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Nerita cf. funata Dujardin, 1837 Plate 1 E 1 -E 3 cf. * Nerita funata Dujardin 1837: 281, pl. 19, fig. 14. ? Nerita Plutonis Bast. —Bronn in Reiss 1862: 33. ? Nerita Plutonis Bast. — Mayer 1864: 63, 93. cf. Nerita (Theliostyla) funata Dujardin, 1837 — Glibert 1949: 69, pl. 4, fig. 8. Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 4.0 mm, width 6.0 mm. DBUA-F 917-1 (1), Ponta do Castelo, Santa Maria Island, Azores, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene. Description. Apical fragment with completely flattened spire. Teleoconch bearing about 22 subequal rounded ribs, slightly narrower than their interspaces, shoulder cord slightly strengthened. Discussion. Mayer (1864: 63) recorded two specimens from Bocca do Cré (= Cré), Santa Maria Island, without indicating their size. The Azorean material is very incomplete, but clearly represents a Nerita species of the Theliostyla M̂rch, 1852 group. Two species occurred along the French Atlantic Frontage during the Miocene. Nerita plutonis de Basterot, 1825, from the Lower Miocene, has relatively coarse cords of irregular strength and N. funata Dujardin, 1837, from the Middle Miocene, has finer, subequal cords. Lozouet et al. (2001: 20) considered the Lower Miocene records of N. funata in Cossmann & Peyrot (1917: pl. 7, figs. 77-82) to represent N. plutonis. The fragment at hand from Santa Maria Island, has numerous subequal ribs more closely similar to those seen in N. funata than N. plutonis. However, we hesitate to make a definitive identification based on this very incomplete specimen. The historical Azorean specimens identified by Bronn in Reiss (1862: 33) and Mayer (1864: 63, 93) as N. plutonis are likely to represent the same species. This group of Nerita species with spiral cords is not represented in the Pliocene Mediterranean. Today, the group is represented in the eastern Atlantic by N. senegalensis Gmelin, 1791, distributed from the Cabo Verde Islands to Angola, whereas in the western Atlantic a total of five species are reported, four of them from Bermuda, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Nerita fulgurans Gmelin, 1791; Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758; Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791; and Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791), and one species endemic to Brazil (Nerita chlorostoma Lamarck, 1816). Nerita senegalensis differs in having flattened cords of irregular width, separated by narrow grooves. Distribution. Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (?Bronn in Reiss 1862;? Mayer 1864; this paper)., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Dujardin, F. (1837) Memoire sur les couches du sol en Touraine et description des coquilles de la craie et des faluns. Meimoire de la Socieitei Geiologique de la France, 2, 211 - 311.","Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48.","Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls.","Glibert, M. (1949) Gastropodes du Miocene moyen du Bassin de la Loire. 1. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 (30), 1 - 240.","Basterot, B. de (1825) Meimoire geiologique sur les environs de Bordeaux. PremieIre partie, comprenant les observations geineirales sur les mollusques fossiles, et la description particulieIre de ceux qu'on rencontre dans ce bassin. Tastu, J., Paris, 100 pp. [reprinted from Meimoires de la Socieitei d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 2, 1 - 100]","Lozouet, P., Lesport, J. F. & Renard, P. (2001) Revision des Gastropoda (Mollusca) du stratotype de l'Aquitanien (Miocene inf.): site de Saucats ' Lariey', Gironde, France. Cossmanniana, 3, 1 - 189.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. (1816) TTableau encyclope´dique et me´thodique des trois re`gnes de la nature ..., 23. Mollusques et polypes divers. Liste des objets repre´sente´s dans les planches de cette livraison. Veuve Agasse, Paris, 16 pp."]}

Genus Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 Type species. Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus 1758: 776), by subsequent designation (Montfort 1810). Present-day, Caribbean., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Montfort, D. de (1810) Conchyliologie syste´matique, ou classification me´thodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement ge´ne´rique, leurs descriptions caracte´ristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destine´a`faciliter l'e´tude dew coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d'histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloissonne´es. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonne´es. Schoell, F., Paris, 676 pp."]}

Summary Marine snails provide an important source of vitamins, proteins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, and their mucus has a therapeutic significance. Parasitic infection of larval trematodes in these snails affects their nutritional value. The present study aimed to screen Nerita polita marine snails for the prevalence of cercarial infections and to evaluate the changes in lipids and some minerals in the infected as well as non-infected ones. Snails were collected randomly from February 2018 to January 2019 from the Red Sea Obhor bay, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The amount of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the Digestive Gland Gonad Complex (DGG), hemolymph, and Snail Conditioned Water (SCW) of non-infected and infected Nerita polita snail was estimated using a spectrophotometer. Minerals content such as Ca, Zn, Pb, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, and Cd, in the DGG and shell in the infected and non-infected snails were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Two types of cercariae were detected, ocellate furcocercus cercaria (Trichobilharzia regent) and xiphidiocercaria (Litorina saxatilis VII). The study showed that there is a fl uctuation in the concentration of lipids and minerals between increase and decrease in DGG, hemolymph, shell, and SCW in infected snails. The nutritive value of the snails is affected with infection through the decrease of some lipids and minerals in infected snails. Further qualitative studies are needed.

In the study, we compare the shell shape morphometrics in four species of neritid gastropods (Nerita fulgurans, Nerita tessellata, Nerita peloronta and Nerita versicolor), collected in Accra Beach (Barbados Island). We tested the hypothesis that the morphometric ratios can be used as a tool in the taxonomic determination among these four species of neritids. For this we determine the morphometric ratios from the external (length, height, width) and internal (shell aperture length, shell aperture width) measures. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine which ratios were significant, and subsequently the proposed hypothesis was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The morphometric ratios AW/H and AL/L were decisive in distinguishing the four species of neritids studied. In this study, the hypothesis of the efficacy of the use of shell morphometric ratios as an instrument in taxonomic studies was corroborated for the four species. Due to its low cost, this methodology can be applied in the recognition of species that have lost their external characteristics such as operculum, spire or colour and also in the identification of fossil specimens.

Many Nerita species live in warm-water environments, and they are some of the few organisms from the intertidal zone that can live in both freshwater and seawater. Previous comparative studies of the mitogenomes of Nerita species suggest that the genome rearrangements are very conservative. Generally, the species possess a set of similar mitochondrial gene arrangements, but nucleotide sequences can be used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships at various levels of divergence. Here, the mitogenomes of Nerita undata and Nerita balteata were sequenced and found to be 15,583 bp and 15,571 bp, respectively. The mitogenomes of both species contain 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The nucleotides of the two mitogenomes are highly similar, with the same gene composition and genomic organization as those present in other Nerita species. The tRNA secondary structures were different from those of other gastropods: trnS2 is not folded into typical secondary structures, and the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm simply forms a loop. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Neritimorpha is a sister group of Vetigastropoda and Caenogastropoda. Nerita balteata is a sister group of Nerita versicolor and Nerita undata, and all three species belong to Neritimorpha. This study contributes towards the comparative mitogenomic analysis of Neritidae and phylogenetic considerations among Neritimorpha species. The estimation of divergence time revealed that the two Nerita species were differentiated in the late Paleogene of the Cenozoic Era, and their evolution may be related to environmental changes.

Esta investigación se realizó en las playas Nombre de Dios, Viento Frio, y Palenque, que están ubicadas en el Distrito de Santa Isabel, Costa Arriba de la Provincia de Colón. Las muestras se colectaron de forma manual, luego fueron colocadas en envases plásticos rotulados. para luego ser trasladadas al laboratorio de la Escuela de Biología del Centro Regional Universitario de Colón donde se limpiaron y luego se caracterizaron, a nivel de especie Además de un análisis de varianza, y se calcularon índices de diversidad como al alfa de Williams, de dominancia como el Berger-Parker o el de Margaleff, Se encontró que no hubo diferencia de abundancia significativa (F=0.5984; p>0.5552) entre las playas. Los índices de diversidad indicaron que hubo una gran equidad en la distribución de las especies en las playas, siendo Viento Frío la de mayor equidad con 6,92; la dominancia fue baja, el mayor valor se obtuvo en Viento Frío, con 0,33. Para el índice de Margaleff, el mayor valor fue en Nombre de Dios a 18,863. Se colectaron 134 individuos pertenecientes a 28 especies, 20 géneros, de los cuales la especie más abundante fue Littorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791), con 24 individuos, Tanto Nerita versicolor (Gmelin, 1791) con 19, y Nerita tesellata (Gmelin, 1791) con 12, mientras que Certhiopsis greeni (C. B. Adams, 1838) con 15. También se reportaron 13 especies con un solo individuo: Arene variabilis (Dall, 1889), Batillaria mínima (Gmelin, 1791), Cerithium atratum (Born,1778), Cymatium parthemopeum (von Salis, 1793), Leurosyrinx verrillii (Dall, 1881), Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791), Ocenebra muricoides (C. B Adams, 1845), Polinices hepaticus (Röding, 1869), Purpura patula (Linnaeaus, 1758), Tachypollia didyma (Schwengel, 1943), Terebra cinerea Born, 1778 y Turbinella angulata (Lightfoot, 1786).

The rapidly changing marine environmental chemistry associated with growing industrialisation, urban population expansion, and the unabated rise in atmospheric CO2 necessitates monitoring. Traditional approaches using metres, dataloggers, and buoys to monitor marine acidification have limited application in coastal oceans and intertidal zones subjected to direct wave action. The present study trialled a system to biomonitor coastal acidification (carbonate ion and pH) based on the dissolution of living gastropod shells. We extended on an approach that ranked shell erosion (SER) in Nerita chamaeleon (Nc) in environments where such erosion was found to correlate with exposure to acidified water. We assessed the spatial scale at which the Nc-SER marker could detect change in acidification along rocky shores, and whether snail body size affected this marker. We found that proportional and unique Nc-SERs not only varied between acidified and non-acidified reference shores at a coarse spatial scale (10 km), but also in predictable ways at fine scales (metres), vertically and horizontally within a shore. Differences between acidified and reference shores in the relationship for snail size and Nc-SER were accentuated by less weathered shells at reference localities, highlighting the value of including small, juvenile snails in monitoring protocols. Gastropod shells are shown to be useful for assessing point sources of acidification and the spatial area of affected coastal zones. This cost-effective and easy-to-use approach (potentially even by citizen-scientists) offers an early warning system of acidification of rocky shore ecosystems, where the deployment of instruments is precluded.

Neritidae is one of the most diverse families of Neritimorpha and possesses euryhaline properties. Members of this family usually live on tropical and subtropical coasts and are mainly gregarious. The phylogenetic relationships between several subclasses of Gastropoda have been controversial for many years. With an increase in the number of described species of Neritidae, the knowledge of the evolutionary relationships in this family has improved. In the present study, we sequenced four complete mitochondrial genomes from two genera (Clithon and Nerita) and compared them with available complete mitochondrial genomes of Neritidae. Gene order exhibited a highly conserved pattern among three genera in the Neritidae family. Our results improved the phylogenetic resolution within Neritidae, and more comprehensive taxonomic sampling of subclass Neritimorpha was proposed. Furthermore, we reconstructed the divergence among the main lineages of 19 Neritimorpha taxa under an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock.

Summary Marine snails provide an important source of vitamins, proteins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, and their mucus has a therapeutic significance. Parasitic infection of larval trematodes in these snails affects their nutritional value. The present study aimed to screen Nerita polita marine snails for the prevalence of cercarial infections and to evaluate the changes in lipids and some minerals in the infected as well as non-infected ones. Snails were collected randomly from February 2018 to January 2019 from the Red Sea Obhor bay, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The amount of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the Digestive Gland Gonad Complex (DGG), hemolymph, and Snail Conditioned Water (SCW) of non-infected and infected Nerita polita snail was estimated using a spectrophotometer. Minerals content such as Ca, Zn, Pb, Na, Mn, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, and Cd, in the DGG and shell in the infected and non-infected snails were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Two types of cercariae were detected, ocellate furcocercus cercaria (Trichobilharzia regent) and xiphidiocercaria (Litorina saxatilis VII). The study showed that there is a fl uctuation in the concentration of lipids and minerals between increase and decrease in DGG, hemolymph, shell, and SCW in infected snails. The nutritive value of the snails is affected with infection through the decrease of some lipids and minerals in infected snails. Further qualitative studies are needed.

When Mermod (1953) depicted the types of Theodoxus baeticus of Lamarck’s collection his photo did not display a pseudo-apophysis (peg). This led recent authors believe, that Th. baeticus is a synonym of Th. fluviatilis and Theodoxus meridionalis is the valid species (Alba et al. 2016: 55). In this paper I studied the syntypes of Th. baeticus as well as the syntypes of Th. meridionalis and demonstrated that in Th. baeticus a pseudo-apophysis exists and the opercula of Th. baeticus and Th. meridionalis are similar. Thus Th. baeticus is a good species and Th. meridionalis is a younger synonym of it. Therefore I can conclude that three Theodoxus spp., i.e., Th. fluviatilis, Th. baeticus and Th. valentinus occur in the Iberian Peninsula.

Transmission of trematode cercariae depends mainly on the presence of marine snails as an intermediate host for zoonotic diseases. Parasitic infections in marine snails are poorly discussed. The current study was aimed to investigate the collected snails and determine the prevalence of larval trematode infections as well as identifying the cercarial types from January to December 2016. A total of 549 marine snails belonging to the genus, Nerita were randomly collected from Obhor bay, Red Sea at Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. To harvest cercariae, snails were exposed to artificial light and the non-shedding snails were crushed. Eight distinct cercariae were identified as well as their sporocysts. Seven of them were found belonging to non-virgulate xiphidiocercaria: Ascorhytis charadriformis, cercariae, Haematoloechus similis, Litorina saxatilis V, Litorina saxatilis VII, Maritrema lingulla, Microphallus similis, Microphalliae and one ocellate furcocercous. The most prevalent type of cercariae was Maritrema lingulla (16.96%). The described cercariae are part of a diverse group of about eight trematode species inhabiting marine Nerita snails as first intermediate hosts. Such studies can assistin collecting data on disease distribution in the sympatric fish and the configuration of trematodes transmission by snails and eventually, in the avoidance and control of the subsequent fish and human diseases.

A chronological relationship between the annual profiles of oxidative stress markers, the key regulator of stress physiology has been sought in a terrestrial mollusc (Nerita articulata) under natur...

The presence of Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cr, and Sn were attributed to metal industries. Cu contamination was associated with piggery industry. Shipping activities contribute to elevated levels of Pb, Cu and As. Elevated levels of metals in the sediments are attributed to anthropogenic activities. Samples were collected in April 2012 and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fe is the most abundant metal in the tissue and shell compared to the rest of the metals. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft tissues of Nerita lineata taken from Tanjung Harapan follow this order: Fe > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd while in Thais bitubercularis, the metal concentrations were higher following the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The samples taken from Teluk Kemang were higher and exhibited different trend for both organisms. Results from this study are useful for further exploration of Thais bitubercularis as accumulators of Cu, Cd, and Zn. For recommendation, more studies on monitoring the concentration level of heavy metals in marine environment should be done regularly and increase numbers of samples use to biomonitor the heavy metals in marine environment as it is important to have information or data regarding the quality of marine environment inorder to control pollution such as water pollution from being contaminated with heavy metals. This is essential as the pollutants emit in the marine environment may affect marine lives as well as human’s health.

Interspecies, inter-tissue and interspatial dissimilarities of trace metals in particular body parts of Saccostrea cucullata, Thais clavigera and Nerita chameleon from the east coast Johor of Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. Bivalve mollusc S. cucullata evidenced to be a worthy bioindicator for Zn and Cu while the two gastropod molluscs, T. clavigera for Cd and Se, and N. chameleon for Pb, Mn, Fe and Sr. The prominent concentration of metals originate in T. clavigera may be the outcome of biomagnification transfer from the S. cucullata on which they feed while for N. chameleon, it might be resulting from their herbivorous feeding behavior on algae on rocks which they graze. The metal accumulation patterns indicate consistent enrichment of essential metals in soft tissue. Values of operculum to tissue ratio and shell to tissue higher than unity in T. clavigera indicate that operculum had higher affinities for Pb, Mn and Se while shell had higher affinities for Fe, Co and Sr. In N. chameleon, values of OTR and STR higher than unity displayed that operculum and shell had similar higher affinities for Cd, Fe, Co and Sr. Significant interspatial variations (p

Snail Nerita lineata is a snail that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail is also found in the mangrove ecosystem in the Village of Tongke-Tongke, Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aims to provide information about the morphometrics of snails N. lineata. This research was conducted for six months, from April to September 2019. There were three research stations, namely A, B, and C, which were grouped according to mangrove age. group A is mangrove ⩾10 years old, group B is mangrove ⩾20 years old, and group C is mangrove which is rove30 years old. Each station uses a large plot measuring 10m x 10m and inside there are four small plots measuring 0.5m x 0.5m. sampling is done every month. Morphometric measurements using a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm and weighing using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.1 gr. Morphometric parameters observed were shell length (SL), shell width (SW), spire height (SpH), columella length (CL), shell opening width (AW), shell opening length (AL), and snail weight (W). Data were analyzed for correlation and Paired Sample Test using SPSS software. Morphometric snails in mangrove groups A, B, and C are not much different. In the mangrove group A, there are several morphometric parameters that are not correlated with each other. In the mangrove groups B and C, the parameters of shell length (SL) and shell width (SW) do not correlate. The results of the Paired Sample Test showed the significant length of snail (SL) between mangrove A and mangrove B and length of snails in mangrove B and mangrove C. None of the results of paired sample test showed significant snail weight.

Suli in Baguala Bay, Central Maluku Regency has waters with various types of substrates, namely sandy, muddy and rocky which are rich in benthic organisms. One of them is the gastropod type Nerita sp which is widely used by the population for food needs. The existence of gastropods, especially Nerita sp needs to be maintained and preserved so that the diversity and density of Nerita sp can be maintained and well maintained. This study aims to determine the type and density of Nerita sp. In the coastal waters of Suli, Baguala Bay, Central Maluku district. This research is a descriptive study, namely research to reveal information about the density of Nerita sp in the coastal waters of Suli Baguala Bay, Central Maluku district which is presented in the form of tables and numbers and the research was conducted in July 2019. Based on the description of the morphology of Nerita sp. from the land of Suli, including the species Nerita chamaeleon. The total number of Nerita chamaeleon found was 566 individuals with a density value of 11.32 and categorized as having sufficient density. It is necessary to do further research on the nutritional content and its use by the people of Suli. Keywords: Density, Nerita sp, Suli

The Canary Islands offer an outstanding context for paleoclimatic studies because their volcanic nature and the presence of datable lava flows, their antiquity, the existence of marine deposits and their location in the NE Atlantic. New records of Miocene and Pliocene coastal deposits are registered in the eastern Canary Islands, 100 km off the NW African coast. Late Miocene marine deposits are conglomerates and sandstones assigned to the Tortonian through a new 40Ar/39Ar age (9.60 ± 0.05 Ma) of an overlying lava flow at the Janubio site in Lanzarote Island. These deposits contain littoral-intertidal and intertropical genera of fossils, e.g. the gastropod Nerita and the coral Siderastrea, they are almost horizontal and were elevated up to 36 m in height by regional or local tectonics, yielding a relatively low rate of uplift of ~3.75 m/Ma. Furthermore, Early Pliocene coastal deposits studied, are mainly marine conglomerates and sandstones and derived aeolianites that are spread over the south of Lanzarote and the west of the Jandia peninsula of Fuerteventura Island. No associated lava flow permits their dating, but they contain marine fossils of littoral and intertropical genera, as the gastropods Nerita and Persististrombus and the coral Siderastrea. They are all inclined toward the coast in the form of a large layer elevated up to 70 m a.s.l., in a surrounding geological environment with gypsum and aeolianites that indicate a eustatic sea-level fall with a regressive effect in the area. These deposits, previously attributed to the Quaternary, are now assigned to the Zanclean because of its similarity in lithology, appearance and fossil content with deposits in western Fuerteventura and NE Gran Canaria. The nearby existence of paleosols with particular structures indicates the start of climatic seasonality in the region; and the only possible time interval in a global context (record of deep-sea oxygen isotopes and sea-level history) fits in the most notable Pliocene global climatic change (~4 Ma) that is registered in the Canary Islands by mean of these coastal and aeolian deposits.

This study was conducted to assess the reliability of Nerita lineata as a bioindicator for metals in sediment and the factors influencing the accumulation of metals and methylmercury in its soft tissue. The two matrices were analyzed for Co, Cr, Cu, THg, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The metal concentrations in N. lineata were comparable to previously reported results with the exception of Ni which was higher. Cu, Mn, and Pb in N. lineata were significantly (p

Genus Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 Type species: Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Montfort 1810). Recent, Florida., Published as part of DeVries, Thomas J., 2019, Early Paleogene brackish-water molluscs from the Caballas Formation of the East Pisco Basin (Southern Peru), pp. 1533-1584 in Journal of Natural History 53 (25) on page 1552, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1524032, http://zenodo.org/record/3670229, {"references":["Montfort P (D). 1810. Conchyliologie systematique et classification methodique des coquilles. Volume II. Paris: Schoell."]}

The size–mass relationships were estimated for four Nerita snail species, viz. N. adenensis, N. longii, N. orbignyana, and N. textilis, collected from the middle and upper intertidal rocky pools of Bandar Lengeh shore line, the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, Iran, during January–April 2015. Estimates of parameter b of the size–mass relationship (W = aLb) ranged between 2.569 (N. adenensis) and 3.205 (N. textilis), while parameter a ranged between 0.0012 (N. textilis) and 0.0047 (N. adenensis). Three of four studied species (except N. textilis) revealed negative allometric relationships. Results could be useful for ecological studies and coastal management activity in future.

Hermit crabs recognize different shell attributes and choose shell size, type, or species to maximize their individual fitness. Aquatic hermit crab species commonly prefer relatively heavy shells species in contrast to semi-terrestrial crabs which prefer lighter shells. Lighter shells favor rapid growth and increase individual fitness because larger individ- ual achieve higher success in intra- and inter-individ- ual competition. In this study, we experimentally measured the daily growth of hermit crabs Calcinus californiensis that were forced to occupy four different shell species with different internal volume to mass ratios (IV/M ratio), and whose sequence in preference is known from previous studies (Cantharus ( Stra- monita ( Columbella ( Nerita). The shell with the highest IV/M ratio (Nerita) favored body growth rate, while the relatively heaviest (lowest IV/M ratios) and most preferred shells (Stramonita and Cantharus) hindered body growth. Our results suggest that in this aquatic hermit crab, the benefits of carrying heavy shells that give better predatory protection exceeded the benefits of rapid growth that can be obtained using lighter, thinner, and less protective shells.

Macrobenthic algae and grazers like gastropods, amphipods etc. eventually form a key component of intensified grazing ecosystem in rocky intertidal area. Grazing gastropods suppresses the abundance of canopy forming algal species, thus lead to a reduced algal diversity in the long term. We conducted feeding trials with single and mixed diet during a 28-Days indoor experiment to examine the grazing intensity among green, red and brown algae namely Ulva lactuta, Enteromorpha linza, Gelidium and Padina tetrastromatica following a gut content analysis of experimental gastropods such as Euchelus asper and Nerita oryzarum. Feeding experiments revealed that Euchelus asper consumed 70% Enteromorpha, 10% Ulva and about 10% Gelidium whereas, Nerita oryzarum consumed 45% Ulva and 10% Enteromorpha during single diet experiment. Euchelus asper showed its preference towards all experimental diet where as Nerita preferred Ulva to a greater extends than Enteromorpha and rest other combined diet. Our results showed a higher grazing pressure exerted by Euchelus asper might pose a threat for algal culture and form competition in animals of same trophic level intern affecting their population. Similar experiment may be useful to control mass canopy forming algal growth and habitat studies for grazing animals will also be attributed.

In the present study, we determined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of three Neritas, Nerita versicolor, Nerita tessellata, and Nerita fulgurans. We present an analysis of the features of their gene content and genome organization and compare these within the genus Nerita, and among the main gastropod groups. The new sequences were used in a phylogenetic analysis including all available gastropod mitochondrial genomes. Genomic lengths were quite conserved, being 15,866bp for N. versicolor, 15,741bp for N. tessellata and 15,343bp for N. fulgurans. Intergenic regions were generally short; genes are transcribed from both strands and have a nucleotide composition high in A and T. The high similarity in nucleotide content of the different sequences, gene composition, as well as an identical genomic organization among the Nerita species compared in this study, indicates a high degree of conservation within this diverse genus. Values ​​of Ka/Ks of the 13 protein coding genes (PCGs) of Nerita species ranged from 0 to 0.18, and suggested different selection pressures in gene sequences. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses using concatenated DNA sequences of the 13 PCGs and the two rRNAs, and of amino acid sequences strongly supported Neritimorpha and Vetigastropoda as sister groups.

Temperature is a major stressor in the intertidal environment. During emersion, the interaction between physicochemical factors and the external morphology of intertidal organisms results in significant differences between organismal body temperatures and ambient temperatures. Standard temperature loggers do not consider the morphology of the target species and may not serve as effective proxies for body temperatures. Methods such as thermocouples also present their own set of issues, being invasive and potentially damaging. Biomimetic temperature loggers that mimic the organisms of interest are, however, easily deployed in the field and can be used to investigate biological impacts of field temperatures. Due to their high abundance on tropical seawalls and the key ecological roles they play, nerite gastropods (Nerita spp.) were selected as the model organism for the basis of biomimetic “Robonerites”. Here, we discuss the development of Robonerites and present results from field and laboratory tests on their effectiveness and accuracy in measuring the in situ body temperatures of nerites on tropical seawalls. Keywords: Body temperature, Biomimetic sensors, Temperature logger, Intertidal habitats, Nerite snails

Nerita lineata snails are found in the mangrove ecosystem. This snail attaches to the roots of mangroves. This study aims to find the relationship between the length and weight of Nerita lineata’s snails to environmental factors. Sampling was carried out using four plots of 0.5m x 0.5m in a 10m x 10m plot. The research station is 3; station A with mangrove age ⩽10 years, station B with mangrove age ⩽20 years, and station C with mangrove age ⩽30 years. Data were analyzed by regression and t-independent test. The length of the snail that is dominant in the mangrove is 22.27 - 25.57 mm and the dominant weight is 4.93 - 6.09 gr. Salinity and pH of seawater significantly affected the length of N. lineata’s snail shell. Total organic matter significantly affected the weight of N. lineata snails. The average length and weight of N. lineata snails at each research station did not differ.

Many members of the family Neritidae display polymorphism as their shells can be highly variable in colour, which has sometimes led to confusion in the identification of closely related species. One such confusion in the taxonomic identification of two Nerita spp. currently exists in India. According to the literature and identification keys available, Nerita nigrita does not exist in the country (has not been reported), but the reason is that this species has thus far been misidentified as Nerita maxima . The key difference between these two species can be observed in their shell spire – N. nigrita consists a slightly elevated spire with distinguishable protoconch, whereas N. maxima has a depressed spire with indistinct protoconch. Other identification characters which separate these two species, such as shell texture, operculum structure and outer lips are also described. The present study reports N. nigrita as a new record from the Indian coast.

Thirty samples of gastropod shells belonging to Nerita albicilla and Canarium ( Gibberulus ) gibbosus from 15 stations along the Egyptian Red Sea coast were selected for chemical analysis. The analysis indicated that Nerita is a geochemical marker for a sizeable group of trace elements including; Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Th, Ba, Tl, S, Sc and Se, while Canarium is a good accumulator of the elements, Mo, U, Au and K. Both species have the same selectivity for Ni, Mn, Fe, As, Sr and P. The differences in sensitivity between the two species are attributed to the mode of life and incorporation of the elements within the crystal lattice of calcium carbonates composing the shells. On basis of the obtained data, the study area can be subdivided into three zones namely; almost pristine, moderately polluted zone and markedly polluted. Pollution is mostly attributed to anthropogenic sources.

Sarawak comprises of vast areas of wetland which is the habitat of huge number of edible gastropods. Among the wetland faunal composition, the edible gastropod is one of the important sources of animal protein for the local communities. This diversity of edible gastropod was studied from seven Divisions of Sarawak namely Kuching, Sibu, Mukah, Bintulu, Miri, Limbang and Lawas. Samples were collected from the wet market and catches from local fishermen. A total of 21 species representing 11 families and 16 genera of edible gastropods were identified from Sarawak. Cerithidea spp. was represented by three species while both Nerita and Pomacea were made up of three and two species each. Others were each represented by one single species. Six edible gastropod species belonged to the freshwater habitat while seven and eight species were recorded from brackish and marine habitats, respectively. Cerithidea and Pomacea showed wide geography amongst the Division and also highly distributed. Edible gastropods have high market value in the state of Sarawak and contribute significantly to the livelihoods of the certain indigenous communities in the state.

Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3 G–H Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758: 779. Nerita (Nerita) undata: Okutani 2000: 102 –103, pl. 51, fig. 5; Thach 2005: 36, pl. 6, figs 33–34. Nerita undata: Poppe 2008a: 274 –275, pl. 82, fig. 10; Tan & Clements 2008: 487, figs 3-21, 3-22; Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, about 10 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 33 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found in crevices and under rocks of breakwaters and rocky shores of middle to upper intertidal zones. Nocturnal, emerging from their hiding places at dusk (Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on rocks in the lower intertidal zone. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. From northern-east coast to southern delta (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: northeastern South Africa to Kenya, ranging through central region, including Indonesia and the Philippines, to Melanesia and Micronesia, southern Japan to northern Australia (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3 C–D Nerita histrio Linnaeus, 1758: ii, 824 pp. Nerita (Theliostyla) squamulata Le Guillou, 1841: Okutani 2000: 102 –103, pl. 51, fig. 8; Thach 2005: 38, pl. 6, figs 1, 6, 21. Nerita histrio: Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 106 –107, pl. 17, figs 5–8; Tan & Clements 2008: 486, figs 2-11, 2-12. Nerita squamulata: Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Nha Phu, Dam Bay, in natural and planted mangroves, about 20 specimens. Abundance. Common. Measurements. Up to 20 mm (Okutani 2000). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on mangrove tree trunks and stilt roots, on muddy rocks at coastal fringes of mangroves, on boulders in sheltered waters or estuary (Okutani 2000; Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on sediment surface under mangrove trees and occasionally on pneumatophores of Rhizophora trees. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. Northern - east coast, central coast, southern delta (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: India to Samoa, and southern Japan to northern Australia (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on pages 407-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J. - C. (2008) Mangrove environments and mollusks. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, Central Philippines. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 166 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 Figs 3A–B Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758: 778. Nerita (Theliostyla) albicilla: Okutani 2000: 104 –105, pl. 52, fig. 13; Thach 2005: 37, pl. 6, figs 24–25. Nerita albicilla: Tan & Clements 2008: 483, figs 2-1, 2-2; Poppe 2008a: 268 –268, pl. 79, fig. 6; Zvonareva et al. 2015: 8. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, about 10 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 32 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on breakwaters and seawalls in lower to middle intertidal zone (Tan & Clements 2008). In studied sites it was found on rocks in the lower intertidal zone. Relation to mangroves. Eurybiotic. Distribution in Vietnam. Northern-east coast, northern delta, central coast (Thach 2005). General distribution. IWP: Southeastern South Africa to Hawaiian Is (Frey 2010)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Salvius, Stockholm, 823 pp.","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Thach, N. N. (2005) Shells of Vietnam. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 338 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Zvonareva, S., Kantor Yu., Xinzheng, L. & Britayev, T. (2015) Long-term monitoring of Gastropoda (Mollusca) fauna in planted mangroves in central Vietnam. Zoological studies, 54, 1 - 39.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Nerita planospira Anton, 1838 Figs 3 E–F Nerita planospira Anton, 1838: 30. Nerita (Theliostyla) planospira: Okutani 2000: 104 –105, pl. 52, fig. 14. Nerita planospira: Poppe 2008a: 272 –273, pl. 81, fig. 3; Tan & Clements 2008: 486, figs 2-13, 2-14; Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 106 –107, pl. 17, figs 11–12. Material examined. Dam Bay, natural mangrove, 5 specimens. Abundance. Uncommon. Measurements. Up to 29 mm (Tan & Clements 2008). Ecological notes. Development with free swimming veliger (Fukumori & Kano 2014). Found on trunks and roots of mangrove trees, on rocks and dead wood from sea edge to the upper estuary, mainly in peripheral belt but also within internal mangroves (Lozouet & Plaziat 2008; Tan & Clements 2008; Frey 2010). In studied sites it was found on rocks and Rhizophora pneumatophores. Relation to mangroves. Predominantly mangrove-associated. Distribution in Vietnam. Central coast. General distribution. From Indo-Malayan core to the Ryu Kyu Is (Lozouet & Plaziat 2008)., Published as part of Zvonareva, Sofya & Kantor, Yuri, 2016, Cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, pp. 401-437 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on page 408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/254973, {"references":["Anton, H. E. (1838) [\" 1839 \"] Verzeichnis der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Herrmann Eduard Anton befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer. Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp. [date of publication after W. O. Cernohorsky, 1978. The Veliger, 20 (3), 299.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11509","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 1173 pp.","Poppe, G. T. (2008 a) Volume I: Philippine marine mollusks. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 759 pp.","Tan, S. & Clements, R. (2008) Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47, 481 - 494.","Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J. - C. (2008) Mangrove environments and mollusks. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, Central Philippines. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 166 pp.","Fukumori, H. & Kano, Y. (2014) Evolutionary ecology of settlement size in planktotrophic neritimorph gastropods. Marine Biology, 161, 213 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2330 - 5","Frey, M. A. (2010) The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1515 - 1528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02283. x"]}

Introduction: This study focuses on the distribution of rare earth elements in rocky shore ecosystem along east coast of Peninsular Malaysia coastal waters using the soft tissue of Saccostrea cucullata, Thais clavigera and Nerita chameleon as bioindicator, and deliberating on interspecies variability. The results were examined in relation to human health as well. Methods: Samples were treated using Teflon Bomb technique and concentrations of 14 naturally occurring REEs were measured using ICP-MS technique, along with selected trace metals for added data. Results:The results were certified using standard reference material BCR 668 with quality control practices. Constant REEs abundance patterns were found in all samples, with enrichment of LREEs over HREEs, which suggests that REEs are transported as a coherent group through aquatic ecosystems. There are variations in the REEs abundance for every site, however, they reveal connections in their REEs distribution patterns, which suggest that they are of parallel origins. As no data on the permissible limits of REEs in biota reported, assessment with permissible limits are quantified by comparing with Hg, Pb and Cd data as REEs concentrations seems to be lower compared with these metal values. Conclusions: Results showed that the values are considerably below the safety limit, with the exception of Ce and Nd in the soft tissue of S. cucullata.

Describing temporal variation in the foraging behaviour of intertidal gastropods is important to gain an understanding of the environmental conditions that constrain their activity patterns. Foraging behaviour in the tropical gastropod Nerita yoldi was mainly deter- mined by the tidal cycle: individuals foraged when they were awash, or emersed when the rock was wet, migrating downshore to forage and upshore when they returned to refuges. Apart from tidal influences, foraging in N. yoldii also varied with season and tidal state. Indi- viduals were generally more active in summer than in winter and on neap than spring tides; although small-scale daily variation existed. Such temporal variation may be caused by several interacting environmental variables, especially air temperature, pressure and irradi- ance, which influence physical conditions as well as individuals' metabolism. Individual for- aging patterns were also highly labile between seasons: most individuals would stop and remain stationary on the open rock surface in winter, but returned to refuges after foraging in summer, a pattern probably driven by physical stress. The foraging behaviour of N. yoldii, therefore, is predictable on a coarse scale, in terms of when they are active, but highly labile in duration and foraging range, which indicates the importance of local, daily variation in environmental factors controlling foraging on shores that have strong temporal changes in abiotic conditions.

Objective To identify the bioactive potential of crude methanolic extracts of five gastropods and one bivalve collected from the west coast of India (Mumbai coast). Methods Disc-diffusion assay and micro-dilution technique were used to test the bioactive potential of these molluscs against six pathogenic bacteria. Results The crude methanolic extracts of all the molluscs showed significant activity against one or more bacteria tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration of crude methanolic extracts was found in the range of 0.10–0.35 mg/mL against human pathogenic bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus and Nerita sp . extracts were most effective showing activity against all bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus extract exhibited good activity against Vibrio cholerae contrary to earlier reports. Methanolic extract of Gafrarium divaricatum demonstrated considerable activity against both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes. Trochus radiatus extract was inactive against all the bacteria tested except Escherichia coli. Euchelus asper extract was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Conclusions All the molluscs screened exhibited potential activity against one or more bacterial strain. Further work is in progress to isolate the active constituents of the extracts.

Objective To estimate levels of the heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Ni in sediment, shell and soft tissues of the mangrove gastropod Nerta crepidularia (N. crepidularia) in mangroves at Vellar estuary, Southeast coast of India for the period of January 2007 to December 2007 covering four seasons.

Comparative analysis may help elucidate how interacting influences have shaped regional phylogeography. The coasts of southeastern Australia potentially offer an opportunity for such analysis by comparison of southeastern Tasmania and Bass Strait. The latter has been extensively studied but there are fewer phylogeographic studies in southeastern Tasmania and these have mostly shown little evidence of genetic structure. The possibility that snails of the Austrocochlea constricta s.l complex have such structure was investigated here using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Similarly to the few known examples of geographically-structured taxa in the region, especially the gastropod genus Nerita, most differentiation in A. constricta s.l. occurs between localities east and west of the Tasman Peninsula. In contrast, Nerita and A. constricta s. l. differ in their phylogeographic structure around Bass Strait. Possible explanations of inter-regional phylogeographic differences include the interaction of breeding season and current variability, whether the geographically partitioned genetic lineages represent intra-specific or species-level divergence and the decoupling of landbridge formation and sea surface temperature at the beginning and end of glacial maxima.

This is the first study to identify and determine the phylogenetics of neritids found in Malaysia. In total, twelve species from the family Neritidae were recorded. Ten species were from the genus Nerita and two species were from the genus Neritina. DNA barcodes were successfully assigned to each species. Although some of these species were previously reported in the region, three are only presently reported in this study. The dendrogram showed Nerita and Neritina strongly supported in their respective monophyletic clades. Phylogenetic positions of some species appeared unstable in the trees. This could be due to the differences in a small number of nucleotides, thus minimizing genetic variation between each specimen and species.

This is the first report of the mitochondrial gene order and almost-complete DNA sequence of a representative of the Neritimorpha, the highest-ranking gastropod clade lacking such data. Mitochondrial gene order in Nerita is largely plesiomorphic. Its only difference from the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris is a tRNA transposition shared by Vetigastropoda and Caenogastropoda. Genome arrangements were not informative enough to resolve the evolutionary relationships of Neritimorpha, Vetigastropoda and Caenogastropoda. The sister-group taxon of Neritimorpha varied in sequence-based analyses. Some suggested that Neritimorpha is the sister group of Caenogastropoda plus Heterobranchia and some that Neritimorpha and Caenogastropoda are sister groups. No analysis significantly supported the hypothesis that Vetigastroda is more closely related to Caenogastropoda than is Neritimorpha.

The present work aims to assess the spatial distribution, analyze shell utilization, shell fitness and determine the effect of coexistence of two hermit crabs Calcinus latens and Clibanarius signatus on used shell resources in various habitats on the Red Sea Coast. Also, to determine the choice of shells and investigate the shell species preference of C. latens and C. signatus in the laboratory. The hermit crabs C. latens and C. signatus were found to occupy shells of 39 gastropod species. The most commonly occupied gastropod shells are those belonging to genera Strombus, Nerita, Cerithium and Planaxis. The results showed that crab individuals utilized mainly the shell with elongate aperture. Laboratory experiments showed that two crab species preferred shells of Strombus followed by Cerithium and Nerita when offered shells of nearly similar size (optimal). Crab individuals showed a significant preference for optimal sized shells when given suboptimal shells as an alternative choice. Also, the hermit crabs avoid damaged shells when given a choice of optimal sized damaged shell and optimal sized intact one. In addition, two hermit crab species chose shells of smaller than optimal size when given a choice of damaged optimal sized shells and smaller intact ones. On the other hand, field observations showed that most crab individuals lived in adequate sized shells. The present data conclude that shell selection by hermit crabs C. latens and C. signatus depends mostly on shell internal volume, shell quality and shell aperture size than other factors, because they provide a maximum protection for hermit crabs.

Currently, there are a lot of activities in Sirandah Island, such as tourism activities and deforestation to support the activities. Mangrove forest distruction makes a useable area might have negative effect to mangrove ecosystem itself or mollusc community. This research was conducted on mangrove roots area from February until October 2016. The aim of this research is to know the diversity of Gastropods on the roots of the mangrove. This research was conducted using survey method and purposive sampling method to collecting data. We recorded 8 genera of Gastropods belong to 8 families, named Cerithium, Conus, Ellobium, Littorina, Melongena, Nerita, Cymatium and Turbo. The highest abundance was found in the genus of Littorina with 59.33 individuals/tree. Based on location, abundance ranged from 4.33-60.33 individuals/tree with the highest abundance on mangrove roots of Barringtonia asiatica. Diversity indices of Gastropods on mangrove roots in Sirandah Island ranged from 0.77 to 1.42 which is relative low range.

The effect of shell preference in the wild and field shell experience on choice in laboratory shell-choice experiments by hermit crabs was investigated. The hermit crab Calcinus californiensis prefers one of two different shell species in the wild site where we studied its behavior. The two most occupied gastropod shells were Nerita scabricosta (76%) and Thais biserialis (12%), with the remaining animals occupying a range of other shell species. Hermit crabs, originally collected in Thais and Nerita shells, showed a higher preference for Thais than for Nerita shells. However, shell preference was influenced by previous housing experience in the wild. In addition, the shell adequacy index showed that in the wild females occupy Thais shells relatively larger than the preferred size used under controlled conditions.

A collection of over 150,000 molluscs from the Cretaceous through Recent of the Gulf Coast is analyzed to determine major changes in the abundances, diversities, and taxonomic compositions of microgastropods with a size limit of 5 mm. Five major microgastropod groups are recognized based on the relative abundances of high-order taxa of superfamilial rank and feeding types. First, an early Cretaceous assemblage dominated by Turritella, Nerinea and Nerita. Second, a Campanian Trochoidea-dominated deposit and herbivore feeding type assemblage. Third, a Maestrichtian Philinoideadominated carnivore-feeding type assemblage. Fourth, a Paleogene assemblage that is increasingly dominated by carnivores that continues until the end of the Oligocene. Fifth, a more evenly distributed late Neogene assemblage with less dominance by any feeding type. The decline of Trochoidea dominance is closely associated with the ocean thermal minimum at the beginning of the Maestrichtian. The drop in relative microgastropods abundance in the early Paleocene likely refl ects paleoenvironmental changes following the KT boundary event. The changes in composition of the carnivoredominated microgastropod populations in the Oligocene and Miocene appears similarly coeval with the ocean minimum at the end of the Oligocene. This study reveals that the relative abundances and composition of microgastropods are much more sensitive to drops in temperature than for the larger gastropods, and that these temperature drops could be a major contributing factor in the evolution of Gulf Coast microgastropod biotas.

Marine biogeographers have long recognized broad east‐west differentiation of marine communities across southern Australia, but few studies have explicitly assessed the site of disjunction or the factors potentially underlying this biodiversity. A recent, detailed phylogeographical and distributional study of the dispersive gastropod genus Nerita revealed an abrupt shift in species abundance across mainland Australia, apparently correlated with the site of an historical vicariant barrier: the Bassian Isthmus. In the current study I provide an independent assessment of this vicariant hypothesis by morphologically analysing over 3000 intertidal Nerita specimens from eight coastal sites around Tasmania. Consistent with the Bassian Isthmus hypothesis, the study reveals a dramatic east‐west disjunction across north-east Tasmania. A survey of marine biogeographical literature reveals several additional examples supporting the east‐west species turnover detected in Nerita . I discuss the role of contemporary oceanographic factors in preserving the biogeographical signature of marine vicariance, even in highly dispersive taxa. Based on recent marine connectivity data, the east‐west disjunction in Nerita taxa can be interpreted as an historic vicariant pattern perpetuated by contemporary oceanographic conditions. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of considering relative abundance data ‐ rather than just species range data ‐ in marine biogeographical analyses. As the observed disjunction is likely to have broad implications for Australia’s marine biodiversity, it is imperative that conservation biologists incorporate such data in the design of marine protected areas.

The Neritimorph gastropod genus Otostoma d'Archiac, 1859 (p. 871), with its hemispherical shell and typical axial ribs and lamellae, is a characteristic fossil in (sub)tropical, nearshore deposits of the late Early and Late Cretaceous ages (Saul and Squires, 1997; Kiel, 2002; Kiel et al., 2002; Bandel and Kiel, 2003). The genus survived Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary perturbations and appears to have become extinct during the Middle Eocene (Glibert, 1973; Saul and Squires, 1997). Its placement in the Neritimorpha Golikov and Starobogatov, 1975 is clear from its typical hemispherical shell and D-shaped inner lip with a row of denticles. Long considered linked to Recent Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 (see Wenz, 1938-1944; Kase, 1984; Squires and Saul, 1993; Bandel and Kiel, 2003), assignment of Otostoma to the Neritoidea Rafinesque, 1815 has recently been corroborated by documentation of dissolved internal walls in Otostoma divaricatum (d'Orbigny, 1842) from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of northeast Spain (Bandel and Kiel, 2003). However, axial (collabral) ornament as seen in Otostoma is unknown in modern neritids, which usually are either smooth or spirally sculptured. Here we describe the operculum of Otostoma retzii (Nilsson, 1827) for the first time; it closely resembles that of Nerita and many species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816, yet differs significantly from those of other neritimorph clades, including Neritopsidae Gray, 1847 and Neritiliidae Schepman, 1908.

Marine species with ranges that span the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) exhibit a range of phylogeographical patterns, most of which are interpreted in the context of vicariance between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations during Pliocene and Pleistocene low sea-level stands. However, patterns often vary among ecologically similar taxa, sometimes even within genera. This study compares phylogeographical patterns in two species of highly dispersive neritid gastropod, Nerita albicilla and Nerita plicata, with nearly sympatric ranges that span the Indo-Pacific. Mitochondrial COI sequences from >1000 individuals from 97 sites reveal similar phylogenies in both species (two divergent clades differing by 3.2% and 2.3%, for N. albicilla and N. plicata, respectively). However, despite ecological similarity and congeneric status, the two species exhibit phylogeographical discordance. N. albicilla has maintained reciprocal monophyly of Indian and Pacific Ocean populations, while N. plicata is panmictic between oceans, but displays a genetic cline in the Central Pacific. Although this difference might be explained by qualitatively different demographic histories, parameter estimates from three coalescent models indicate that both species have high levels of gene flow between demes (2Nem>75), and share a common history of population expansion that is likely associated with cyclical flooding of continental shelves and island lagoons following low sea-level stands. Results indicate that ecologically similar, codistributed species may respond very differently to shared environmental processes, suggesting that relatively minor differences in traits such as pelagic larval duration or microhabitat association may profoundly impact phylogeographical structure.

Cobbled shores in subtropical Japan are small and disturbed by sand transported from terrestrial runoff. How benthic organisms live in such a harsh environment has been seldom studied. On a cobbled shore at Ishigaki Island, the present study investigated the life-history traits of the gastropod, Nerita squamulata Le Guillou 1841. Seasonal quadrat samplings showed that the neritid density decreased when and where sand covered cobbles, indicating impact of sand on the neritid. Monthly frequency histograms of the shell width suggested that the neritid lives less than 2 years and recruits as individuals of 1-4 mm shell width in both May-August and February. With the possible short longevity and frequent recruitments, the neritid population may quickly recover after the disturbance by sand.

urceus Nerita urceus M��ller, 1774. Additional detail of type material ��� syntype: ZMUC GAS 242 (ex Moltke collection); possible syntypes: ZMUC GAS 243 (1 spm.), ZMUC GAS 244 (1 spm.) (both probably ex Moltke collection) [not found in ZMUC in 2002 (Cowie & Thiengo, 2003: 76)]., Published as part of Cowie, Robert H., 2015, The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda, pp. 1-92 in Zootaxa 3940 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3940.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288204, {"references":["Muller, O. F. (1774) Vermium terrestrum et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. Heineck & Faber, Havniae [= Copenhagen] & Lipsiae [= Leipzig], xxxv + [1] + 214 + [10] pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46299","Cowie, R. H. & Thiengo, S. C. (2003) The apple snails of the Americas (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Asolene, Felipponea, Marisa, Pomacea, Pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. Malacologia, 45 (1), 41 - 100. [29 August; Malacologia 46 (1); un-numbered page at end of issue]"]}

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene has been universally and successfully utilized as a barcoding gene, mainly because it can be amplified easily, applied across a wide range of taxa, and results can be obtained cheaply and quickly. However, in rare cases, the gene can fail to distinguish between species, particularly when exposed to highly sensitive methods of data analysis, such as the Bayesian method, or when taxa have undergone introgressive hybridization, over-splitting, or incomplete lineage sorting. Such cases require the use of alternative markers, and nuclear DNA markers are commonly used. In this study, a dendrogram produced by Bayesian analysis of an mtDNA COI dataset was compared with that of a nuclear DNA ATPS-α dataset, in order to evaluate the efficiency of COI in barcoding Malaysian nerites (Neritidae). In the COI dendrogram, most of the species were in individual clusters, except for two species: Nerita chamaeleon and N. histrio. These two species were placed in the same subcluster, whereas in the ATPS-α dendrogram they were in their own subclusters. Analysis of the ATPS-α gene also placed the two genera of nerites (Nerita and Neritina) in separate clusters, whereas COI gene analysis placed both genera in the same cluster. Therefore, in the case of the Neritidae, the ATPS-α gene is a better barcoding gene than the COI gene.