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) for two days. Group C received 500 mg/kg body weight of nutmeg supplement one hour before receiving 1000 mg/kg acetaminophen, while group D received acetaminophen (1000 mg/kg) only on day 1 and 2 and the drug extracts on day 3-7. All dosage was dissolved in distilled water orally. The experiment lasted for seven days. Twenty four hours after drugs administrations the animals in each group were anaesthetized. Blood samples were collected and animals sacrificed, liver and kidney tissues removed for various histopathological, biochemistry, antioxidant and haematological examinations using standard procedures. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Tukey poc-hoc Test. Results: Administration of nutmeg supplement orally effectively restrained APAP-induced alterations in the activities of hepatic (48.60-38.00) and renal markers and Antioxidant enzymes in liver (0.43-0.53). The hepatic and renal architecture of APAP administered rats showed distorted liver and kidney tissues, hepatic vacuolations, destroyed glomerular and renal tubules. Nutmeg+APAP as well as APAP+ Nutmeg administrations were able to ameliorate the effects of APAP administration. Conclusion: The result indicated that APAP overdosed is hepato-renal- toxic and Nutmeg supplement possessed hepato-prote-curative properties as well as renal-prote-curative properties against APAP-induced damage in rats.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different spices of Monodora myristica (African Nutmeg), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), and Piper guineense (African Black Pepper) on nutrient composition and organoleptic characteristics of dried rabbit meats. The three spices collected as seeds were processed into meals and applied on the fresh meat cut (loin) obtained from 10 rabbit bucks. The treatments were arranged as: T (200g meat without 1 spice) which served as control, T (200g meat +5% Nutmeg) T (200g meat + 10% Nutmeg) 2 3 ,T (200g meat + 5% African Black Pepper) T (200g meat +10%) T (200g meat +5% 4 5 6 Ginger) T (200g meat +10% Ginger). Each treatment was oven-dried before presented to 7 taste panel that adjudged the test for colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability. Samples of each spice and the processed meat were analyzed for nutrient composition. Result obtained showed that the meat is made up of protein, 50.52%, fat 6.45%, ash 5.05%, fibre 3.23%. Proximate composition of Ginger showed that it was significantly (P0.05) from the control while the least score was recorded in Piper guineense. Similarly, nutritional composition of meats improved in terms of protein, ash and fibre significantly (P

Low farmer welfare level is one development problem in Tidore. This is explained in the medium-term regional development plan of Tidore Islands 2016-2021. Regarding to the public welfare phenomena, this research aims at knowing the influence magnitude on the effectiveness of nutmeg processing and packaging reformulation activity to the public welfare in Jaya village. The method used in this research was quantitative research conducted by survey sample research approach. The sampling used from the population used stratified random sampling technique. The data collection used literature review, research questionnaire and observation. Data analysis used included item validity test, instrument reliability test, correlation coefficient measurement, determination coefficient measurement, hypothesis test using t-test and regression equation measurement. The research result showed that there was a positive and significant effectivity of nutmeg processing and packaging reformulation activity to the public welfare in Jaya Village of Tidore Islands.

A research work was carried out to evaluate the effects of toasted Monodora myristica spice as feed additive in quail diet in a completely randomized design. The proximate, vitamin and mineral composition and anti-nutritional factors, growth performance, cut parts and organ characteristics, biochemical parameters and egg quality traits were evaluated in this study that lasted for fifteen weeks. A total of 120 day-old quail chicks were brooded for 14 days. Thereafter, they were allocated to four dietary treatments designated D1, D2, D3 and D4 also having 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% Monodora myristica respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times at 10 quails (2 males: 8 females) per replicate. Growth performance and carcass characteristics study lasted for 7 weeks while eggs were collected for four weeks. Daily feed intake was reported to be 2.39g/bird/day, 2.83g/bird/day, 3.22g/bird/day and 3.15g/bird/day respectively for 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% Monodora myristica-flavoured diets. There was no significant (P>0.05) increase in the daily feed intake though it increased only numerically as level of inclusion increased from 0% to 1.0% but decreased at the level above 1.0%. There were significant (P

Dodol is a semi-wet food that has a plastic texture. The typical organoleptic properties of dodol are brown and have a sweet, savory and legit taste with a plastic texture. Nutmeg meat has the potential to be processed into various food products such as candied nutmeg, nutmeg syrup, jam, nutmeg juice, instant nutmeg drink, nutmeg jelly, nutmeg wine, vinegar acid, gelatin hard candy and dodol. Processing nutmeg meat into nutmeg dodol can add value to nutmeg products and increase farmers' income. The purpose of this study was to produce nutmeg dodol with the best organoleptic properties. Dodol from nutmeg meat and banana flour mulu bebe produces a colour value of 3.64-3.70 (dislike), flavour 3.25-3.59 (rather dislike), and aroma of 3.75-4.15 (dislike). The ratio of the addition of nutmeg meat 65% and banana flour mulu bebe 35% meets the quality of SNI dodol, the ratio of addition of nutmeg meat 45% and banana flour mulu bebe 55% produces nutmeg dodol favoured by consumers.

This study aims to analyze farmers' decision making in selecting understorey types in the sengon-based mixed garden. The research was conducted in Majenang District, Cilacap Regency, Central Java. Data were analyzed descriptively using Gladwin's real-life choice theory approach. The results of the study are as follows. First, thirteen main root crops make up the sengon-based mixed garden, namely: coffee, cocoa, cloves, coconut, petai, nutmeg, pepper, rubber, dukuh, pisitan, rambutan, soursop, and guava, as well as seven types of secondary root crops, namely: cardamom, cayenne pepper, banana, ginger, turmeric, cassava, and galangal. Second, the lower crops chosen by farmers based on five aspects of decision making were nutmeg and pepper for the main understorey, and cardamom and ginger for secondary understorey. Therefore, the lower plants that need to get priority to be cultivated in the development of mixed gardens in Majenang District, Cilacap Regency are nutmeg, pepper, cardamom and or ginger. The central and local governments need to facilitate the development of these mixed gardens

Beef rendang is a popular traditional food from West Sumatra which is commonly cooked by using fresh seasoning such as herbs and spices yet not all types of those ingredients are effortlessly available to be found. This issue hinders the local community to cook beef rendang with the original taste of West Sumatra. As a matter of fact, producing dried seasoning to cook rendang could be a possible solution to solve this issue. This study aimed to compare the sensory analysis of beef rendang by using fresh and dried seasoning. This sort of research was a pure experiment with a completely randomized design and 3 repetitions. The ingredients being used are beef, coconut milk, chilies, ginger, galingale, lemongrass, shallots, garlic, lime leaves, bay leaves, turmeric leaves and salt, cooking oil, nutmeg and coriander purchased at traditional markets. The seasoning was sautéed and the coconut milk was poured into the pan, then the beef was added onto the coconut milk with the seasoning until it is half cooked in which the name is Kalio (Like curry, but not become rendang yet), then it was heated up and dried up for hours until the coconut milk dried and turned black which is called rendang. In addition, the data collection technique was carried out by giving a questionnaire to the panelists. The data analysis used was the t-test independent sample t-test using SPSS 15.0 software. The results obtained from the research showed that the average values of the sensory evaluation of the two rendang were almost similar. The average values of beef rendang sensory evaluation using fresh and dried seasoning, respectively, were colour 3.26 and 3.53; aroma 4.0 and 4.13; the texture has the same value, namely 3,4; taste namely 4,6 and 4,46 and the hedonic test 4,33 and 4,20. These results were likely identical as what the statistical test attained (t-test) that there are no significant differences between beef rendang using dried seasoning and fresh seasoning for each sensory testing.

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic stem extract of (Wild African nutmeg) Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) and some commercially available toothpaste against bacteria isolated from the hidden resident mouth cavity microfora. Bacteria were isolated from swabs of apparently healthy individuals and were identified using Staining procedure biochemical tests and the use of Bergey’s manual of bacteria identification The assay for antibacterial activity of Pycnanthus angolensis stem bark extract and the four toothpastes were determined using agar well diffusion method. The Gram positive bacteria isolated were Streptococcus sangus, Streptococcus ratti, Stomatococcus mucilaginous., Peptostreptococcus sp., and Streptococcus mutans and the Gram negative bacteria were Veillonella atypical, Veillonella parvula, Veillonella dispar and Acidiaminococcus sp. Oral B toothpaste showed maximum efficacy of inhibition with inhibition zone diameter as wide as 20 mm at 100 mg/ml. Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Close-up) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.13%, Veillonella parvula (10%), Veillonella dispar (12%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(9%), Streptococcus ratti (13%), Veillonella atypical (11%), Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (11%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Oral B toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora reveals Acidaminococcus sp.(11%,) Veillonella dispar (11%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp. (12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(15%), Streptococcus ratti (11%), Veillonella atypical (8%), Streptococcus sangus (10%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (MyMy toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora depicts Acidaminococcus sp.(12%), Veillonella dispar (9%), Veillonella parvula (8%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(10%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(16%), Streptococcus ratti (9%), Veillonella atypical (15%),Streptococcus sangus (9%) and Streptococcus mutans (12%), Percentage frequency distribution of antibacterial activity of conventional toothpaste (Olive toothpaste) against hidden resident mouth cavity microfora shows Acidaminococcus sp.(9%), Veillonella dispar (10%), Veillonella parvula (10%), Peptostreptococcus sp.(12%), Stomatococcus mucilaginous.(13%), Streptococcus ratti (10%) ,Veillonella atypical (17%), Streptococcus sangus (7%), and Streptococcus mutans (12%). Pycnanthus Angolensis stem bark extract inhibited the growth of the oral bacterial isolates with of zones of inhibition diameter ranging from 6 mm to 17 mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml. Secondary metabolite (Phytochemical) screening shows the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, steroid, phenol, terpenoid, pyrrolozidine alkaloid, glycoside and cardiac glycoside with glycoside and terpenoid most present. However, anthraquinones and volatile oil were absent. With menial antibacterial activity, P. angolensis can be use in the formulation of herbal toothpaste. It should be advocated that Pycnanthus angolensis should be added to our convention toothpaste to improve the functional ingredient of the toothpaste and Plant-based traditional knowledge has become a recognized tool in search for new sources of drugs. It is clear that the use of these herbal plants can offer a platform for further research.

BACKGROUND Development of new personal repellents to prevent tick bites is progressing to keep up with the increasing threat of tick-borne diseases in humans. However, the market share of natural, plant-based repellents is still quite small. We tested all of the major (>1%) components found in the essential oils of rosemary (Spanish variety) and nutmeg. These were tested with Dermacentor variabilis ticks, a robust tick capable of vectoring human diseases, in a no-human horizontal Petri dish assay. For comparison, we also tested the active ingredients currently recommended by the CDC and EPA as personal repellents for use against ticks. RESULTS Of the 16 oil components tested, three performed significantly better than N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in our assay. These compounds were myristicin and safrole found in the nutmeg oil, and terpinolene found in nutmeg oil and as a minor (

Introduction and Aim: The most emerging area of research in nanotechnology deals with the synthesis of nanoparticles which are of great importance due to its use in various biological fields. Myristica fragrans is commonly known as “nutmeg”. It is popular as a spice and also possesses various therapeutic properties. It has a characteristic pleasant fragrance and a slightly warm taste. It has various therapeutic uses and is widely used. The aim is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesized and was confirmed by UV Vis spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory property of the prepared nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles was assessed using albumin denaturation inhibitory assay technique. Results: The nutmeg oleoresin mediated silver nanoparticles showed good anti-inflammatory activity with increasing concentration of the nanoparticles. Conclusion: Although a variety of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed, researchers are focusing on natural substances to develop new anti-inflammatory agents. Nutmeg mediated silver nanoparticles showed a good range of inhibition and can be used against inflammation. The myristicin present in the nutmeg maybe responsible for its anti-inflammatory action. Increased albumin denaturation is reported in conditions like in rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and cancer. Hence this may pay way to manage such conditions.

Most of the use of coffee today is processed into drinks, with various types, brands and one of them is spice coffee which has been produced in the households of Ternate City, Tabahawa Village. Spice coffee is coffee that mixed with spice powder, namely robusta coffee, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, ginger and sugar. Spice coffee has a warm spicy taste and this coffee has been marketed in stores or supermarkets in Ternate City. Various kinds of beverage products can be made using the basic ingredients of coffee, this is because coffee has a distinctive taste and a refreshing effect. Spices also provide a specific aroma to suit one's taste with a distinctive spice refreshing and warming effect. By combining coffee and spices which have almost the same active compound, it is possible to create mixed flavors that consumers can enjoy. Seeing this potential, it is necessary to conduct research on the Analysis of Spice Coffee Processing Business in the Household Industries of Tabahawa Village, Ternate City. The purpose of this research was to analyze the feasibility of the spice coffee processing business in the Household Industry of Tabahawa Village, Ternate City. The analysis method used in this research are NPV analysis, B / C Ratio, IRR and Payback period. Through the results of the research that the process of making spice coffee includes: All raw materials are ground separately into powder, then the powder is mixed so that it becomes one according to the comparison and to answer the second problem through a financial feasibility analysis that the spice coffee processing business shows that, the NPV value is obtained amounting to Rp.41,437,982, the IRR value obtained is 202.5%, the Cost Ratio value is 0.06%, the Gross B / C Ratio value is Rp.53,717,982, while the calculation of the criteria for the return on investment (playback period) is obtained for 1 year. Investment costs can be covered through profits after the business has been running for 2 years so that the home coffee spice industry is feasible to develop.

Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), an aromatic evergreen tree, is well known as a commercial source of mace (aril) and nutmeg (seed), which have long been widely used as spices in the culinary field. In addition, various parts of M. fragrans have been used in folk medicine for treating several diseases. Since its extensive uses in the culinary sector and folk medicine, M. fragrans has long attracted a great deal of attention from pharmacologists and chemists. Numerous studies have indicated that M. fragrans contains diverse phytochemicals such as lignans, neolignans, diphenylalkanes, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids, which exhibit many of pharmacological activities. Among them, macelignan (1), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (2), myristicin (111), and malabaricone C (Mal C, 104) are the most active compounds. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of M. fragrans that have reported to date.

Purpose: Based on World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, Indonesia had an obligation to conduct international trade based on the liberalization principle. The International Trade should conduct non-discrimination among member states, except there is a condition fulfilled under the general exception. One of the exceptions is about international standards related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This article will elaborate on what extend Government policy and regulation should support international trade by complying with the international framework. Methodology: The method used in this research is the Analytical Descriptive Survey Method. The data collection technique used is a phased sampling process (Multistage Stratified Random Sampling) by taking into account the complexity of the population gradually from the Population Cluster to the farmer stage. In the final determination of the farmers that will be sampled, two non-probability sampling schemes, Judgment Sampling, and Snowball Sampling are used. Main Findings: Based on the search from secondary data, it was obtained that the development of nutmeg potential in Maluku, in its area, number of farmers, and production for five years (2012-2016) experienced fluctuations, in which it increased in 2016. Implications/Applications: The development of the nutmeg industry in the Maluku Islands requires various programs aimed at improving the quality and productivity of nutmeg commodity so that it can ensure the continuity of supply chains and the sustainability of nutmeg industry development. Some of the programs are suggested after careful analysis of the data obtained. Novelty/Originality: The combination of technical and social aspects is compiled within the Geographic Information System and spatially visualized, then can be classified comprehensively into a zone of nutmeg presence in the Maluku Islands. The Information of Nutmeg condition in several areas with spatial technique analysis is useful to the development of supporting infrastructure, capacity building of nutmeg farmer society, nutmeg industries, and Government Policy of Maluku Province to develop their nutmeg product.

Eight plant essential oils (cardamom, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus, lemongrass, lime, nutmeg and rosemary) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against three Pseudomonas species associate...

Pickled nutmeg which is made from the osmotic dehydration process is one of the well-known and a trademark delicacy in Penang, Malaysia. Despite of the high demand from the consumers, the toxicant volatile compound of myristicin that is produced along the making process has become the limitation of the pickled nutmeg consumption. Hence, pre-treatments of different blanching period prior to osmotic dehydration process were suggested to mitigate the issue. Analysis of the texture, myristicin content, and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) activity were undergone to the fresh (control), pretreated nutmeg pericarp, and post-pretreated pickled nutmeg. The nutmeg samples were prepared and subjected to various blanching period (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 min) at 100 ℃ in distilled water, followed by immersing the samples into sodium metabisulfite/citric acid (SMB/CA) solution for 30 min. Then, the pretreated nutmeg pericarp underwent the osmotic dehydration process by using food grade sodium chloride. The increase in blanching period resulted in the reduction of texture hardness, myristicin content, and AAT activity of the pretreated nutmeg pericarp compared to the control. In overall, 7 min blanching period was preferable, as the myristicin level in nutmeg sample could not be detected and the AAT activity was at its lowest level.

Effective control disease measures require a great deal of knowledge about the pathogen, which is also applied to dieback disease of the nutmeg tree in Aceh Selatan District, Province of Aceh, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to identify the causal agent of dieback disease on a nutmeg plantation and to assess the effect of drought stress on the development of dieback disease. Pathogen identification was carried out by observing the symptoms of infected plants, morphological characters of the isolated pathogens, Koch’s postulates, and molecular analysis and pure pathogen cultures. The samples were taken from an infected part of the nutmeg plant (twigs, stems, and roots) in 6 subdistricts at the center of the nutmeg plantation in Aceh Selatan. Koch's postulates were performed by using the mycelia of pathogens on 1-year-old nutmeg seedlings. Drought stress was simulated everyday, and then once every 2 weeks, to study the effect of drought stress on dieback. The results showed that there were 4 genera of fungal pathogens (Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium solani, Graphium euwallaceae, and Rigidoporus microporus) out of 6 fungi associated with dieback disease. However, B. theobromae Pat. turned out to be the dominant fungi associated with dieback on the nutmeg tree in Aceh Selatan. Drought stress was proven to be a predisposing factor for explaining this problem epidemic in Aceh Selatan.

Clean label products with natural antioxidants have always attracted great attention due to healthy benefits. In this study, the stability of palm olein oil with various natural antioxidants (cedarwood, citronella, clove, nutmeg and rosemary oil) during the heat treatment was investigated; the acidic value, conjugated diene and triene content, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value and instrumental color of the palm olein oil were analyzed. Sample with nutmeg oil exhibited the highest oxidation stability. In addition, the higher the nutmeg oil concentration, the better the prevention of oil oxidation during the heat treatment. During the repeated frying with corn extrudate, nutmeg oil concentration of 4 g/kg palm olein oil was able to prevent lipid degradation. The acidic and peroxide value of the palm olein oil in the fryer was statistically similar to that of the extracted oil from the fried extrudate. Nutmeg oil can be considered as a potential natural antioxidant for industrial frying of snack food products.

The Environment is one of the factors influencing the development and productivity of the bee colony. Favourable environment will significantly support bee productivity. The factors which influence the bees activity include temperature, humidity, light intensity, wind speed, rainfall, and food availability. The aims of this study are to know the influence of environmental factors on activity and propolis production of stingless bees. This study used six colonies of Tetragonula laeviceps into two different locations, monoculture and polyculture nutmeg farm. The method used is a direct observation of the activities and propolis production of stingless bee and analyzed by t-test. The study results of T. laeviceps in monoculture and polyculture farms showed that the activity of the bees was influenced by environmental factors influencing propolis production. The activities would start when the temperatures ranged from 22-23 oC, humidity 70-88%, and light intensity 183-4344 lux. The peak activity of the bees occurred at the temperatures of 26-28 oC, humidity 55-71%, and light intensity 46.875-91.347 lux. The propolis produced by T. laeviceps was 27.79 g in the monoculture farm and 48.80 g in the polyculture farm. The significant difference was predominantly due to the environmental factors.

Microencapsulation is employed to protect bioactive ingredients in foods and is also used for their controlled release at targeted sites. The objectives of this study were to examine the bio active properties and stability of microcapsules containing nutmeg oleoresin encapsulated with different ratios (2:1, 1:1 and 1:2) of gum arabic and sorghum starch (native and OSA modified) prepared by freeze-drying. The properties of nutmeg microcapsules, including oxidation stability, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were evaluated after sixty days storage trial. The finding revealed that freeze drying method had a spectacular effect on the retention of bioactive compounds during storage that consequently improved the storage stability of the all nutmeg encapsulated powders. The sample composed of 1:2 ratio of gum arabic with OSA starch resulted to have lowest peroxide value after 60 days of storage. Furthermore, the microcapsules were also observed through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy for advance analysis.

The essential oil (EO) from leaf, mace, kernel, and seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt. growing in the Western Ghats, India was investigated for the first time. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. The results revealed that yields of EO were 3.16%, 8.10%, 6.24%, and 5.21% for leaf, mace, kernel, and seed, respectively. The main fractions were found to be monoterpenes (53.77%–94.82%), phenylpropenes (1.96%–28.61%), and sesquiterpenes (1.21%–16.76%) and for all the four parts. The main constituents of leaf were sabinene (17.17%), eugenol (16.60%), myristicin (9.12%), caryophyllene (8.82%), and β-myrcene (4.74%). Sabinene (38.37%), α-pinene (8.16%), β-pinene (7.61%), D-limonene (7.07%), and 3-carene (5.05%) were predominant constituents of mace. The major constituents of kernel and seed were sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and D-limonene. The major constituents of leaf, mace, kernel and seed of nutmeg can be utilised in the food, perfumery, aroma and pharmaceutical industries.

This community-empowerment activity was conducted in Lilibooi Village, West Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. The object of this activity was the nutmeg female farmers. This activity aimed at improving the people’s knowledge and skills in utilizing the nutmeg pulp waste by processing it into the nutmeg sheet jam. Counselling, training, mentoring, and evaluating activities were the methods used in this program. The counseling activities ran very well and were considered highly beneficial. The participants’ participation and enthusiasm level were very good. The transfer of science and knowledge related to the nutrient contents, potentials, and nutmeg pulp processing technology encouraged the community to realize the importance of the diversification of nutmeg pulp processed products. The training activities aimed at improving the skills of female farmer groups in processing the nutmeg sheet jam. The community service team first demonstrated the nutmeg sheet jam processing before the participants were requested to practice the processing technique. In this training, the nutmeg female farmer group was also given the nutmeg sheet jam processing equipment. Mentoring activities were further provided to the participants to ensure that they were adequately skillful to process the nutmeg sheet jam. The evaluation result, ranging from like to really like scale, was conducted with organoleptic testing to the level of flavor preference, color, aroma, and texture from nutmeg sheet jam.